3rd Quarter EOI Test Review

Mitosis
1. What are the products of mitosis called? Daughter cells
2. How many new cells are produced as a result of mitosis? 2
3. What type of cells carry on mitosis? (autosome or gamete/sex cell) autosome
4. What is the number of chromosomes the new cells possess after mitosis is
complete?
Haploid? Diploid? Polyploid?
5. Describe the nuclei of the new cells in comparison to the original cell. The two
daughter cells have nuclei that are identical to each other and their parent cell.
6. Is mitosis involved in asexual or sexual reproduction? asexual
7. Does mitosis occur in single celled or multi-cellular organisms or both? Multicellular
Be able to look at a diagram of mitosis and answer questions relating to its final
products / cells.

Meiosis
8. What are the products of meiosis called? Sperm or eggs cells
9. How many new cells are produced as a result of meiosis? 4 sperm / 1 egg and 3
polar bodies
10. What type of cells carry on meiosis? (autosome or gamete/sex cell)
gamete/sex cells
11. What is the number of chromosomes the new cells possess after meiosis is
complete?
Haploid? Diploid? Polyploid?
12. Describe the nuclei of the new cells in comparison to the original cell. The
nuclei of the sperm cells or the egg cell is different from each other sperm or egg
cell produced and different from the original testicle or ovary cell.
Be able to look @ a diagram of meiosis and answer questions relating to its final
products / cells.
13. Is meiosis involved in asexual or sexual reproduction? sexual
14. Does meiosis occur in single celled or multi-cellular organisms or both?
Multi-cellular
15. What is a zygote? The cell produced from the union of the sperm and egg cells.
16. What is a gamete? A sex cell (sperm or egg cell)
17. What is a germ cell? A sex cell (sperm or egg cell)

DNA / RNA
18. What is deoxyribose nucleic acid commonly called? DNA
19. What is the function of DNA? Contains the genetic information that is passed
on from generation to generation.
20. What are the bases for:
DNA A, T, G, C
RNA A, U, G, C
21. Which bases bond to each other and in what ratio in:
DNA A-T ratio: ½ A’s and ½ T’s
RNA G-C ratio: ½ G’s and ½ C’s
22. What is a codon and where are they found? 3 bases on a mRNA strand
23. What is the function of a codon? Carries the message of DNA to make
proteins. You can also say a codon “codes” for a certain amino acid.
24. What is a gene? A segment of DNA that contains genetic information.
25. What is a chromosome? A tightly-wound strand of DNA.
26. How many chromosomes do you have in each of your body cells (excluding
sex cells)? 46
27. What is an amino acid? A micromolecule that makes up a protein
28. What do amino acids compose? proteins
29.Where are amino acids created? In the cytoplasm (ribosomes)
30. Where are proteins created? ribosomes
31. What is an anticodon and where can they be found? 3 bases on a tRNA
32. The DNA base sequence TTT-UGC-CCG-AAA will code for what mRNA base
sequence?
AAA-ACG-GGC-UUU
33. What is a mutation? A change in the sequence of DNA or RNA
34. When, if ever, are they harmful? If the mutation results in the wrong protein
being made. You can also say if the mutation results in an organism who is
unable to survive or reproduce.
35. Define the following mutations and show codon examples of each:
Point mutation & how does it change the amino acid sequence A change in
one base of a DNA or RNA strand.
Ex: substitution: ATG to ATC
Frameshift mutation & how does it change the amino acid sequence A
change in part of or all of a gene or genes (more than one letter changes)
Ex: Insertion: ATG to ATGC
Deletion: ATG to AG
36. Place the following in the correct sequence for protein synthesis:
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
Ribosome
Protein
DNA
mRNA
Ribosome
tRNA
Protein
37. What is the final product (or macromolecule) produced from the coding or
expression of DNA? Protein
38. What is a macromolecule? A large molecule composed of smaller (micro)
molecules
39. What is a micromolecule? A small molecule that makes up part of a large
(macro) molecule.
Be able to recognize a model of DNA.
40. What is transcription? Copying DNA into mRNA
41. Where does transcription occur? In the nucleus
42. What is the function of transcription / what is the end product of
transcription? To get the message of DNA to the ribosome to make proteins for
the cell. The end product is mRNA
43. What is translation? Converting the message contained in mRNA to the
message of proteins. (amino acids)
44. Where does it occur? In ribosomes (cytoplasm)
45. What is the function of translation / what is the end product of translation?
To convert the message contained in mRNA to proteins. The end product is a
protein.
Genetics & Probability
46. Define the following:
Dominant The gene that is expressed
Recessive the gene that gets “masked” by a dominant gene
Co-dominant Neither gene is recessive. Both phenotypes show up
together.
Incomplete dominant The dominant and recessive genes show a new
phenotype by blending.
Homozygous The genes of a trait are the same Ex: both are dominant or
both are recessive
Heterozygous The genes of a trait are different. Ex: A dominant and
recessive gene
Genotype The genetic makeup of an individual for a certain trait. EX:
tongue rollers can be either RR or Rr. Non-tongue rollers are rr.
Phenotype The physical characteristic of a trait. Ex: red hair color.
47. What is the genotype of a female? XX
48. What is the genotype of a male? XY
49. Show the genotypic and phenotypic results of the following crosses:
a cross between 2 homozygous recessive individuals
a cross between a homozygous dominant male and a homozygous
recessive female
a cross between a homozygous dominant parent and a heterozygous
dominant parent
a cross between a heterozygous male and a homozygous recessive female
a cross between two grey rabbits where neither the black nor the white
trait are dominant over the other trait
a cross between a black rooster and a speckled hen where both black and
white traits are co-dominant.
what would the parents’ genotypes be if they were brown and 25% of their
offspring were white?
a colorblind man and a woman who carries the allele for colorblindness
50. On what chromosome are most sex-linked traits found? X chromosome
51. What is a clone? An organism that is genetically identical to the individual
from which it was derived.
52. What are the disadvantages of cloning? A disease could wipe out the whole
population.
Pedigrees
53. What is a pedigree and what is it used for? A graphic representation of genetic
inheritance
54. What geometric shape designates a female? A circle
55. What geometric shape designates a male? A square
56. How are generations designated? Roman numerals
57. How are individuals within a generation designated? Numbered from left to
right
58. How do you know if a person exhibits the trait / disease in question? They
will be shaded
Review the pedigree activities we completed in class.