Article # 1: Spontaneous Generation by Randall Niles
What about the spontaneous generation of the first life form? Darwinian (and neo-Darwinian) evolution only focuses on the
mechanism for modification over time between kinds of organisms. Evolutionary theory still doesn't deal with the first organism that
arose by chance on our so-called "primitive planet" - this is called "spontaneous generation."
Without outside input, "spontaneous generation" is really the only explanation for the first organisms on Earth. The concept goes way
back to Anaximander, a Greek philosopher in the 6th Century BC, who proposed that life arose from mud when exposed to sunlight.
Although Darwin's theory focused on the mechanism for evolutionary change between life forms, he also maintained that original life
probably arose from a "little pond" where sunlight was acting on organic salts. In the 1920's, scientists Oparin and Haldane updated
the basic conjecture of "spontaneous generation" by proclaiming that ultraviolet light acting on a primitive atmosphere of water,
ammonia & methane produced a "hot dilute soup" of basic life.
As I continued my reading, I discovered an interesting theme. The general public and educational media seemed fine with these basic
theories and conjectures. However, over the last couple of decades, the scientific community has grown increasingly uneasy. Whereas
20th century science and technology somehow removed the philosophical need for anything metaphysical, 21st century science and
technology were revealing things that can't be explained through merely assumed physical processes.
Considering the way the prebiotic soup is referred to in so many discussions of the origin of life as an already established
reality, it comes as something of a shock to realize that there is absolutely no positive evidence for its existence. 1
Something wasn't connecting here - scientists across the board (whether atheist, agnostic or theist) were declaring that spontaneous
generation was disproved one hundred years ago! 2
In fact, evolutionary scientists themselves started looking at the odds that a free-living, single-celled organism (a bacterium, for
example) could result from a chance combining of life building blocks (amino acids, for example). Harold Morowitz, a renowned
physicist from Yale University and author of Origin of Cellular Life (1993), declared that the odds for any kind of spontaneous
generation were one chance in 10100,000,000,000. 3
Sir Fred Hoyle, a popular agnostic who wrote Evolution from Space (1981), proposed that such odds were one chance in 1040,000 ("the
same as the probability that a tornado sweeping through a junkyard could assemble a 747"). 4
Francis Crick, an atheist and co-discoverer of the "DNA structure" in 1953, calls life "almost a miracle." 5 He couldn't rationalize the
metaphysical implications of his DNA discovery so he devised his "interstellar spores" theory in the 1970s.
By the way, scientists from various disciplines generally set their "Impossibility Standard" at one chance in 10 50 (1 in a 100,000
billion, billion, billion, billion, billion). Therefore, whether one chance in 10 100,000,000,000 or one chance in 1040,000, the notion that life
somehow rose from non-life has clearly met the scientific standard for statistical impossibility.
I think Harvard University biochemist and Nobel Laureate George Wald shed perfect light on the whole situation when he declared:
One has to only contemplate the magnitude of this task to concede that the spontaneous generation of a living organism is
impossible. Yet we are here - as a result, I believe, of spontaneous generation.6
So, what are these scientists discovering?... Why are they declaring such huge odds against their own theories?... Why are they
proposing new (and slightly outlandish) conjectures such as DNA spores from alien cultures?...
http://www.allaboutthejourney.org/spontaneous-generation.htm
Article # 2: Primordial Soup by Charles Q. Choi, Live Science Contributor
Life on Earth began more than 3 billion years ago, evolving from the most basic of microbes into a dazzling array of complexity over time. But
how did the first organisms on the only known home to life in the universe develop from the primordial soup?
Electric Spark
Electric sparks can generate amino acids and sugars from an atmosphere loaded with water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen, as was shown in
the famous Miller-Urey experiment reported in 1953, suggesting that lightning might have helped create the key building blocks of life on Earth
in its early days. Over millions of years, larger and more complex molecules could form. Although research since then has revealed the early
atmosphere of Earth was actually hydrogen-poor, scientists have suggested that volcanic clouds in the early atmosphere might have held
methane, ammonia and hydrogen and been filled with lightning as well.
Community Clay
The first molecules of life might have met on clay, according to an idea elaborated by organic chemist Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith at the
University of Glasgow in Scotland. These surfaces might not only have concentrated these organic compounds together, but also helped
organize them into patterns much like our genes do now.
The main role of DNA is to store information on how other molecules should be arranged. Genetic sequences in DNA are essentially instructions
on how amino acids should be arranged in proteins. Cairns-Smith suggests that mineral crystals in clay could have arranged organic molecules
into organized patterns. After a while, organic molecules took over this job and organized themselves.
Deep-Sea Vents
The deep-sea vent theory suggests that life may have begun at submarine hydrothermal vents, spewing key hydrogen-rich molecules. Their
rocky nooks could then have concentrated these molecules together and provided mineral catalysts for critical reactions. Even now, these vents,
rich in chemical and thermal energy, sustain vibrant ecosystems.
Chilly Start
Ice might have covered the oceans 3 billion years ago, as the sun was about a third less luminous than it is now. This layer of ice, possibly
hundreds of feet thick, might have protected fragile organic compounds in the water below from ultraviolet light and destruction from cosmic
impacts. The cold might have also helped these molecules to survive longer, allowing key reactions to happen.
RNA World
Nowadays DNA needs proteins in order to form, and proteins require DNA to form, so how could these have formed without each other? The
answer may be RNA, which can store information like DNA, serve as an enzyme like proteins, and help create both DNA and proteins. Later DNA
and proteins succeeded this "RNA world," because they are more efficient. RNA still exists and performs several functions in organisms, including
acting as an on-off switch for some genes. The question still remains how RNA got here in the first place. And while some scientists think the
molecule could have spontaneously arisen on Earth, others say that was very unlikely to have happened.
Other nucleic acids other than RNA have been suggested as well, such as the more esoteric PNA or TNA.
Simple Beginnings
Instead of developing from complex molecules such as RNA, life might have begun with smaller molecules interacting with each other in cycles
of reactions. These might have been contained in simple capsules akin to cell membranes, and over time more complex molecules that performed
these reactions better than the smaller ones could have evolved, scenarios dubbed "metabolism-first" models, as opposed to the "gene-first" model
of the "RNA world" hypothesis.
Panspermia
Perhaps life did not begin on Earth at all, but was brought here from elsewhere in space, a notion known as panspermia. For instance, rocks
regularly get blasted off Mars by cosmic impacts, and a number of Martian meteorites have been found on Earth that some researchers have
controversially suggested brought microbes over here, potentially making us all Martians originally. Other scientists have even suggested that
life might have hitchhiked on comets from other star systems. However, even if this concept were true, the question of how life began on Earth
would then only change to how life began elsewhere in space.
http://www.livescience.com/13363-7-theories-origin-life.html
Determining Author’s Purpose
Authors write to entertain, inform, persuade, or instruct a reader. Use the graphic organizer below to help you decide the author’s overall purpose for writing a passage.
Directions: Choose examples (sentences, phrases, graphics, etc.) from the passage and write each one in an appropriate box. Then, analyze the entire graphic organizer as a
whole to determine the author’s overall purpose for writing.
To Entertain Me
To Inform Me
To Persuade Me
To Instruct Me
The author’s overall purpose for writing this passage is to:_____________________________________________________________________
Questions to consider from your reading:
What is the author’s motive?
Who is the author? (profession, background, etc.)?
Who is the audience for this article?
What is the author telling you?
Why is the information in the article important?
What conclusions, theories, or explanations does the author provide? What is the evidence?
How can I connect my experiences to what this author is telling me?
What is the point of the article?
What does the author want me to understand?
How has this author changed what I understand?
What does the author want me to do?
The author’s overall purpose for writing this passage is to: