FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
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Explain the three major principles of cell theory?
What are the major differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? Draw an example of each
type of cell.
What is the cytoskeleton? What type of cell has a cytoskeleton?
Create a Venn diagram listing the organelles found in only plant cells, only animal cells, and both plant and
animal cells.
List all twelve organelles from section 3.2, and give a brief description of their function.
What type of molecules make of up the cell membrane? What are the three basic parts of these molecules?
Scientists have developed a model that describes the make up of a cell membrane? Give the name and a brief
description of this model.
Define selective permeability. How does selective permeability enable a cell to maintain homeostasis?
Define passive transport. What are two types of passive transport? What is the difference between these
two types of passive transport?
Create three drawings to show what happens when a cell is placed in either a isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic
solution. Define these solutions. (See Figure 3.23)
Define facilitated diffusion.
Define active transport.
List and define the four main types of carbon-based molecules found in living things. What are their functions
within cells?
What are the three basic parts of nucleotides?
What are the four nitrogen-containing bases of DNA?
Name and describe the DNA model developed by Watson and Crick in the 1950’s.
What are the base pairing rules for DNA?
What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology, as defined by Francis Crick? What are the three processes
involved in the central dogma?
DNA Replication:
A. What happens during DNA replication?
B. Where does DNA replication occur?
C. What is the name of the enzymes that unwind and separate DNA molecules?
D. What are the three steps of DNA replication?
E. What does semiconservative mean?
F. What is the name of the group of enzymes that bond new nucleotides together?
What are the three primary ways that RNA and DNA differ?
Transcription:
A. Transcriptions produces what three types of RNA molecules?
B. What is the name of the molecule that bonds nucleotides together in a chain to make an RNA molecule?
C. Using Figure 8.11 as your guide, draw and describe the three basic steps of transcription.
Translation:
A. Define translation.
B. Define codon. Which type of RNA carries codons?
C. Define anticodon. Which type of RNA carries anticodons?
D. Using Figure 8.16 to assist you, list and describe the three steps of translation.
Define mutation.
A. What is a point mutation?
B. What is a frameshift mutation? What are the two types of frameshift mutations?
C. What are the agents in the environment that can change DNA? Give two general examples.
Name and define both of Mendel’s Laws.
What are body cells called?
What are sex cells called?
Define homologous chromosomes.
What are the chromosomes, pairs 1 through 22 in humans, that contain genes for characteristics not directly
related to the sex of an organism?
What is the name for the chromosomes that directly control the development of an organism’s sexual
characteristics?
Define sexual reproduction.
What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?
Define meiosis.
What are two examples of gametes?
What is the difference between genes and alleles?
FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
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What is the difference between an organism’s genotype and phenotype?
What is the difference between a dominant allele and a recessive allele?
What do Punnett Squares predict?
During prophase I of meiosis, chromosome segments are exchanged between homologous chromosomes,
resulting in new combinations of genes and increases genetic diversity. What is this exchange called?
39. What is the chart that helps to trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family that helps to determine whether
people carry recessive alleles?
40. Define restriction enzymes.
41. Define gel electrophoresis.
42. Define Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
43. What is a short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand?
44. What is the representation of parts of an individual’s DNA that can be used to identify a person at the
molecular level?
45. What is a clone?
46. Define genetic engineering.
47. What is ATP? ADP? What is the difference?
48. Photosynthesis
A. What is photosynthesis?
B. In plants, what are the molecules filled with chloroplasts? Why do these molecules make plants appear
green?
C. Use pages 104-105 to illustrate an overview of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions
of photosynthesis?
49. Cellular respiration
A. Define cellular respiration.
B. Cellular respiration is an aerobic process - what does this mean?
C. Use pages 114-115 to illustrate an overview of the two stages of Cellular respiration.
50. Glycolysis
A. Define glycolysis.
B. Why is glycolysis necessary for cellular respiration?
C. Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process?
51. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms.
52. Define the following terms:
A. Organisms B. Populations C. Communities D. Ecosystems E. Biomes
53. Explain what the arrows represent in food chains and food webs (like the web on page 410).
54. What are some of matter/element cycles on Earth? (see section 13.5)
55. Draw an energy period to illustrate the energy flow between trophic levels in an ecosystem.
56. What is a niche?
57. What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors? Give three examples of each.
58. Define and compare competition and predation.
59. What is symbiosis. Explain the three major types of symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, and
parasitism).
60. Define succession. Compare primary succession to secondary succession.
61. Define climate.
62. Compare renewable resources to nonrenewable resources. Give two examples of each.
63. Some plants have adaptations called tropisms. Explain what tropisms are.
64. Pages 682-683 describe five tropisms. List and describe these five types of tropisms.
65. What is a stimulus? Animals respond to stimuli. Give two examples of an internal stimulus and two
examples of an external stimulus.
66. Compare and contrast kinesis and taxis.
67. What is an instinct?
68. Some individual animals may interact in a way that benefits the group but may not benefit the individual. An
example is altruism. Describe altruism and how it may have evolved. What are some animals that demonstrate
extreme altruism?
69. Define evolution.
70. Define species.
71. List the names of four early scientists who had ideas about evolution before Charles Darwin.
72. What is a variation? An adaptation?
73. Describe Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
74. In biology, fitness has a specific meaning. What is it?
75. Darwin used evidence from several sources to support his arguments for evolution. Give four general examples
of evidence he used.
FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
76. Some of Darwin’s best evidence came from comparing the body parts of different species. Three types of
anatomical structures were examined. List and describe these three types.
77. What is the study of fossils or extinct organisms?
78. Natural selection can change the distribution of a trait in three different ways. Name and describe these three
types of natural selection.
79. What is gene flow?
80. What is genetic drift? What are two different processes that can lead to genetic drift?
81. What are two types of sexual selection? Give an example of each type.
82. Populations are said to be in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if they are not evolving. What are the five factors
that can lead to evolution?
83. What is speciation?
84. What type of isolation occurs when members of different populations can no longer mate with each other?
85. List and describe three ways that populations can become isolated.
86. Is evolution through natural selection random?
87. Compare and contrast convergent evolution, divergent evolution, and coevolution.
88. What is extinction?
89. What is the study of the study of the interactions among living things and between living things and their
surroundings?
90. What are producers? Consumers?