Your AP biology final exam review
I. Biomolecules:
What are the 4 classes of compounds?
How can you tell the difference between
Carbohydrates and everything else?
Lipids and everything else? _
Proteins and everything else?
Nucleic acids and everything else?
Starch is a
Hair is a
DNA is
Cellulose is a
Plant cell walls are
Enzymes are
Organic product of photosynthesis -
Component of cell membrane -
Hemoglobin
Unsaturated fat
Saturated fat
Structure
Solid at room temp
Examples
How many different amino acids are possible? __
What determines the order of the amino acids in your proteins? ___
II. Cells:
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Size
Age
Nucleus
Organelles
Examples
Part
Nucleus
Function
Part
Smooth ER
Cytoplasm
Golgi Body
Ribosomes
Vacuoles
Rough ER
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Function
Plant cell and Animal cell comparison and contrast
Plant only
Both
Animal only
III. Transport
Label the parts of a phospholipid: (polar, nonpolar, phosphate, lipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic)
Label the parts of a bilayer: (polar, nonpolar, phosphate, lipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic)
Use the drawing below to indicate the location of inside the cell, outside of the cell, polar and nonpolar
Using the image of a cell membrane below:
Color the proteins red
Color the polar part green
Color the non polar part yellow
Add in a channel (transport) protein.
Add in a carbohydrate marker on one of the proteins
When we say that a lipid bilayer is semipermeable, what do we mean?
\
Passive transport
Requires energy
Moves molecules
Active Transport
From low concentration to high
concentration
Moves molecules
With (down) the concentration
gradient
Define osmosis: Label the following drawings as hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic and draw an arrow to indicate the
direction water will move. (The cell membrane is semipermeable but will not allow the particles to move thru…only
water)
Here are some more examples:
Great website activity to review what happens to a human cell (blood cell), a plant cell (elodea) and protist (paramecium)
in different solutions: http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/LS03/LS03.html
Indicate which of the following is endocytosis and which is exocytosis. Below each one give an example of a type of
substance moved in that manner
Indicate which side is hypertonic, hypotonic and the direction water will move. Draw a prediction of what it will look like
after sitting for a few hours:
before
Prediction
5% NaCl
2% NaCl
20%
sucrose
50%
sucrose
70%
NaCl
40% NaCl
IV. Energy:
Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? How can
you tell?
Give an example of endergonic and exergonic
reactions:
What is activation energy?
What do the following letters represent in the
diagram
Which line (solid or dashed) represents a reaction
with an enzyme?
Give some characteristics of an enzyme:
Give 3 examples of digestive enzymes and the reactions they catalyze:
What’s an easy way to tell if a chemical named is an enzyme?
Name 4 things that can affect an enzyme functioning
Label the structure of ATP using the following terms: phosphate, bonds with high stored energy, sugar, and adenine
What does ATP become when it loses one phosphate? two phosphates?
All of our energy originates from the
The first living things to take incoming energy and transform it to chemical energy (glucose) are called __ or ______
The energy flows from those organisms to __________ or __________ that must eat to obtain energy
Give 3 kinds of organisms that are photosynthetic:
What is fermentation?
When does it occur and what are the byproducts?
Bacteria can only conduct the first part of cellular respiration. What is that called? How many ATP does it produce?
What
Cellular respiration
Taking glucose and breaking it down
to get energy to make ADP into ATP
Where
Mitochondria of all eukaryotes
Who
All eukaryotes (prokaryotes only do
the first part)
What goes in (reactant)
Oxygen
Glucose
What comes out (product)
Water
sunlight
Carbon dioxide
6O2 + C6H12O6  6H2O + 6CO2
Reaction (balanced)
Photosynthesis
Taking carbon dioxide and building it
up to glucose by adding energy
captured from sunlight
Chloroplasts of plants and algae
All Autotrophs (plants, algae,
photosynthetic bacteria … bacteria
use cell wall instead of chloroplast
Water
ATP and heat
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Glucose
6H2O + 6CO2  6O2 + C6H12O6
V. Cell Reproduction:
What is a gene?
What is a chromosome?
What is chromatin?
Where can you find these things?
How many chromosomes do you have in your somatic cells?
What is a somatic
How many chromosomes do you have in your gametes?
What is a gamete?
Why do gametes have a haploid number of chromosomes?
Cell cycle: Label the following diagrams with the following terms: G1, G2, S, cytokinesis, mitosis, interphase
*Notice I am giving you more than one diagram so that you can get used various formats. Who knows what I will put on
the final (and Rick Perry is the only one that knows what they’re putting on the STAAR)
What happens in each of these phases?
G1 - normal cellular activities
G2 - growth and prep for mitosis
S – DNA replication
Mitosis – division of the cell’s nucleus
Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm
What kind of cell never leaves G1 – nerve cell
What happens when the cell cycle loses control and
begins to rapidly repeat itself? – cancer (a tumor)
results
How does cytokinesis differ between a plant cell and
an animal cell?
Label each of the steps in mitosis:
A (before mitosis begins)
interphase
B - prophase
C - metaphase
D - anaphase
E - telophase
F (after cytokinesis) - interphase
Is there a difference between the
two cells labeled F? no. They are
identical
Is there a difference between the
cell labeled A and the two labeled
F?
No, they are identical
What is structure #6? Spindle fibers
What is structure #13? Nuclear
membrane (reforming)
What is structure #1 - centrioles
What is structure #8? - centromere
You have 22 pairs of chromosomes called __autosomes_. The 23rd set are called __sex__ chromosomes and are either X
and X if you are a girl or X and Y if you are a boy. X chromosome is necessary and everyone has one they got from their
mother. Y chromosome only codes for male sex characteristics and boys get that chromosome from their father_. Girls
get their other X from their dads.
What is meiosis? the process by which cells are made that are haploid in number. They are gametes and not identical to
each other
Characteristic
Parent cell
Mitosis
Diploid
Meiosis
Diploid
Where
Somatic cells – all cells in the body
except gametes
Testicles and ovaries
# of daughter cells
2
4
Chromosome # in daughter cells
Dipoid (46)
Haploid (23)
Are they clones?
Yes
No
What is a karyotype? A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell lined up from longest to shortest and paired up
Identify the following karyotypes as male or female and indicate if there are any chromosomal disorders
Male, with Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Female, no disorders
VI. Genetics:
Who was Gregor Mendel? –
What is an allele?
What is purebred?
What is homozygous?
What is heterozygous?
What is genotype
What is phenotype?
Work the following examples of genetic crosses using these traits:
Trait
Dominant
Plant height
Tall
Seed color
brown
Flower color
Purple
Location of flowers
Axial
Recessive
Short
White
Yellow
Terminal
A brown seeded plant is crossed with a white seeded plant and all the offspring have brown seeds. What was the
genotype of the parents?
What is the genotype of the offspring?
Two heterozygous axial plants are crossed. What is the genotype and phenotype of the offspring?
A heterozygous tall and heterozygous purple flowered plant is crossed with a short yellow flowered plant. What is the
phenotypic ratios expected in the offspring?
An axial white seeded plant is crossed with an axial brown plant. The offspring are half axial white and half axial brown.
What is the probably genotype of the axial white plant? What about the axial brown plant?
In the case of incomplete dominance, a black hen and a white rooster produce speckled offspring. What if two speckled
chickens cross? What are the expected phenotypes of the offspring?
If a gene is sex linked recessive found on the X chromosome and a mother that is a carrier mates with a father that does
not have the disorder, what is the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?
A mother that is type O marries a man who is type AB. What are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring?
If one of their type B children marries a person that is AB, what are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring?
If one of their type A children marries someone that is type O, what are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring?
VII. DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
Who won the Nobel prize for finding the structure of DNA?
Who was Chargaff?
Who was R. Franklin?
If a DNA molecule is 27% guanine, what percent makes up the other 3 bases?
What is antiparallel mean?
What two bases are purines? A and G
What two bases are pyrimidines?
Which ones are bigger?
What is replication?
When does it take place?
Where does it take place?
Why does it take place?
What does semiconservative mean?
Draw an RNA nucleotide:
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
Number of strands
Nitrogen bases
Where it’s found
Sugar
Kinds
DNA
2
ATCG
In the nucleus only
Deoxyribose
One
RNA
1
ACUG
In the cytoplasm
Ribose
Many (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
What is the purpose of transcription?
What is the purpose of translation?
Fill out the following chart:
DNA (template)
Complementary DNA
Triplet
ATC
AAA
GAA
ATG
ACC
TAG
TTT
CTT
TAC
TGG
mRNA (From
template)
Codon
UAG
UUU
CUU
UAC
UGG
tRNA
Amino acid
Anticodon
AUC
AAA
GAA
AUG
ACC
Stop
Phe
Leu
Tyr
tryptophan
What do we mean when we say that the genetic code is universal?
How do we use the universality of the genetic code in gene technology?
Where does transcription take place?
Where does translation take place?
What is a mutation?
Why is a frameshift mutation nearly always very bad…resulting in a non functional protein.
VIII. Evolution
What is the definition of evolution?
Who was Charles Darwin?
What book did he publish?
What is artificial selection?
What is natural selection?
What is natural selection also called?
What are the three conditions that must be met for natural selection to take place?
Proof of evolution
Fossil record: transitional
fossils
Define
Fossils that show a link between
two divergent species
Example
Vestigial structures
Homologous structures
Amino acid sequences
Embryology
Structures or organs that have no use but
did at one time
Structures that are similar between two or
more divergent species
Similarities in DNA will be apparent by
comparing amino acid sequences
Similarities in embryos of vertebrates
Pelvic bone in snakes and whales
Wisdom teeth in humans
The forearm of many vertebrates:
one large bone, two small bones and
bunch of tiny bones
Cytochrome C in vertebrates
All vertebrate embryos (including
humans) have gill slits and a tail
Draw a flower and label the following parts: sepal, petals, carpel, stamen, filament, anther, ovule, style, stigma
Which parts are female?
Which parts are male?