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BIODIVERSITY
Spring Final 2014/2015
STUDY GUIDE
Chemistry:
Atomic Structure-Nucleus, Protons, Atomic Number, Neutrons, Electrons,
Electron Shells, Valence Electrons, Neutral, Periodic Table
1. What is an atom?_The smallest unit of matter. _______________
Use your periodic table answer the following questions:
2. How many PROTONS does Copper (Cu) have? __29 (smaller
number)_____________
3. How many ELECTRONS does Lead (Pb) have? __82 (equal to
protons)_____________
4. How do you know how many electrons there are? __Same as the number of
protons. _____________________
5. What is it called when protons = electrons? ___Neutral_____________
6. How many NEUTRONS does Potassium (K) have? __20________
7. Explain how you find the number of neutrons in an atom? _Atomic Mass –
Atomic Number (bigger number – smaller number) =
neutrons____________________________________________________
_____
8. Protons have a __+__ charge.
9. Electrons have a __-__ charge.
10. Neutrons have a ___0__ charge.
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11. Draw the following atoms below.
A. Fluorine (F) Atomic Number 9
12.
B. Sodium (Na) Atomic Number 11
Fill in the table below.
Atom
Sulfur (S)
Phosphorus (P)
Atomic
#
16
15
# of
Protons
# of
Electrons
16
15
16
15
# of
Neutrons
16
16
# of
Valence
Electrons
6
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Bonding-Stable, Compounds, Ions, Ionic Bonding, Covalent Bonding, Molecules
13. Fill in the table below.
Atom
Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Helium (He)
# of valence electrons # of bonds the atom
wants to make
6
2
4
4
1
1
2
0
14. Write an explanation of how to find the number of bonds an atom wants to
make and why they want to make these bonds.
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___Atoms want to a full outer shell to be stable. If they only have one shell,
they need 2 total. If they have more than one shell, the outer most shell will
want 8 total. Atoms will form bonds until it thinks it has a fuller outer
shell.___________________________________________
15. How would fluorine and sodium bond? ___Ionic____________
16. Define this kind of bond. __One gives up and one takes an electron so both
have full outer shells. They now each have a charge and since the charges are
opposite, they are attracted to each
other._____________________________________
___________________________________________________________
17. How do compounds and molecules compare?
___Compounds have more than one kind of atom and can be bonded ionically or
covalently. Molecules can have one or more types of atoms and are only bonded
covalently.___________________________________________________
_____________________________________
18. Explain (or draw) how O2 is bonded. ____The two oxygens each share 2
electrons____________________________________________________
_________
19. What kind of a bond is this?___covalent________________
20. How is this bond formed?____Sharing of electrons so atoms are stable. (full
outer shell)).___________________
___________________________________________________________
Properties of Water-Polar, Hydrogen Bonding, Cohesion, Adhesion, Diffusion,
Solution, Solvent, Solute
21.
The chemical formula for H2O. Draw 2 water molecules below using your
knowledge of hydrogen bonding. Include ‘+’ to show the positive end of the
molecules. Include a ‘-‘ to show the negative end of the molecules.
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22.
What is it called when two water molecules are attracted to each other?
___Hydrogen Bond-Cohesion__________________________________
23.
What is it called when a water molecule is attracted to another kind of
molecule?___Adhesion__________________________________
24. Define Diffusion:__Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
until equilibrium. ________________________________________
_______________________________________
25.
In the “Diffusion of Food Coloring in Different Temperatures” Lab, what was
the solute?________Food Coloring________________________________
26.
The solvent? ____Water___________________________
27.
The solution? ____Food Coloring and Water_________________
pH-Acid, Base, Neutral
28. If a solution measures a 5 on a pH scale is it an acid or base?
29.
What is the pH for distilled water? 7
30.
Is this an acid, base or neutral? Neutral
31.
What is an example of a base? Baking Soda, Soft Soap, Ammonia, Lye
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Ecological Pyramid-Biomass, Energy, Numbers
32.
How much energy is passed between trophic levels? ____10%___
33.
What happens to the rest of the energy? 90% is lost as heat and waste.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
34.
Using the table below determine how much energy will be passed to the next
level. Fill in whether the organisms are a producer or consumer.
Organism
Apple Tree
Squirrel
Fox
Bobcat
Wolf
35.
Trophic Level Amount of Energy
Transferred
1
2
3
4
5
7500 units of energy
750
75.0
7.50
0.750
Producer/
Consumer
Producer
Consumer
Consumer
Consumer
Consumer
Using the organisms above draw an energy pyramid below. Label the trophic
levels. Write in the names of the organisms in the proper trophic level.
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36.
Explain in words why you drew your pyramid the way you did.
____The pyramid represents how much energy is available from level to
the next. Since only 10% is available to the next level, each level gets
smaller, making it pyramid shaped. _____________________
Scientific Process-Investigative Questions, Variables, Hypothesis, Data
Collection, Graphing, Conclusion
Makayla has really enjoyed doing the ‘Saving Soils’ lab and seeing how different
rocks are weathered over time. Makayla decides she wants to test how different
rocks react in the presence of a base instead of an acid. Makayla thinks that
different types of rocks will react differently to a base.
Answer the following questions.
37. Write a problem or question for this experiment.
_____What is the effect of a base on the weathering of different types of
rocks.
__________________________________________________________
38. Write a hypothesis using the “If… then… because…” format, about this
experiment.
___If you add a base to different rocks, it will not affect the rocks because it
reacts differently than to an acid. ____________________
39. What is the manipulated variable in this scenario?__Base__
40. What is the responding variable in this scenario?__Weather of rocks__
41. What would be two controlled variables?
____Same amount of base, amount of rocks, ______________________
42.
What are the different criteria for a procedure?
a. ___Must include mv___
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b. ___ Must include rv____
c. ___ Must include cv _____
d. ___Record data_______________________
e. ___Multiple Trials or Logical Steps____________________
43.
What are the rules for graphing?
a. __Title (mv vs rv)_____
b. __Axes labels with variable and units (X = mv, Y = rv)______
c. __Data needs to take up most of the graph______
d. __Plot points__
44.
What are the different criteria for a conclusion?
a. ___Restate hypothesis and say whether it was supported or not
supported._____
b. __Give the rv value for the lowest mv.______
c. ___ Give the rv value for the highest mv ____
d. ___Explanatory Language (relationship between mv and rv)______
Human Impact and Puget Sound- Economic, Environmental, Historical
45. Explain what is happening to the Puget Sound and predict how that might
affect the biodiversity in the sound.
____Pollution is entering the Sound due to Human Impact. __
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Soil-Weathering (Chemical, Physical, Biological), Permeability, Particle Size
Distribution
46.
What three types of weathering can rocks go through?
a. __Chemical-broken down by acid or base.______________
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b. ___Mechanical- broken down by physical measures.
_______
c. ___Biological-broken down by the actions of organisms
_____
47.
Explain each process in the question above.
48.
How is the type of soil connected to biodiversity on this earth?
____Soil that is highly permeable will be best for plants to grow in. The
more kinds of plants will bring in the most kinds of animals.
_____________________
Hydrosphere-Distribution of Water, Ocean Currents, Aquifers
49. Why are ocean currents important to biodiversity?
___They cycle nutrients from the depths all over the ocean.
50.
What would happen if they didn’t exist?
Organisms will die and biodiversity will decrease.
_________________________________________________________
51.
How much fresh drinking water is there on earth?
_0.03%___________________________________________________
_____
52.
Why is it important to protect it?
We need to drink fresh water and we will die without it.
53.
What is an aquifer?
____Underground fresh water____________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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