Index123
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Circuits, Devices, Networks, and Microelectronics Biquadratic filter functions and root-loci 475 Biquadratic frequency response forms 461-462 Biquadratic loops 447 Biquadratic profiles 447-448 Biquadratic transfer functions (biquads) 88 -94 BJT cross-section 211 Bode asymptote approximate form 86 Bode magnitude plot 80 Bode phase plot 80 Bode plot limit value analysis 87 Body effect 260 Body effect 287-288 Boltzmann constant 178 Buffered opamp topologies 111 Built-in E-field 177 Buried-channel FETs 266 Butterworth profiles for low-pass biquad 464-465 Capacitance 43 -48, 51 Capacitances in parallel 46 Capacitances in series 47 Cascaded stages and noise 507-508 Cascode configuration 325-328 CCT (current-current transducer) 35 CE topology, frequency domain analysis 322-325 Channel resistance 347 Charge carrier types 173 Charge pump 195, 289 Charge redistribution 281 Charge redistribution 53 -54 Charge splitting 281 Charge stored by capacitance 44 Charge stored under electric field 43 Charge transfer power PQ for CMOS 278 Chebyshev profiles for low-pass biquad 464-465 Clamping diodes 363 Class-A amplifiers 339-340, 347-350 Class-AB amplifiers 356-359 Class-AB Darlington configuration 359 Class-B amplifiers 339-340, 351-353 Class-C amplifiers 339-340 Class-D amplifiers 339-340, 370-373 CMOS dynamic power consumption 275CMOS inverter (benchmark) 274CMOS inverter transfer curve 275 CMOS logic synthesis 269-274 CMOS source-coupled pair 414 CMOS transistor-level synthesis 272-274 CMRR for opamp 431-432 INDEX 1/f noise 511 3dB corner 82 3dB reference level 39 Abrupt pn junction 177 AC ground concept 231 AC magnitude 159 Acceptor impurities 174, 176 AC-DC converters 187 – 194 Active filters 459-484, 468 Active-load emitter-coupled pair (ECP) 408-411 Active-load source-coupled-pair (SCP) 414 Adjustable level shifter 197-201 Admittance and Impedance 76, 80 Admittance definition 74 Ambient temperature TA 336 Ampere’s law 50 Apparent power 159 Aspect ratio, CMOS 276 Average power 159 Back-gate bias 257, 288 Back-gate bias 259 Balanced 3-phse systems 169 Balanced CMOS 282, 283 Ballistic channels 175 Ballistic channels 257 Band-gaps 173 Band-pass bandwidth 90 Band-pass biquadratic profile 448 Bandpass 448 Bandwidth of opamp with feedback 424, 428 Base node of BJT 211 Base-spreading resistance 513 Bessel-Thomson profiles for low-pass biquad 464-465 Bilinear frequency response forms 460-461 Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 210 Biquad all-pass profiles 89 Biquad band-pass profiles 89 Biquad band-stop profiles 89 Biquad phase-shifters 89 Biquadratic active circuit topologies 469-475 Biquadratic characteristic denominator 88 Biquadratic characteristic frequency 447 Biquadratic characteristic frequency 88 529 Circuits, Devices, Networks, and Microelectronics Coaxial cable 488 Cockroft-Walton voltage multiplier 195 Collector drain field 258, 259 Collector 211 Common-base configuration 242 Common-collector configuration 236 Common-emitter configuration 229Common-mode gain 401 Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 401,405, 407, 413 Common-mode rejection 419,431 Common-source (CS) topology 295-300 Compensation capacitance of opamp 433 Compensation of opamp to a STC response 422 Complementary logic devices 269 Complementary switches 377 Complementary transistor devices 257 Complex plane 73, 84 -85 Complex power 158 Conductance 9 Conduction band edge 174 Conduction characteristics of pn junction 178 Conduction coefficient beta 268 Conduction coefficient K 261, 263 Conduction coefficient 263 Conductivity 10 Constant-voltage drop (CVD) model of diode, 180, 181-186 Contact thermal resistance 337 Core-loss shunt resistance 148 Coulombs 44, 48 Counter-doping 176 Coupling capacitances 307 Critical damping 63 Cross-over distortion 355 Cubic distortion 521 Current divider 19 Current mirror 248 Current pulse, CMOS 277, 281 Current source 18, 64 Current sources 248 - 249 Current steering 395-396 Current stored under magnetic field 43 Current-follower configuration 242 CVT (current-voltage transducer) 35 Darlington pair 358 dB measure (amplitude ratios) 38 dB measure (power ratios) 38 dBm 506 dBW 506 DC-DC indirect up-down converter 388 Decibel (dB measure) 38 Dependent sources 35 De-rated power 338, 339 Desensitivity factor 446-447 Design criterion for output voltage levels 221 Device I-V measurement techniques 114 Diamond lattice 175 Dielectric constant 44 Dielectric materials 43 Dielectric strength 44, 45 Diffamp topologies with opamps 119 Differential amplifier 107 Differential amplifier 395 Differential coupled pair 395 Differential topology 124 Diffusion capacitance for BJT 315 Digital-analog converter (DAC) 112 -113 Diode bridge 188 Diode capacitance model 180 Diode conductance models 180 Diode state table 185 Direct down-converter 380 Direct up-converter 383-387 Displacement filed D 49 Distortion 353-354 Distributed parasitic reactance 487 Dominant poles 308 Donor impurities 174, 176 Double-diffused structure 346 Doubly-terminated RLC ladder and 5th-order Chebyshev 482-484 Doubly-terminated RLC ladders 477-478 Down converter 377-383 Drain characteristics of JFET 295 Drift region 344 Duty cycle classification of power amplifiers 339, 340 Duty cycle of series switch 379 Dynamic current Itran, IQ 278 Dynamic range 501, 522 Early effect 228 Early voltage 228-229, 261 Ebers-Moll model of BJT 224 ECP half 401 ECP with Darlington-pair inputs 404 530 Circuits, Devices, Networks, and Microelectronics Effect of feedback on opamp Rin 424-425 Effect of feedback on opamp Rout 428-429 Efficiency in power amplifiers 335 EKV model 283- 287 Electric double-layer capacitance 46 Electrical facts by decomposition 13,16,18 Electrolytic capacitances 46 Electronic charge 44 Emission coefficient 178 Emitter bypass capacitance 225 Emitter 211 Emitter-coupled pair 396-401 Emitter-follower configuration 236 Energy density 43 Energy storage in an inductance 64 Energy storage on a capacitance 64 Energy stored in a transformer 148 -149 Energy stored on a capacitance 47 Equal-capacitance realization 483 Equivalent input impedance Zin 425-428 Equivalent input pseudo-capacitance Ceq 427 Equivalent output impedance Zout 429-430 Equivalent output pseudo-inductance Leq 428 Euler form 69, 73 Exponential transient response 52, 57 Extended small-signal models 313 Faraday’s law 56 Farads 44 Feedback effect on I/O impedances 446 Feedback factor for opamp 419 Feedback factor 108 Feedback for opamp with finite gain 419-422 Feedback, generic 443 Feedback, negative 443 Fleige topology 481 Flux linkages 134 -144 Fold-over current limiting 363-365 Forward –active mode of BJT 211 Forward bias of pn junction 178 Forward current gain 213 Four-resistance bias frame 218 Four-resistance bias frame, JFET 290 Fourth-order Butterworth profile using Sallen-Key 476 Fourth-order Chebyshev profile using root-loci 477 Fourth-order Chebyshev profile using Sallen-Key 477 Free-space wavelength 490 Frequency rescaling 465-468 Frequency-dependent negative resistance (FDNR) 480-481 Fugacity 501 Full-wave rectifier with capacitance 190 Full-wave rectifier 188 Gain margin (GM) 444 Gain stabilization 445 Gain-bandwidth (GB) product 325 Gain-bandwidth product (GB) of opamp 423 Gain-peaking (GP) 448, 455 Gain-peaking and phase margin (PM) 457 Gain-peaking frequency 452-453 Gender nomenclature for jFETs 268 Generalized Impedance Converter (GIC) 481-482 Half-wave rectifier with capacitance 190 Half-wave rectifier 187 Heat sink resistance 337 Henrys 50 HEXFETs 347 High frequency corner 308 High-pass profiles 84, 88 Holes as bubblets 174 -175 Holes 173, 174 Hybrid-pi model of BJT 228, 229 Ideal diode equation 178 Ideal lossless transformer 137 Ideal rectifier model of diode 180, 187 Ideal switch 377 Impedance definition 74 Impedance-magnitude rescaling 468 Incomplete flux coupling 146 Inductance 48 -51, 56, 132 Inductive complementary switching 380 Input resistance 36 Instantaneous power dissipation 361 Instrumentation amplifier (IA) 120 Instrumentation amplifier 432 Interior loops in mesh analysis 22 Intermodulation distortion 521 Intrinsic conductivity 262 Inversion layer 258 Inverter threshold VIT 276 Inverting topology 419-422 Ion implantation 176, 210 Ionized layer 176 Johnson noise 503 531 Circuits, Devices, Networks, and Microelectronics Johnson-Nyquist noise 502 Junction FETs (jFETs) 266 - 269 Junction temperature TJ 336 Karnaugh maps and CMOS 272-274 Kirchoff current law 17, 77 Kirchoff voltage law 17, 77 k- mA convention 10 LaPlace transforms 84 Lateral bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 284-286 Law of loops 17 Law of nodes 17 LC characteristic frequency 0 95 LC characteristic resistance R0 95 LC time constant 59 Lead and lag relationships 73 Leakage inductance 147, 148 Level shifter 194, 197 Line phase 493 Line voltage 165, 169 Linear equation for mesh analysis 24 Linear equation for nodal analysis 24 Load capacitance for CMOS 279 Log-log frequency profiles 80 Loop gain 443 Lossless components 153 Low frequency corner 308 Low-pass biquadratic profile 448 Low-pass profiles 81, 88, 93 Macromodel for LF411 opamp 436-437 Macromodel for LM342 opamp 435-436 Magnetic field intensity H 49, 131 Magnetic flux density B 48, 131 Magnetic flux 50, 134 Magnetizing inductance 147, 148 Magneto-motive force 50 Majority carriers 176 Matched load 490,493 Maximally flat 93 Maximally-flat biquad profile 449 Maximum allowed current IDSS for jFET 268, 269 Maximum power bandwidth 433 Maximum power efficiency theorem 30 Maximum power hyperbola 338 Maximum power transfer theorem 29 Maximum rated junction temperature TJ(max) 336 Mesh analysis 22 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) 256 Metglas 49 Microstrip lines 494 Midband gain 308 Miller integrator 122 Miller integrator, lossy 123 Miller multiplication effect 321 Mil-spec requirements 337 Minimum detectible signal 506 Minimum feature size 261 Minority-carrier flow 179 Mobility 262 MOS capacitance matrix 263-264 MOS capacitance 264 MOS charge-pump 288,289 MOSFET 256 - 266 MOSIS 258, 264 Multiport networks 34 Mutual inductance 135, 144 NAND gate synthesis and CMOS 271 NAND gate synthesis 269, 271 n-channel MOSFET 256 Negative (corrective) feedback 108 Nodal analysis 19, 77 -78 Nodes and branches 15 Noise bandwidth 502,504 Noise factor 505 Noise figure 506 Noise floor 506 Noise in amplifiers 510 Noise nomenclature in pspice 518-520 Noise spectral density (NSD) 510 Noise temperature 505 Nomograph 496, 498 Non-ideal transformer 144 -148 Non-inverting integrator 126 Non-inverting topology 419-421 NOR gate synthesis in CMOS 271 NOR gate synthesis 269, 271 Norator 109 Normalized damping coefficient 63, 94 Normalized forms 465 Normalized impedance 495 Norton theorem 25-26, 33-34, 79 Norton-Thevenin equivalence 26 npn transistor 211, 212 n-type charge carriers 176 Nullator pinning 113 Nullator 109 Nullator-norator 107, 109 532 Circuits, Devices, Networks, and Microelectronics Nullator-norator 419, 347 Nyquist formula 503 Nyquist plot 443 Ohm’s law 9,76 Ohm’s law, bulk form 262 Opamp band-pass topology 124 -125 Opamp macromodels 434-440 Operating point analysis for BJT 214, 216 Operating point for FET 292, 293, 294 Operational amplifier characteristics 107 Operational amplifier, ideal 107 Optimization of noise factor 520 Optimized collector current IC 516 Optimum source resistance 512 Output conductance of transistor 208, 209 Output resistance 36 -37 Overdamped 63 Parabolic model of FETs 258, 260 Parasitic capacitances CGD and CGS for MOSFET` 317-318 Parasitic capacitances CJD and CJS for MOSFET` 318 Parasitic capacitances C and C for BJT 315 Parasitic capacitances for JFET 316 Parasitic capacitances 310-320 Patents of note 194, Peak detector 194 Permeability of free space ` 49 Permeability 43, 49, 131 Permittivity of free space 44 Permittivity of SiO2 263 Permittivity 43 Pf (power factor) specification 159 Phase margin (PM) 444 Phase shift 70, 72, 81, 84 Phase velocity 490 Phase voltage 169 Phasors 155 -156 pin junction 342-343 Pinch off at the drain 260 Pinch-off at the source 267 Pink noise 511 pn junctions 176 -180 pnp transistor 211, 212 Poles and zeros 85 Potentiometer 15 Power amplifier power flow 335 Power BJT 344-346 Power bridge 367-369 Power dissipated during transition 389-390 Power dissipated in a resistance 28 Power dissipated in the circuit, PD 335 -338 Power factor and angles 162 Power factor 153 Power MOSFET 346-347 Power opamps 365-369 Power transfer ratio 37 Power transistors 341-342, 344-347 Power triangle 160 Propagation constant 490 Protoboard capacitances 314 Pseudocapacitance 46 p-type charge carriers 176 Pull-up, pull-down context 264, 274 Pulse overshoot (OS) 456 Pulse-width modulation 370 Quadratic denominator, roots 93 - 94 Quadrature relationships 153 Quality factor Q 91, 92 Quarter-wave transformer 494 Quasi-saturation 344-346 R-2R (binary) feedback ladder 111 R-2R ladder 17, 111 Rail-to-rail logic 275 RC rescaling 467-468 RC time constant 52, 59, 80 Reactance definition 74 Reactance paths 498-499 Reactive components 70 Reactive conductance (admittance) 72 Reactive power 159 Reactive resistance (impedance) 71 Recombination time constant 180 Reflected impedances (across a transformer) 138 Reflection coefficient 489, 490 Reflection coefficient 0 489, 490 Refractory metals 256 Relative permeability 49 Relative permittivity of SiO2 45 Relative permittivity 44 Relative polarities of windings 136 Reluctance and inductance 50 Reluctance 50, 132 Rescaling frequency 467 Resistance 9 Resistance ‘looking into’ the base 232, 239 533 Circuits, Devices, Networks, and Microelectronics Resistance ‘looking into’ the collector 232, 233 Resistance ‘looking -into’ the emitter 239-241, 243 Resistance in parallel 12 Resistances in series 13 Resistivity 10 Resonance peaking 91, 92 Reverse bias of pn junction 178 Reverse saturation current 178, 179 Ring-of three biquad 472 Ripple factor of Chebyshev profile 477 Ripple in DC-DC converters 379, 382-383, 386 Ripple in the pass-band 465 Ripple in the stop-band 465 R-L time constant 56, 59, 80 RLC amplitude decay constants 61 RLC rescaling 468 RLC topologies 58 - 63 RLC:CRD transformation and 5th-order Chebyshev 482-484 RLC:CRD transformation 480-481 Rms amplitudes 154 Roll-off and profile order 93 Roll-off corner 80 Roll-off slope 80 Root-loci for biquadratic functions 456 Rotational speed 158 Rotor and Stator 164 Rough analysis of operating point 221-222 Sallen-Key tunable-Q topology 469-470 Sallen-Key, Saraga low-sensitivity design 471 Sallen-Key, tapering factor 470 Sampling and insertion in feedback 446 Second-order profiles, RLC 94 -104 Self-inductance 135 Semiconductors 173 Series switch 379 Short-circuit current 309 Short-circuit protection 363 Shortcut push principle for Nodal analysis 20 Shot noise 510-511, 513-5-14 Shunt switch 379 Signal division 37 Signal to noise ratio 504 Silicides 256 Silicon lattice 174, 175 Simple current mirror 248 - 249 Simple current mirror 402 Simple inverting topology 109 -110, 121 Simple non-inverting topology 109, 110, 121 Simple R-C transient networks 53 Simple R-L transient networks 57 Simusoidal analysis 69 -79 Single-ended ECP 400 Single-time constant profile 80 Slew-rate 419,433-434 Small-signal model of JFET 294 Small-signal model of transistor 208, 209 Small-signal model, BJT 223, 227 Smith chart 495-499 Snubber 363 Source absorption, techniques and context 32, 33 Source-coupled pair (SCP) 411-414 Source-drain-gate-body nomenclature 256 Source-follower topology 301-303 Space-charge layer 177 Space-time 69 Speed limitation of pn junctions 180 Speed of light 490 s-plane 84 Stability of circuits with feedback 444 Standing-wave ratio (SWR) 492 State-variable filters 471-472 STC analysis of transistor topologies 307 Step-down transformer 138 Step-up transformer 138 Step-up, step-down transformer pair 141 Stiff current sources 401-404 Stiff node of the transistor 207, 232 Sub-micron technologies 261 Summing point 115 Super-beta transistor 358 Supercapacitances 46, 64 Superposition, principle of 31 -34 Surface-channel FETs 256 - 266 Susceptance definition 74 Susceptance paths 498-499 Symbolic decomposition of resistance ladders 14 Tee feedback networks 116 Tee-network of inductances 145 Temperature coefficient of pn junction 191 Temperature coefficient of Zener diode 191 Teslas 49 Thermal diffusion pressures 178 Thermal noise current 501-502 Thermal noise voltage 501-502 534 Circuits, Devices, Networks, and Microelectronics Thermal noise 503 Thermal resistance 336 Thermal runaway 357 Thermal voltage default at 300K 179 Thermal voltage 178 Thevenin resistance 26 -27 Thevenin theroem 25 -26, 33 -34, 79 Thevenin voltage 26 Thin-oxide tOX 256 Three-phase power 164 -169 Three-phase rectified output 189 Threshold voltage VTH 259 Time constants 52, 56, 59, 80 Time-averaged sinusoidal power 340 Time-averaging 378-379 T-models of non-deal transformers 145 -146 Toroid 48 Tow-Thomas biquad 472 Transcapacitance 289 Transconductance for FET 289-291 Transconductance 208, 209 Transconductance 35 Transfer functions (transfer ratios) 35-36, 81, 83, 85 Transfer functions, quadratic 87 -92 Transfer functions, RLC parallel 98 -101 Transfer functions, RLC series 94 -98, 103 -104 Transformer circuit symbols 138 Transformer constant 146, 147 Transformer coupling factor k 144, 145 Transformer polarity conventions 138 Transformer turns ratio 138 Transformer: Comprehensive non-ideal model 148 Transformer: Core-loss shunt resistance 148 Transformer: Leakage inductance 147, 148 Transformer: Magnetizing inductance 147, 148 Transient analysis 51 - 63 Transistor species 209 Transistor, generic 207 Transition power Ptran 277, 278 Transmission line impedance Z0 488 Transmission lines 487-489 Transport field 258, 259 Transresistance 35 Transverse E-fields 255 Triangular to sinusoidal wave-shaping 203 Turn-on and turn-0ff times in switches 390 Two-integrator loop 471 Two-port networks 34 -37 Two-tone intercept level 522 UHF regime 487 Uncovered impurity sites 177 Underdamped 63 Unit circle 444 Unity-gain buffer 112 Unity-gain frequency of opamp 423 Valence band edge 173 VBE multiplier 359 VCT (voltage-current transducer) 35 Velocity saturation 257 Velocity saturation 347 Virtual connection 108 Virtual connection 422 Voltage divider 15 Voltage doubler 195 Voltage multiplier 195 Voltage source 18, 64 Voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) 492 Voltage supply rails 181 Voltage transfer ratios 37 Voltage-follower topology 236 Voltage-follower topology 301 Voltage-variable capacitance 180 VVT (voltage-voltage transducer) 35 War of currents 187 Wave-shaping circuits 201-204 Webers 48, 131 White (full-spectrum) noise 503 Wideband emitter-coupled pair 329-331 Wilson current mirror 403 Wye -Delta transformations 164 -166 YZ-Smith chart 497 Zener breakdown effect 191 Zener diode 191 Zener regulation 191, 192 Zener voltage 191 -192 Zero frequency gain of opamp 423 Zero-bias threshold voltage VTH0 260 Z-Smith chart 495-496 535 Circuits, Devices, Networks, and Microelectronics 536
