Core 1 Workbook 2014
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Personal Development Health and Physical Education HSC Enrichment Day 2013 Core 1 Health Priorities in Australia Activity 1: Note Taking The Role of Epidemiology Slide 2 Write the definitions for: Health status …………………………………………………………………………………………………… .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Epidemiology .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Enrichment Day 2013 Activity 2: Note Taking Measures of Epidemiology Slide 3 Mortality ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Morbidity ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Infant Mortality ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Life Expectancy ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Enrichment Day 2013 3 Activity 3: PMI Table Watch the following youtube clip to complete a PMI table about Epidemiology. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwoX-Ac0yP8 P M I In epidemiology, two terms are often used when examining health status and trends: 1. Incidence – the number of new cases during a given period Eg. how many new cases of a disease each year 2. Prevalence – the proportion of cases at any point in time Eg. How many people currently have Diabetes Activity 4: Take Home Activity Visit the following ABS website: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4125.0main+features3110Jan%2 02013 Calculate the life expectancy of: 1. Female born in 2011 …………… years 2. Male born in 2011 4 …………… years Enrichment Day 2013 Measure of Epidemiology – Current Trends Slide 4 Activity 5: Graph Analysis Refer to the graphs in the power-point and workbook to: a) identify the trends for each key measure of epidemiology b) Provide a reason for the trend Graph1. Mortality rates Enrichment Day 2013 5 a) trend in mortality ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... b) reason for this trend ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Graph2. Morbidity rates a) trend in morbidity ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... b) reason for this trend ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Enrichment Day 2013 Graph3. Infant Mortality rates a) trend in infant mortality ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... b) reason for this trend ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Graph 4. Life Expectancy rates Enrichment Day 2013 7 a) trend in infant life expectancy ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... b) reason for this trend ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Activity 6: Acrostic Develop an acrostic to help remember the key measures of epidemiology: Mortality Morbidity Infant Mortality Life Expectancy .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... Cancer Slide 5 8 Enrichment Day 2013 Not all tumors are cancerous; tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors aren't cancerous. They can often be removed, and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cells in these tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. The main categories of cancer include: Carcinoma - cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma - cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia - cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and myeloma - cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. (National Cancer Institute, 2013) Activity 7: Note taking What is cancer? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... Enrichment Day 2013 9 Activity 8: Label the diagram Refer to the powerpoint to label the following diagram of cancer. Diagram1. The Nature of Cancer Cancer Slide 6 Cancer is a diverse group of diseases in which some of the body’s cells become defective and multiply out of control. The abnormal cells invade and damage the tissues around them, and sooner or later spread (metastasise) to other parts of the body and can cause further damage and eventually death. (AIHW, 2012) 10 Enrichment Day 2013 The 3 main cancers: 1. Skin 2. Breast 3. Lung Cancer is a major cause of death, accounting for 29% of all deaths registered in Australia in 2009. This makes cancer the second-most common cause of death, exceeded only by cardiovascular disease (33% of deaths in 2009). Activity 9: Numeracy Complete the table below, by referring to graphs 5, 6 and 7. a) Outline an interesting fact/point from each graph b) Identify the key trend. Table Interesting Fact/Point Trend (or) Graph 5. Incidence of selected cancers Graph 6. Trends in mortality for all cancers combined Graph 7. Most common causes of death for all cancers Graph 5 Enrichment Day 2013 11 Graph 6 Graph 7 Q: Referring to Graph 7, which type of cancer has the highest mortality rate? ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 Enrichment Day 2013 Cardiovascular Disese (CVD) Slide 7 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) covers all diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels. There are many forms and causes of diseases in this diverse group. However, in developed countries such as Australia, the main underlying problem is atherosclerosis. In this condition abnormal build-ups of fat, cholesterol and other substances occur in the inner lining of arteries (plaque). Atherosclerosis is most serious when it affects the blood supply to the heart (causing angina or heart attack) or to the brain (which can lead to a stroke). (NHMRC, 2013) Other key terms: Arteriosclerosis - refers to a thickening and hardening of artery walls and blood vessels Atherosclerosis - caused by the build-up of fatty deposits and tissue in the arteries and blood vessels (Garven Institute, 2013) Enrichment Day 2013 13 Activity 10: Note taking What is CVD? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... Activity 11: Word match Match the CVD terms below. CVD Condition Also known as… Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Hypertension Peripheral vascular disease Mycardial infarction Activity 12: chest, Cloze Passage myocardial, blood, CVD, blocked Coronary heart disease is the most common form of …………………. There are two major clinical forms: heart attack (often known as acute …………………. infarction) and angina. A heart attack occurs when the heart blood vessel is suddenly …………………….., threatening to damage the heart muscle and its functions. It is life-threatening. Angina is when a temporary loss of …………………… supply to the heart causes periodic ………………… pain. While generally not life-threatening, people with angina are more likely to have a heart attack or experience sudden cardiac death. 14 Enrichment Day 2013 Cardiovascular Disease Slide 8 Based on results from the 2007–08 National Health Survey, an estimated 3.4 million people had a cardiovascular disease in 2007–08. Despite a significant fall in the death rate from CVD since the late 1960s, it was still Australia’s biggest killer in 2009—recorded as the underlying cause of 46,100 deaths—more than any other disease group. Both males and females have benefited from the decline in CVD death rates, although age-standardised rates for males are still markedly higher than for females (AIHW, 2012) Activity 13: Video Clip Analysis Watch the two video clips and identify 5 trends and/or statistics for CVD. 1. ………………………………………………………………………… 2. ………………………………………………………………………… 3. ………………………………………………………………………… 4. ………………………………………………………………………… 5. ………………………………………………………………………… Enrichment Day 2013 15 Activity 14: Graph Analysis Analyse the graph below (and on power-point). Outline the main trends and information below: Graph 8. Death rates from CVD a) trend in CVD mortality ......................................................................................................................................... b) reason for this trend ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... c) comparison of male v female CVD mortality ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Enrichment Day 2013 Activity 15: Note taking Injury Slide 9 What is an injury? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... Enrichment Day 2013 17 The main causes of injury vary with age. For example, the causes of injury for children and younger people are often linked to developmental stages and differ from those for older people. Injury severity also varies by age, reflecting in part, the different causes. Some types of hospitalised injury occur at all ages (for example, falls) while others are specific to certain age groups (for example, smoke, fire and flames, heat and hot substance injuries) Falls were the most common cause of hospitalised injury for people aged 0–14, accounting for 44% of all hospitalised injury cases in 2009–10. While drowning and submersion cases were not in the top five causes of hospitalised injury, 82% of these cases were classified as high threat to life. For people aged 15–24 and 25–64, other unintentional injuries, falls and transportation-related injuries were common causes of hospitalised injury. Fall-related injuries (72%) accounted for the majority of all hospitalised injury cases among people aged 65 and over. (Australia’s Health, 2012) Injury Slide 10 Injury has a major, but often preventable, impact on Australia’s health. It affects Australians of all ages, is the greatest cause of death in the first half of life, and leaves many with serious disability or long-term conditions. In 2010, injury was estimated to account for 6.5% of the total burden of disease in Australia (Begg et al. 2007). 18 Enrichment Day 2013 Activity 16: Graph Analysis Analyse the graph below (and on power-point). Graph9. Injuries resulting in hospitalisations. Question 1. Which age group has the most reported number of injury cases (blue line)? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... Question 2. Propose reasons for this. .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... Question 3. Why does the age-specific rate of injury dramatically increase from page 75? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... Enrichment Day 2013 19 Activity 17: Note taking Risk and Protective Factors Slide 11 Outline the main risk and protective factors for CVD, cancer and injury below. .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 20 Enrichment Day 2013 CVD Risk Factors: Below are some of the statistics on risk factors: Smoking - Smoking is the single most important cause of ill health and death in Australia. In 2011/12, there were 2.8 million Australians aged 18 years and over who smoked daily (or 16.3%). Obesity - Close to two in every three (63.3%) adult Australians are overweight or obese, with 28.3% obese and 35% overweight.5 The prevalence of overweight and obesity since 1995 has increased by 12%. Adult males were more likely to be overweight or obese than adult females. Physical inactivity - In 2011/12, more than two in every three (66.9%) adult Australians were either sedentary or had low levels of exercise. High cholesterol and high blood pressure - High cholesterol and high blood pressure are risk factors for heart disease. In 2011/12, just over 3.1 million adult Australians (21.5%) had measured high blood pressure. In 2011/12, 6.8% or 1.5 million Australians reported having high cholesterol levels. (National Heart Foundation, 2013) Activity 18: Take Home Activity To learn more about the risk and protective factors for cancer, visit http://canceraustralia.gov.au/affected-cancer/cancer-types 1. Click on cancer types 2. Browse the risk factors by type: breast, lung and skin Go to the Health Insite Website at: http://www.healthinsite.gov.au/topics/Injuries_and_Injury_Prevention 1. Click on the various causes of injury to gain a better understanding of the risk and protective factors for injury Read the AIHW report ‘Cardiovascular Disease: Australian Facts 2011’ http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737418510 Summarise the key risk and protective factors outlined in this publication Enrichment Day 2013 21 Activity 19: Note Taking Determinants Slide 12 Referring to the power-point, outline the key determinants for Cancer, CVD and Injury. Sociocultural Socioeconomic Environmental Cancer CVD Injury 22 Enrichment Day 2013 Activity 20: Mind-Map Groups at Risk Slide 13 Referring to the power-point slide, complete the mind-map below to identify the groups at risk for Cancer, CVD and injury. Cancer Groups at Risk Injury Enrichment Day 2013 CVD 23 Take Home Activities The following take-home activities and questions can be done at home as part of your study in preparation for the HSC: Activity 1: Read the article ‘Australian Cancer patients have highest survival rates in the world’. http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health-fitness/australian-cancer-patients-havehighest-survival-rate-in-world/story-fneuzlbd-1226593471571 Question 1: Explain why injury and diabetes have been identified as national health priority areas. 8 marks (HSC 08) Question 2: Explain why cardiovascular disease has been identified as a major health priority area in Australia (Adapted from HSC 06) Question 3: Explain why cancer was identified as a priority area to improve the health of Australians. (Adapted from HSC 03) Websites and Resources Australian Institute for Health and Welfare http://www.aihw.gov.au/national-health-priority-areas/ Life expectancy http://www.aihw.gov.au/life-expectancy/ Australia’s Health 2012 http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737422172 Cancer Council NSW http://www.cancercouncil.com.au/ Heart Foundation http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/Pages/default.aspx Australian Social Trends: June 2011 (ABS) http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features20Jun+20 11 24 Enrichment Day 2013
