Online supporting information for the following article published in Indoor Air
DOI: 10.1111/ina.12086
Levels and Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds
in Homes of Children with Asthma
Jo-Yu Chin1, Christopher Godwin1, Edith Parker2, Thomas Robins1, Toby Lewis1, Paul Harbin3, Stuart Batterman1,*
1
University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
2
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
3
Institute for Population Health, Detroit, MI, USA
*Corresponding author: stuartb@umich.edu
1420 Washington Heights, Room 6507 SPH2, University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
Tel.: +1-734-763-2417; Fax: +1-734-936-7283
Table S1. Number of visits and samples collected among the 126 households by season.
Year
2009
2009
2009
2009-10
2010
2010
2010
Total
Season
Date
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Mar. 1 - May 31
June 1 - Aug. 31
Sep. 1- Nov. 31
Dec. 1 -Feb. 28
Mar. 1 - May 31
June 1 - Aug. 31
Sep. 1- Nov. 30
No. of
visits
15
20
51
53
95
105
17
356
No. of
No. of
valid visits valid samples
15
19
48
53
90
83
17
325
53
66
128
158
243
229
49
926
Note: Each visit had at least one blank sample which was collected and analyzed (not included in sample size above). Including blanks, over
1,300 VOC samples collected in the study homes.
Table S2. Unit risks and chronic inhalation reference concentration (RfCs) for selected VOCs. Sources: EPA IRIS = EPA Integrated Risk
Information System; MDEQ IRSL = Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Initial Risk Screening Level. The MDEQ IRSL is defined
as an increased cancer risk of one in one million (10-6), unit risk was converted from IRSL and listed. IARC = The International Agency for
Research on Cancer is part of the World Health Organization (WHO). Its major goal is to identify causes of cancer.
Compound
CAS No.
Unit risk
3
(per µg/m )
Source
RfC
3
(µg/m )
Source
IARC (WHO)
US EPA (1986)
A (Human
carcinogen)
Benzene
71-43-2
7.80 × 10-6
Ethylbenzene
100-41-4
3.33 × 10-7 MDEQ IRSL
1000
EPA IRIS
2B (Possibly carcinogenic
to humans)
Naphthalene
91-20-3
1.25 × 10-5 MDEQ IRSL
3
EPA IRIS
2B (Possibly carcinogenic
to humans)
Styrene
100-42-5
5.88 × 10-7 MDEQ IRSL
1000
EPA IRIS
2B (Possibly carcinogenic
to humans)
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
106-46-7
7.14 × 10-6 MDEQ IRSL
800
EPA IRIS
2B (Possibly carcinogenic
to humans)
Isopropylbenzene
98-82-8
1.00 × 10-5 MDEQ IRSL
400
EPA IRIS
2B (Possibly carcinogenic
to humans)
Tetrachloroethylene
127-18-4
2.60 × 10-7
EPA IRIS
40
EPA IRIS
2A (Probably carcinogenic
to humans)
Chloroform
67-66-3
2.30 × 10-5
EPA IRIS
NA
NA
2B (Possibly carcinogenic B2 (Probable human
to humans)
carcinogen)
1,2-Dichloroethane
107-06-2
2.60 × 10-5
EPA IRIS
NA
NA
2B (Possibly carcinogenic B2 (Probable human
to humans)
carcinogen)
Trichloroethylene
79-01-6
4.10 × 10-6
EPA IRIS
2
Dibromochloromethane
124-48-1
2.50 × 10-5 MDEQ IRSL
NA
NA
3 (Not classifiable as to its
carcinogenicity to humans)
C (Possible human
carcinogen)
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 630-20-6
7.40 × 10-6
NA
NA
2B (Possibly carcinogenic
to humans)
C (Possible human
carcinogen)
Bromodichloromethane
1.67 × 10-5 MDEQ IRSL
NA
NA
2B (Possibly carcinogenic B2 (Probable human
to humans)
carcinogen)
75-27-4
EPA IRIS
EPA IRIS
30
EPA IRIS 1 (Carcinogenic to humans)
US EPA (1996)
US EPA (1999)
US EPA (2005)
Known/likely human
carcinogen
C (Possible human Carcinogenic potential
carcinogen)
cannot be determined
Likely to be
carcinogenic to humans
EPA IRIS 1 (Carcinogenic to humans)
Likely to be
carcinogenic to humans
Carcinogenic to humans
Table S3. Summary of VOC concentrations (μg/m3) for the 75 households that had at least three valid
seasonal measurements.
Aromatics
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
p-Xylene,m-Xylene
o-Xylene
4-ethyl toluene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Naphthalene
1,2,3-trimethyl benzene
Styrene
2-ethyl toluene
p-Isopropyltoluene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
n-Propylbenzene
2-methylnaphthalene
1-Methylnaphthalene
Isopropylbenzene
n-Butylbenzene
Chlorobenzene
2-Chlorotoluene
sec-Butylbenzene
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Alkanes
n-Heptane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
n-Tridecane
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
Methyl cyclohexane
Cyclohexane
Terpenes
α-Pinene
d-Limonene
Halogenated
Tetrachloroethene
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Dibromochloromethane
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
Bromodichloromethane
Ketones, ethers, others
Ethyl acetate
2-Hexanone
Ethyl methacrylate
2-Butanone
Phenol
Tetrahydrofuran
3-Ethenylpyridine
2,5-Dimethyl furan
ΣVOC
Mean Std. Dev.
Min
25th Median
75th
90th
95th
Max
2.13
10.86
1.83
6.73
2.13
1.75
0.69
2.20
10.79
0.80
0.79
0.66
1.61
13.74
0.48
0.31
0.16
0.13
0.13
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.04
3.25
20.70
2.76
12.15
3.80
3.52
1.23
4.28
31.50
1.23
0.59
1.12
1.22
53.87
0.85
0.26
0.12
0.18
0.35
0.01
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.05
0.48
2.21
0.48
1.64
0.53
0.35
0.13
0.46
0.37
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.32
0.18
0.01
0.09
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.88
4.55
0.81
2.55
0.83
0.66
0.28
0.83
0.73
0.32
0.39
0.27
0.84
0.43
0.19
0.18
0.09
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.03
1.49
6.62
1.10
3.23
1.06
0.79
0.34
1.05
0.99
0.40
0.58
0.34
1.32
0.65
0.25
0.23
0.13
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.03
2.25
9.29
1.45
4.66
1.58
1.10
0.44
1.43
1.86
0.52
0.93
0.44
2.00
3.66
0.35
0.34
0.19
0.11
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.03
3.63
18.27
3.71
13.92
4.12
3.39
1.30
4.19
29.80
1.98
1.65
1.27
3.20
18.32
1.02
0.44
0.24
0.31
0.26
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.03
4.61
22.89
5.31
20.85
6.52
6.35
2.53
8.81
66.15
2.71
2.17
2.41
4.33
66.66
1.75
0.85
0.40
0.43
0.50
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.03
27.93
177.40
22.47
98.48
30.46
28.15
9.59
34.29
200.58
9.52
2.72
8.66
6.12
421.58
6.68
1.60
0.75
1.23
2.30
0.12
0.34
0.25
0.51
0.16
0.43
6.20
1.57
3.13
2.38
2.27
1.34
1.94
6.02
2.30
1.48
1.63
1.34
19.84
1.82
5.35
4.36
7.70
2.64
3.76
14.87
4.25
0.98
4.28
2.61
0.76
0.37
0.45
0.11
0.14
0.12
0.13
0.32
0.22
0.22
0.11
0.26
1.29
0.69
0.99
0.61
0.37
0.46
0.42
1.14
0.66
0.82
0.32
0.36
2.09
1.03
1.67
1.07
0.51
0.57
0.73
1.85
1.03
1.25
0.70
0.63
3.71
1.66
2.98
2.00
1.10
1.04
1.35
4.27
1.88
1.85
1.12
1.13
10.55
3.02
5.58
4.40
2.52
2.55
3.46
9.93
4.48
2.93
1.95
1.61
17.47
3.76
8.89
7.93
5.15
3.54
10.47
23.56
7.86
3.38
5.94
4.74
167.73
13.59
40.75
25.45
56.38
16.96
20.18
107.71
25.51
5.27
31.99
16.40
4.96
24.35
7.42
21.11
0.49
2.85
1.41
10.01
2.04
16.89
4.37
28.94
12.95
47.84
17.12
65.33
40.05
116.28
0.90
0.30
0.36
0.08
0.56
0.29
0.12
0.13
0.38
2.09
0.34
0.55
0.18
0.81
0.52
0.05
0.11
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.20
0.04
0.35
0.19
0.10
0.11
0.37
0.16
0.08
0.20
0.04
0.35
0.19
0.10
0.11
0.37
0.32
0.08
0.20
0.04
0.35
0.19
0.10
0.11
0.37
0.62
0.43
0.26
0.04
0.35
0.19
0.10
0.11
0.37
1.64
0.85
0.50
0.06
0.43
0.19
0.13
0.11
0.37
3.54
0.97
1.09
0.17
1.85
0.57
0.20
0.11
0.37
13.70
1.66
3.93
1.48
5.93
4.47
0.43
0.83
0.87
9.83
0.67
0.84
0.42
1.39
1.03
0.24
0.21
132.60
19.33
1.84
2.83
1.26
0.57
0.69
0.13
0.10
111.22
0.62
0.19
0.33
0.19
0.49
0.27
0.17
0.16
29.76
1.79
0.19
0.33
0.19
0.99
0.81
0.19
0.18
57.81
4.81
0.19
0.33
0.19
1.30
0.93
0.19
0.18
105.61
8.38
0.19
0.33
0.19
1.72
0.93
0.19
0.18
157.86
14.38
0.97
0.37
0.19
1.98
0.93
0.41
0.26
244.43
34.00
2.47
0.66
0.19
2.30
3.06
0.60
0.39
270.53
117.38
12.40
19.33
8.20
3.28
4.59
0.75
0.82
729.98
Aromatics
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
p-Xylene,m-Xylene
o-Xylene
4-ethyl toluene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Naphthalene
1,2,3-trimethyl benzene
Styrene
2-ethyl toluene
p-Isopropyltoluene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
n-Propylbenzene
2-methylnaphthalene
1-Methylnaphthalene
Isopropylbenzene
n-Butylbenzene
Chlorobenzene
2-Chlorotoluene
sec-Butylbenzene
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Alkanes
n-Heptane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
Betweenresidence
BetweenSeason
Within-home
Measurement
precision
Betweenresidence
BetweenSeason
Within-home
Measurement
precision
Table S4. Variance components for indoor VOCs on 325 visits, showing fraction of variance attributable
to four sources: between-residence, between-season, within-residence, and measurement precision.
ơ2R
(%)
ơ 2V
(%)
ơ2L
(%)
ơ2E
(%)
ơ2R
(%)
ơ 2V
(%)
ơ2L
(%)
ơ 2E
(%)
18
38
37
44
45
50
42
49
60
39
32
42
29
55
42
23
18
37
44
16
27
13
0
0
17
64
52
54
49
47
42
49
37
28
44
38
42
51
34
39
48
50
46
47
82
10
37
100
22
83
12
6
7
4
5
4
5
6
6
13
25
12
14
9
13
7
5
12
0
1
52
50
0
0
0
6
5
3
3
3
4
4
9
6
4
5
4
6
2
6
22
26
5
9
1
11
1
0
78
0
23
19
26
23
69
61
65
66
6
6
4
8
3
14
6
3
Alkanes (cont.)
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
n-Tridecane
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
Methyl cyclohexane
Cyclohexane
Terpenes
α-Pinene
d-Limonene
Halogenated
Tetrachloroethene
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Dibromochloromethane
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
Bromodichloromethane
Ketones, ethers, etc
Ethyl acetate
Phenol
2-Hexanone
3-Ethenylpyridine
Tetrahydrofuran
2,5-Dimethyl furan
Ethyl methacrylate
2-Butanone
27
25
35
25
25
17
29
32
61
52
48
56
49
30
57
56
6
15
11
11
12
35
10
4
6
9
7
8
14
19
4
8
54
25
38
65
6
6
2
3
51
0
53
58
43
55
10
4
32
39
86
27
31
42
37
63
94
55
8
10
17
9
13
8
8
1
7
2
4
3
2
1
0
19
1
6
27
16
0
32
10
18
65
0
58
45
81
52
51
63
34
90
11
19
18
12
4
14
1
10
4
21
1
5
35
6
0
0
Temp
AER
Chloroform
Ethyl acetate
1,2-Dichloroethane
-.031 -.208 **
n-Heptane
-.169 ** -.248 **
.021 .316** .171** .654** .450** 1.000
Methyl cyclohexane
-.207 ** -.241 **
.072 .213** .187** .711** .495** .830** 1.000
Toluene
-.163 ** -.373 **
.044 .318** .241** .532** .468** .657** .555** 1.000
n-Octane
-.178 ** -.125 *
.028 .246**
.071
-.101 -.217 ** -.043 .300** .143* .457** .474** .619** .460** .711** .643** .184** 1.000
-.114 -.200 ** -.032 .232**
.074 .234** .161** .366**
n-Hexadecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Tetradecane
1-Methylnaphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
n-Tridecane
Naphthalene
n-Dodecane
.110 1.000
.115 .462** .517** .594** .497** .690** .617** .181** .954** 1.000
n-Nonane
-.120 * -.151 *
.006
Styrene
-.134 * -.368 **
.078 .289** .251** .313** .333** .455** .313** .516** .479** .268** .557** .446** .311** 1.000
o-Xylene
-.119 * -.212 ** -.025 .211** .124* .487** .508** .584** .501** .699** .615** .204** .937** .979** .511** .439** 1.000
.092
Isopropylbenzene
-.060 -.205 ** -.011 .235**
a-Pinene
-.107 -.304 **
.045 -.258 **
.046 .391** .324** .456** .413** .508** .623** .176** .462** .493** 1.000
.118 .478** .373** .489** .437** .685** .517** .252** .679** .680** .552** .397** .725** 1.000
.022 .266** .173** .260**
.096 .254** .176**
.105 .367** .274** .374** .370** .237** .315** .236** .241** .460** .257** .261** 1.000
.100 .230** .208** .139* .366** .208** .198** .254** .182** .155** .538** .182** .224** .359** 1.000
n-Propylbenzene
-.138 * -.168 **
.060 .143* .121* .484** .534** .556** .511** .667** .602** .206** .716** .775** .606** .383** .826** .773** .287** .216** 1.000
4-ethyl toluene
-.138 * -.185 **
.032
.109
.097 .504** .524** .527** .486** .660** .597** .167** .747** .803** .580** .361** .859** .764** .215** .175** .936** 1.000
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
-.168 ** -.221 **
.062 .126*
.112 .494** .540** .525** .511** .683** .573** .196** .690** .760** .612** .345** .822** .776** .230** .222** .946** .968** 1.000
n-Decane
-.171 ** -.194 **
.031
.105 .323** .209** .324** .300** .441** .397** .207** .328** .350** .780** .306** .370** .468** .185** .137* .469** .419** .477** 1.000
-.147 * -.194 **
-.177 ** -.210 **
.092
.057 .135*
.073
.109 .506** .530** .550** .526** .684** .582** .198** .716** .777** .602** .361** .833** .776** .239** .219** .950** .969** .980** .468** 1.000
.113 .120* .494** .535** .524** .506** .669** .596** .187** .710** .784** .582** .335** .844** .753** .228** .203** .929** .974** .981** .433** .969** 1.000
-.057 -.027 .175** .124* .148*
.112 .124*
.104
.080 .160** .157** .194** .157**
.087
.075 .308**
.102 .123* .219** .253** .143*
.116
.113
.051
.116
.096 1.000
p-Isopropyltoluene
-.324 ** -.270 ** .236** .261** .135* .267** .228** .359** .310** .371** .386** .209** .276** .231** .255** .474** .245** .259** .550** .323** .364** .268** .297** .213** .300** .299** .260** 1.000
Limonene
-.277 ** -.338 ** .192** .383** .219** .272** .246** .434** .361** .387** .447** .234** .325** .256** .232** .532** .261** .244** .474** .409** .301** .235** .269** .209** .271** .267** .199** .811** 1.000
1,2,3-trimethyl benzene
-.162 ** -.203 **
.059
.055 .146* .133* .507** .523** .537** .521** .685** .628** .179** .730** .785** .604** .392** .837** .757** .261** .250** .922** .945** .957** .476** .952** .968**
.073 -.071
n-Undecane
-.119 * -.274 **
n-Dodecane
-.171 ** -.283 **
Naphthalene
-.102 -.216 **
2-Methylnaphthalene
n-Undecane
.078 .527** .452** .701** .562** .531** 1.000
Ethylbenzene
n-Tridecane
n-Butylbenzene
.064 .432** 1.000
-.018 -.288 ** .144* .230** .264** .168**
n-Butylbenzene
1,2,3-trimethyl benzene
Limonene
p-Isopropyltoluene
.009 .169** .142* 1.000
Tetrachloroethene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
.090 .264** 1.000
-.272 ** -.174 ** .189**
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
-.070 -.157 ** -.077 1.000
Benzene
2-ethyl toluene
2-ethyl toluene
n-Decane
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
4-ethyl toluene
n-Propylbenzene
Phenol
a-Pinene
-.188 ** -.040 1.000
-.217 ** -.236 **
Phenol
Isopropylbenzene
o-Xylene
Styrene
n-Nonane
1.000
.168** 1.000
Cyclohexane
m,p-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethene
n-Octane
Toluene
Methyl cyclohexane
n-Heptane
Benzene
Cyclohexane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Ethyl acetate
Chloroform
AER
Temp
Table S5. Spearman correlation coefficients between air exchange rates (AER, h-1) and indoor temperature (˚C), and target VOCs, respectively
(n=277). Bold texts indicate negative correlation coefficients.
.058
.062 .295** .269** .287** .252** .393** .205**
.087 .438** .485** .276**
.026 .510** .492** -.130 * -.049 .525** .543** .530** .209** .531** .534**
.004 .207** .170** .327** .245** .451** .372** .513** .523** .245** .387** .379** .716** .404** .405** .482** .321** .259** .482** .432** .480** .775** .483** .451**
.111 .329** .311** 1.000
.031 -.083 -.121* .508** 1.000
.100 .334** .359** .509** .141* 1.000
.090 .290** .197** .326** .264** .390** .285** .451** .476** .253** .355** .303** .436** .527** .320** .408** .344** .467** .365** .339** .372** .479** .374** .365** .142* .492** .556** .410**
.024 .689** 1.000
.090 .200** .165** .318** .359** .271** .232** .401** .315** .157** .393** .387** .242** .345** .387** .450** .222** .432** .421** .423** .444** .191** .432** .453** .356** .210** .198** .464** .279** .225** .288** 1.000
-.036 -.194 ** -.019 .207** .181** .212** .196** .212** .147* .290** .276** .256** .244** .211** .319** .410** .224** .258** .262** .486** .266** .233** .251** .292** .245** .235** .174** .313** .365** .276**
-.026 .456** .712** .284** 1.000
-.131 * -.262 ** .215** .179** .184** .348** .500** .421** .408** .604** .451** .173** .516** .532** .398** .459** .536** .542** .249** .507** .609** .590** .643** .294** .635** .642** .135* .329** .298** .667** .334** .389** .449** .601** .320** 1.000
1-Methylnaphthalene
-.114 -.230 ** .228** .164** .174** .321** .492** .371** .360** .564** .412** .170** .467** .489** .373** .438** .490** .505** .219** .498** .579** .563** .617** .285** .602** .615** .121* .333** .284** .643** .329** .359** .436** .593** .311** .977** 1.000
n-Tetradecane
-.024 -.095 .140* .173** .150*
.101 .192** .185**
.098 .224** .234** .305** .155**
.110 .219** .399** .121* .137* .213** .484** .167** .121* .138* .195** .147* .138* .219** .351** .392** .156**
-.050 .336** .614** .249** .750** .309** .307** 1.000
n-Pentadecane
-.038 -.099 .144* .194** .152*
.073 .163** .193**
.111 .203** .246** .324** .146*
.108 .225** .391**
-.038 .321** .509** .281** .614** .360** .364** .882** 1.000
n-Hexadecane
-.061 -.074 .168** .173** .162**
.054 .301** .137* .119* .147* .163** .151*
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level.
.108
.084
.114 .412**
.114 .138* .194** .501** .164**
.078
.079
.076 .432**
.093
.115 .144* .197** .152* .140* .215** .330** .364** .161**
.073
.102
.107
.105
.107 .250** .247** .312**
.107 -.117 .210** .393** .280** .449** .314** .314** .672** .707** 1.000
Table S6. VOC concentrations stratified by environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) tracers. The ETS visits
were determined by the detection of the two tracers (DMF and 3-EP). Visits with no detected ETS tracers
(below the detection limits) were defined as non-ETS visits. Differences of VOC levels between ETS and
non-ETS visits were tested using Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) tests. Bold contents show statistically significant
differences of VOC levels between ETS and non-ETS visits.
VOCs (µg m-3)
ETS visits, n=68
Mean
Non-ETS visits, n=257
stdev
Min
50 th
90 th
Max
Mean
stdev
Min
50 th
K-W test
90 th
Max
p-value
0.84
3.41
0.07
16.01 303.00
0.18
Chloroform
0.67
1.90
0.08
0.08
2.36
14.05
0.26
0.55
0.08
0.08
Ethyl acetate
8.68
41.74
0.32
2.11
9.01 345.52
8.12
23.78
0.22
2.44
1,2-Dichloroethane
0.29
0.40
0.20
0.20
0.20
2.71
0.35
0.70
0.17
0.20
0.51
7.68
0.16
Cyclohexane
Benzene
1.20
2.49
3.22
3.49
0.20
0.42
0.35
1.25
1.70
4.65
26.14
24.12
1.38
2.08
4.35
4.89
0.11
0.18
0.53
1.04
1.99
4.42
48.18
71.59
0.49
<0.01
n-Heptane
9.89
60.23
0.35
1.63
5.56 498.68
3.87
9.81
0.37
1.58
6.01
94.40
0.81
2.06
Methyl cyclohexane
1.66
6.39
0.01
0.42
1.81
52.40
1.46
6.45
0.01
0.45
95.42
0.94
Toluene
n-Octane
10.36
1.59
15.04
1.61
2.03
0.28
5.51
1.15
18.79
2.81
92.46
9.01
11.54
1.54
35.98
2.82
1.08
0.21
5.82
0.90
17.18 448.05
2.70 35.77
0.69
0.19
Tetrachloroethene
0.90
3.18
0.05
0.19
0.62
21.80
0.70
1.69
0.05
0.28
1.42
16.31
0.02
Ethylbenzene
m,p-Xylene
1.88
6.93
2.61
10.95
0.34
1.04
1.06
3.63
3.53
13.39
14.08
67.37
1.69
6.22
3.90
17.11
0.26
0.86
0.93
3.06
3.40 59.16
11.97 260.36
0.26
0.08
n-Nonane
5.12
15.17
0.29
1.45
7.77 117.63
3.56
9.97
0.27
1.45
5.70 124.31
0.28
Styrene
0.86
0.97
0.10
0.56
1.69
6.46
0.69
0.76
0.02
0.45
1.46
5.73
0.01
o-Xylene
Isopropylbenzene
2.14
0.15
3.62
0.31
0.36
0.02
1.09
0.07
3.88
0.28
23.23
2.23
1.99
0.13
5.29
0.24
0.28
0.02
1.00
0.07
3.95
0.29
80.65
2.91
0.46
0.65
α-Pinene
2.66
4.92
0.16
1.43
4.30
37.40
5.43 10.37
0.01
2.04 10.80
82.98
<0.01
Phenol
n-Propylbenzene
1.56
0.53
0.80
0.94
0.41
0.09
1.39
0.24
2.48
1.07
4.85
5.79
1.30
0.48
0.86
1.21
0.32
0.01
1.06
0.22
2.30
0.98
5.82
16.48
<0.01
0.16
4-ethyl toluene
1.88
3.54
0.28
0.81
3.75
20.59
1.76
5.08
0.19
0.69
3.44
71.22
0.17
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
0.75
1.36
0.12
0.34
1.38
7.88
0.67
1.63
0.01
0.30
1.39
23.61
0.23
n-Decane
3.90
12.23
0.16
0.96
4.86
74.43
2.83
9.19
0.03
0.84
4.49
93.47
0.15
2-ethyl toluene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
0.71
2.18
1.28
3.45
0.12
0.32
0.34
1.03
1.41
4.42
8.33
18.85
0.68
2.14
1.66
5.68
0.01
0.21
0.29
0.91
1.30
4.78
21.24
83.89
0.27
0.30
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
63.45 515.18
0.13
0.56
2.71 4249.23
25.32 127.03
0.01
0.60
10.41 1204.36
0.29
p-Isopropyltoluene
Limonene
1.42
16.27
1.32
12.87
0.08
0.38
0.95
13.40
3.62
33.30
5.44
61.52
1.64
24.65
2.09
35.09
0.01
0.24
1.04
12.78
3.71 17.94
60.96 305.68
0.86
0.46
1,2,3-trimethyl benzene
0.81
1.13
0.12
0.43
1.63
5.43
0.80
1.76
0.01
0.35
1.62
22.43
0.08
n-Butylbenzene
0.20
0.84
0.02
0.02
0.27
6.83
0.09
0.32
0.02
0.02
0.23
4.58
0.03
n-Undecane
1.52
4.41
0.11
0.43
2.02
30.57
2.27
11.24
0.04
0.46
2.15 161.77
0.94
1.79
5.97
18.29 71.48
0.04
0.23
0.53
2.92 48.51
1.04 46.57 556.24
1.12
2.43
6.04 27.31
0.04
0.04
0.51
0.84
1.69 19.66
6.26 334.90
0.12
0.01
n-Dodecane
Naphthalene
n-Tridecane
3.45
9.28
0.06
0.74
6.53
54.15
1.53
3.67
0.06
0.55
3.19
35.78
0.05
2-Methylnaphthalene
1-Methylnaphthalene
0.35
0.20
0.27
0.14
0.05
0.03
0.28
0.16
0.68
0.36
1.51
0.91
0.29
0.15
0.32
0.15
0.03
0.01
0.21
0.11
0.57
0.28
3.06
1.45
<0.01
<0.01
n-Tetradecane
13.38
46.70
0.13
1.79
12.70 310.12
3.77
11.36
0.13
1.50
5.29 151.72
0.06
n-Pentadecane
4.68 12.29
0.14
0.86
8.20
73.49
1.53
3.13
0.09
0.78
2.68
37.02
0.01
1.11
3.57
11.09
1.30
1.33
0.08
0.96
2.58
11.13
0.14
132.59 180.21
5.12
80.52 293.43 1577.45
0.91
n-Hexadecane
ΣVOC
1.97
0.17
197.18 552.24
1.71
19.60
76.83 384.00 4520.49
Table S7. Factor loadings and variance apportionments for VOCs in Detroit homes (N=126).
Compounds
Chloroform
Ethyl acetate
1,2-Dichloroethane
Cyclohexane
Benzene
n-Heptane
Methyl cyclohexane
Toluene
2-Hexanone
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethene
Ethylbenzene
m,p-Xylene
n-Nonane
Styrene
o-Xylene
Isopropylbenzene
a-Pinene
Phenol
n-Propylbenzene
4-ethyl toluene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
n-Decane
2-ethyl toluene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
d-Limonene
1,2,3-trimethyl benzene
n-Butylbenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Naphthalene
n-Tridecane
2-Methylnaphthalene
1-Methylnaphthalene
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
EP3
Variance (%)
Cumulative variance (%)
1
2
3
4
Factor
5
6
7
0.85
8
9
10
11
0.87
0.30
0.73
0.36
0.82
0.46
0.55
0.76
0.91
0.79
0.74
0.78
0.52
0.53
0.96
0.96
0.89
0.65
0.96
0.89
0.68
0.73
0.88
0.89
0.98
0.31
0.87
0.84
0.98
0.37
0.51
0.69
0.91
0.64
0.42
-0.35
0.40
0.64
0.50
0.65
0.71
0.56
0.31
0.65
0.76
0.76
0.70
0.45
0.51
0.92
0.94
0.73
31.18
31.18
9.36
40.54
6.79
47.33
5.78
53.11
4.77
57.88
4.33
62.21
4.07
66.28
3.76
70.04
3.75
73.79
0.90
3.30
77.09
3.13
80.21
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Factor loadings > 0.3 are presented.
Table S8. Factor loadings and variance apportionments for VOCs in Detroit homes based on 325 seasonal
visits.
Factor
Compounds
Chloroform
Ethyl acetate
1,2-Dichloroethane
Cyclohexane
Benzene
n-Heptane
Methyl cyclohexane
Toluene
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethene
Ethylbenzene
m,p-Xylene
n-Nonane
Styrene
o-Xylene
Isopropylbenzene
a-Pinene
Phenol
n-Propylbenzene
4-ethyl toluene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
n-Decane
2-ethyl toluene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
Limonene
1,2,3-trimethyl benzene
n-Butylbenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Naphthalene
n-Tridecane
2-Methylnaphthalene
1-Methylnaphthalene
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
Variance (%)
Cumulative variance (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.78
9
10
0.44
0.75
0.84
0.52
0.83
0.89
0.73
0.30
0.48
0.61
0.81
0.89
0.90
0.51
0.51
0.57
0.90
0.65
0.45
0.72
0.71
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.81
0.92
0.93
0.30
0.63
0.76
0.49
0.42
0.77
0.71
0.41
0.90
0.79
0.48
0.54
0.33
0.37
0.45
0.43
24.7
24.7
0.79
0.80
7.6
32.3
7.3
39.6
0.91
0.96
0.82
6.9
46.6
5.4
52.0
5.2
57.1
5.0
62.1
4.2
66.3
3.7
70.0
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Factor loadings > 0.3 are presented.
3.7
73.7
Table S9. Factor loadings and variance apportionments for VOCs in Detroit homes during spring (n=105)
Factor
Compounds
Chloroform
Ethyl acetate
1,2-Dichloroethane
Cyclohexane
Benzene
n-Heptane
Methyl cyclohexane
Toluene
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethene
Ethylbenzene
m,p-Xylene
n-Nonane
Styrene
o-Xylene
Isopropylbenzene
a-Pinene
Phenol
n-Propylbenzene
4-ethyl toluene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
n-Decane
2-ethyl toluene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
Limonene
1,2,3-trimethyl benzene
n-Butylbenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Naphthalene
n-Tridecane
2-Methylnaphthalene
1-Methylnaphthalene
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
Variance (%)
Cumulative variance (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.89
7
8
9
10
0.65
0.31
0.81
0.76
0.54
0.39
0.70
0.69
0.60
0.62
0.53
0.87
0.87
0.37
0.42
0.45
0.31
0.59
0.76
0.84
0.40
0.69
0.84
0.44
0.32
0.69
0.33
0.31
0.62
0.71
0.38
0.98
0.98
0.94
0.31
0.97
0.94
0.44
0.42
0.68
0.79
0.60
0.49
0.90
0.84
0.84
0.73
0.59
0.78
0.62
0.58
28.3
28.3
0.50
0.52
9.3
37.6
0.91
0.94
0.78
8.1
45.7
7.4
53.1
6.0
59.2
4.3
63.5
4.2
67.7
4.1
71.7
4.0
75.7
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Factor loadings > 0.3 are presented.
3.9
79.6
Table S10. Factor loadings and variance apportionments for VOCs in Detroit homes during summer
(n=102)
Factor
Compounds
Chloroform
Ethyl acetate
1,2-Dichloroethane
Cyclohexane
Benzene
n-Heptane
Methyl cyclohexane
Toluene
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethene
Ethylbenzene
m,p-Xylene
n-Nonane
Styrene
o-Xylene
Isopropylbenzene
a-Pinene
Phenol
n-Propylbenzene
4-ethyl toluene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
n-Decane
2-ethyl toluene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
Limonene
1,2,3-trimethyl benzene
n-Butylbenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Naphthalene
n-Tridecane
2-Methylnaphthalene
1-Methylnaphthalene
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
Variance (%)
Cumulative variance (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.60
0.55
10
0.64
0.48
0.30
0.30
0.57
0.30
0.60
0.54
0.67
0.65
0.54
0.34
0.46
0.32
0.35
0.75
0.70
0.43
0.30
0.82
0.30
0.34
0.35
0.87
0.68
0.41
0.77
0.65
0.76
0.65
0.93
0.95
0.94
0.31
0.95
0.71
0.34
0.36
0.46
0.80
0.63
0.75
0.56
0.71
0.36
0.79
0.57
0.34
0.33
0.48
0.33
0.70
0.34
-0.36
0.31
0.58
0.90
0.90
0.92
0.56
19.2
19.2
11.0
30.1
8.5
38.6
7.0
45.6
6.4
52.0
6.1
58.1
0.37
0.94
0.96
5.5
63.6
5.1
68.8
4.7
73.5
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Factor loadings > 0.3 are presented.
2.8
76.3
Table S11. Factor loadings and variance apportionments for VOCs in Detroit homes during fall (n=65)
Factor
Compounds
Chloroform
Ethyl acetate
1,2-Dichloroethane
Cyclohexane
Benzene
n-Heptane
Methyl cyclohexane
Toluene
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethene
Ethylbenzene
m,p-Xylene
n-Nonane
Styrene
o-Xylene
Isopropylbenzene
a-Pinene
Phenol
n-Propylbenzene
4-ethyl toluene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
n-Decane
2-ethyl toluene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
Limonene
1,2,3-trimethyl benzene
n-Butylbenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Naphthalene
n-Tridecane
2-Methylnaphthalene
1-Methylnaphthalene
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
Variance (%)
Cumulative variance (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.68
0.33
0.45
0.42
0.53
0.60
0.48
0.80
0.66
7
0.80
8
0.53
9
10
0.32
0.68
0.32
0.67
0.80
0.36
0.41
0.84
0.96
0.97
0.45
0.66
0.33
0.65
0.97
0.92
0.77
0.59
0.97
0.97
0.94
0.86
0.94
0.49
0.31
0.44
0.50
0.30
-0.37
-0.45
0.47
0.50
0.49
0.89
0.81
0.77
0.36
0.51
0.38
0.36
0.64
0.32
0.31
31.3
31.3
0.50
0.32
0.53
0.42
0.87
0.86
7.5
38.8
0.93
0.80
0.36
7.4
46.2
6.8
53.1
6.3
59.4
6.0
65.4
4.5
70.0
0.76
4.3
74.3
3.8
78.1
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Factor loadings > 0.3 are presented.
3.3
81.4
Table S12. Factor loadings and variance apportionments for VOCs in Detroit homes during winter (n=53)
Factor
Compounds
Chloroform
Ethyl acetate
1,2-Dichloroethane
Cyclohexane
Benzene
n-Heptane
Methyl cyclohexane
Toluene
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethene
Ethylbenzene
m,p-Xylene
n-Nonane
Styrene
o-Xylene
Isopropylbenzene
a-Pinene
Phenol
n-Propylbenzene
4-ethyl toluene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
n-Decane
2-ethyl toluene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
Limonene
1,2,3-trimethyl benzene
n-Butylbenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Naphthalene
n-Tridecane
2-Methylnaphthalene
1-Methylnaphthalene
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
Variance (%)
Cumulative variance (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.81
7
8
9
10
0.33
0.79
0.78
0.69
0.38
0.77
0.45
0.44
0.71
0.38
0.62
0.50
0.33
0.68
0.59
0.36
0.87
0.32
0.33
0.32
0.87
0.89
0.36
0.33
0.89
0.80
0.83
0.75
0.75
0.49
0.53
0.94
0.94
0.91
0.30
0.31
0.92
0.93
0.93
0.30
0.72
0.93
0.31
0.77
0.85
0.43
0.41
0.81
0.82
0.80
0.83
0.79
0.77
0.75
23.7
23.7
0.32
0.32
12.9
36.6
0.30
0.69
0.87
0.70
8.4
45.1
7.8
52.9
0.35
6.1
59.0
0.47
0.35
6.0
64.9
5.7
70.6
5.2
75.8
3.9
79.8
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Factor loadings > 0.3 are presented.
3.7
83.5