Chapter 6 Thermal Energy and Heat
Section 1: Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat
A. Temperature is a measure of the ____________________________________ of the individual
particles in a substance.
1. measured with a thermometer and can be measured in __________, Celsius, and
________________________
2. _____________________________-temperature at which particles stop moving 0oK
3. Temperature conversions
(Fahrenheit) F = 1.8C + 32
(Celsius) C= (F-32)/1.8
4. SI unit for temp. is Kelvin
K = C + 273
a. K = C + 273 (10C = 283K)
b. C = K – 273 (10K = -263C)
B. Thermal Energy – the total of all the _________________________ of all the particles in a substance.
1. Thermal energy relationships
a. Depends on _________________________, mass, and ________________of substance
b. As temperature _________________, so does thermal energy (because the kinetic energy of
the particles increased).
c. Even if the temperature doesn’t change, the ____________________ in a more massive
substance is __________________ (because it is a total measure of energy).
Example: Which beaker of water has more thermal energy?
___________________________________________
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2. Heat- The ____________________________________________ from one object to another.
- Heat always flows from _______________________________________ objects.
C. Heat Transfer
1. ______________________ (Cp) -amount of energy required to __________________________. of 1
kg of material by 1 degree __________________
–
units: J/(kg·K) or J/(kg·°C)
Example: Which sample will take longer to heat to 100°C?
_______________________________________
Formula:
Q = m  T  Cp
–
Q: heat (J)
(– Q = heat ________or if + Q = heat _________)
m: mass (kg)
T: change in temperature (K or °C)
Cp: specific heat (J/kg·K)
T = Tf - Ti
Why does water have such a high specific heat?
Water molecules form strong bonds with each other; therefore it takes more heat energy to
break them. Metals have weak bonds and do not need as much energy to break them.
Example: A 32-g silver spoon cools from 60°C to 20°C. How much heat is lost by the spoon?
Example: How much heat is required to warm 230 g of water from 12°C to 90°C?
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6.2 Transfer of Heat
A. How is heat transferred?
1. _________________ – The transfer of thermal
energy with no transfer of matter.
2. __________________ – The transfer of thermal
energy when particles of a liquid or gas move from
one place to another
a. in the earth and sun
b. The circular flow of hot and cold creates ___________________________
3. _______________________ – The transfer of thermal energy by waves moving through
space. ALL OBJECTS radiate ______________________!
B. Conductors and Insulators
1. Materials are either conductors or insulators.
2. A conductor _______________________ thermal energy
- Ex: ___________________ (silver and steel), tile floors takes heat away from your
4. An insulator __________________ transfer thermal energy well.
- Ex: wood, wool, straw, paper
THERMAL ENERGY & MATTER: Journal
1. Define Convection, Conduction and Radiation
2. Give an example of each.
3. Write a sentence describing how each is important to our everyday lives.
4. How do we use heat in our everyday lives?
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Section 3 Thermal Energy and States of Matter
Change of state-physical change from __________________________ depends on thermal
energy and…….
 particle arrangement
 energy of particles
 distance between particles
A. States of Matter
1. ________________-Tightly packed, in a regular pattern. Vibrate, but ___________________
from place to place
2. ____________________-Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate,
______________________ , and slide past each other
3. Gas- Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and ___________________ at
high speeds
4. _____________________-Has _________________________________ and is composed of
electrical charged particles
B. Changes of State
Description of Phase Change
Term for Phase Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Solid to _______________
Heat goes into the solid as it
melts.
Liquid to ________________
Heat leaves the liquid as it
freezes.
Description of
Phase Change
Term for Phase Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Liquid to ______
______________________,
which includes boiling*1 and
evaporation*2
Heat goes into the liquid as it
vaporizes.
Gas to ________
Heat leaves the gas as it condenses.
Solid to ________
Heat goes into the solid as it
sublimates.
*1 If vaporization occurs below the surface it is called ____________________
*2 If vaporization takes place at the surface of a liquid it is called__________________________
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Phase change diagram
C. Thermal Expansion- _________________________________ when it is heated.
1. As matter is heated particles _________________ and as it cools particles ______________.
2. ___________________________ work on the properties of thermal expansion.
Section 4 Uses of Heat
A. ______________________- A device that transforms thermal energy to mechanical energy.
•
Classified according to whether combustion takes place _____________________the
engine.
•
Usually through _____________________________.
•
The two main types of heat engines are ____________________combustion and
________________________ Combustion
1. ______________________________ – burn fuel outside the engine in a boiler
•
Examples: power plants, steam engine
•
Water is heated by a fuel and the pressurized steam spins a turbine..
2. ______________________________ –engines that burn fuel in cylinders inside the engine.
Example: car engines- diesel and gasoline.
The fuel (gas) is compressed and ignited (lit) to drive a piston.
B. Cooling Systems
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1. ____________________________________-transfers thermal energy from inside the
refrigerator to the room outside.

The refrigerant absorbs and releases heat.
2. ____________________________-absorb heat from the air inside a room or car and transfers
it outdoors.
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