Books:
1. Bilo R, Robben S, and van Rijn R. Forensic aspects of pediatric fractures: differentiating
accidental trauma from child abuse. New York: Springer, 2010.
2. Coley B. Caffey’s Pediatric Diagnostic Imaging 12th edition. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2013.
3. Kleinman P. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse, 3rd edition. New York: Cambridge University
Press, 2015.
Medicolegal:
1. Brown J. Responsibilities and risks when radiologists evaluate patients for child abuse (2013).
AJR Am J Roentgenol 200(5): 948-9.
2. Moreno JA (2013). What do pediatric healthcare experts really need to know about Daubert
and the rules of evidence? Pediatr Radiol 43(2):135-9.
3. Strouse PJ (2013). 'Keller & Barnes' after 5 years - still inadmissible as evidence. Pediatr Radiol
43:1423-1424.
Non-accidental trauma – abdominal injury:
1. Sheybani E, Gonzalez-Araiza G, Kousari Y, et al (2014). Pediatric nonaccidental abdominal
trauma: what the radiologist should know. Radiographics 34:139-153.
Non-accidental trauma – clinical screening:
1. Campbell KA, Olson LM, Keenan HT (2015). Critical Elements in the medical evaluation of
suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics Jul;136(1):35-43.
2. Eastwood D (1998). Breaks without bruises are common and can't be said to rule out nonaccidental injury. BMJ Oct 24;317(7166):1095-6.
3. Koc F, Oral R, Butteris R (2014). Missed cases of multiple forms of abuse and neglect. Int J
Psychiatry Med 47(2):131-9.
4. Lindberg DM (2012) et al. Prevalence of abusive injuries in siblings and household contacts of
physically abused children. Pediatrics 130;2:193-201.
5. Mathew MO, Ramamohan N, Bennet GC (1998). Importance of bruising associated with
paediatric fractures: prospective observational study. BMJ Oct 24;317(7166):1117-8.
6. Peters ML, Starling SP, Barnes-Eley ML, Heisler KW (2008). The presence of bruising associated
with fractures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med Sep;162(9):877-81.
7. Ravichandiran N, Schuh S, Bejuk M, et al (2010). Delayed identification of pediatric abuserelated fractures. Pediatrics 125(1): 60–66.
8. Thorpe EL, Zuckerbraun NS, Wolford JE, Berger RP (2014). Missed opportunities to diagnose
child physical abuse. Pediatr Emerg Care Nov;30(11):771-6.
9. Valvano TJ, Binns HJ, Flaherty EG, Leonhardt DE (2009 ). Does bruising help determine which
fractures are caused by abuse? Child Maltreat Nov;14(4):376-81.
10. Wood JN, Feudtner C, Medina SP, Luan X, Localio R, Rubin DM (2012). Variation in occult injury
screening for children with suspected abuse in selected US children's hospitals. Pediatrics
Nov;130(5):853-60. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-0244. Epub 2012 Oct 15.
Non-accidental trauma – economic impact:
1. Fang X, Brown DS, Florence CS, Mercy JA (2012). The economic burden of child maltreatment in
the United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse Negl 36(2):156-165.
Non-acccidental trauma – fracture patterns:
1. Barsness KA, Cha ES, Bensard DD, Calkins CM, Partrick DA, Karrer FM, Strain JD (2003). The
positive predictive value of rib fractures as an indicator of nonaccidental trauma in children. J
Trauma 54(6):1107-10.
2. Caffey J (1972) The parent-infant traumatic stress syndrome (Caffey-Kempe syndrome, battered
babe syndrome). Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med;114(2):218-29.
3. Kemp AM, Dunstan F, Harrison S, Morris S, Mann M, Rolfe K, Datta S, Thomas DP, Sibert JR,
Maguire S (2008). Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: Systematic review. BMJ
337:a1518.
4. Kleinman P and Barber I (2014). Imaging of skeletal injuries associated with abusive head
trauma. Pediatr Radiol 44 Suppl 4: S613-20.
5. Kleinman PK, Marks SC Jr (1996). A regional approach to classic metaphyseal lesions in abused
infants: the distal tibia. AJR May;166(5):1207-12.
6. Kleinman PK, Marks SC, Blackbourne B (1986). The metaphyseal lesion in abused infants: a
radiologic-histopathologic study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 146(5):895-905. doi:
10.2214/ajr.146.5.895.
7. Kleinman PK, Marks SC, Jr., Spevak MR, Belanger PL, Richmond JM. (1991) Extension of growthplate cartilage into the metaphysis: a sign of healing fracture in abused infants. AJR American
Journal of Roentgenology. 156(4):775-9.
8. Kogutt MS, Swischuk LE, Fagan CJ (1974). Patterns of injury and significance of uncommon
fractures in the battered child syndrome. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 121:143-149.
9. Leventhal JM, Martin KD, Asnes AG (2008). Incidence of fractures attributable to abuse in young
hospitalized children: results from analysis of a United States database. Pediatrics 122:599-604.
doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-1959.
10. Pandya NK, Baldwin K, Wolfgruber H, Christian CW, Drummond DS, Hosalkar HS (2009). Child
abuse and orthopaedic injury patterns: analysis at a level I pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr
Orthop 29(6):618-625.
11. Taitz J, Moran K, O’Meara M (2004). Long bone fractures in children under 3 years of age: Is
abuse being missed in Emergency Department presentations? J. Paediatr Child Health 40:170–
174.
12. Thomas SA et al (1991) Long-bone fractures in young children: distinguishing accidental injuries
from child abuse. Pediatrics.;88(3):471-6.
13. Thompson A, Bertocci G, Kaczor K, Smalley C, Pierce MC (2015). Biomechanical investigation of
the classic metaphyseal lesion using an immature porcine model. AJR 204:W503–W509.
14. Tsai A, McDonald AG, Rosenberg AE, Gupta R, Kleinman PK (2014). High-resolution CT with
histopathological correlates of the classic metaphyseal lesion of infant abuse. Pediatr Radiol
44(2):124-140. doi: 10.1007/s00247-013-2813-z.
15. Wood JN et al(2014) Prevalence of abuse among young children with femur fractures: a
systematic review. BMC Pediatr 2(14):169.
Nonaccidental trauma – brain and spine injury:
1. Adamsbaum C, Morel B, Ducot B, et al (2014). Dating the abusive head trauma episode and
perpetrator statements: key points for imaging. Pediatr Radiol 44 Suppl 4: S578-88.
2. Choudhary A, Bradford R, Dias M, et al (2015). Venous injury in abusive head trauma. Pediatric
Radiology 45: 1803-13.
3. Choudhary A, Ishak R, Zacharaia T, et al. Imaging of spinal injury in abusive head trauma: a
retrospective study. Pediatric Radiology 44:1130-1140.
4. Hsieh K, Zimmerman R, Kao, et al (2015). Revisiting neuroimaging of abusive head trauma in
infants and young children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 205(5): 944-52.
5. Jenny C, Hymel KP, Ritzen A, Reinert SE, Hay TC (1999). Analysis of missed cases of abusive
head trauma. JAMA Feb 17;281(7):621-6.
6. Kemp A, Cowley L, and Maquire S (2014). Spinal injuries in abusive head trauma: patterns and
recommendations. Pediatr Radiol 44 Suppl 4: S604-12.
7. Parisi M, Wiester R, Done S, et al (2015). Three-dimensional computed tomography skull
reconstructions as an aid to child abuse evaluations. Pediatr Emerg Care 31(11): 779-86.
Other:
1. Kleinman P, Zurakowski D, Strauss K, et al (2008). Detection of simulated inflicted metaphyseal
fractures in a fetal pig model: image optimization and dose reduction with computed
tomography. Radiology 247(2): 381-390.
2. McEwen, BS (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the
brain. Physiology Review 87(3): 873-904.
3. Widom CS (1989). The cycle of violence. Science 244:160-166.
Patterns of injury in pediatric patients:
1. Farrell C, Rubin DM, Downes K, Dormans J, Christian CW (2012). Symptoms and time to medical
care in children with accidental extremity fractures. Pediatrics 129(1):128-133.
2. Loder RT, O’Donnell PW, Feinberg JR. (2006). Epidemiology and mechanisms of femur fractures
in children. J Pediatr Orthop. Sep-Oct; 26(5):561-6.
3. Rennie L, Court-Brown CM, Mok JYQ, Beattie TF (2007). The epidemiology of fractures in
children. Injury 38(8):913–922.
4. Spady DW, Saunders DL, Schopflocher DP, Svenson LW (2004). Patterns of injury in children: a
population-based approach. Pediatrics 113(3 pt 1):522–529.
Position statements/practice parameters:
1. ACR-SPR Practice Parameter for Skeletal Surveys in Children
American Academy of Pediatrics policy on the Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/123/5/1430.full
http://www.acr.org/Quality-Safety/Standards-Guidelines/Practice-Guidelines-byModality/Pediatric.
2. Flaherty EG, Perez-Rossello JM, Levine MA, Hennrikus WL, and the American Academy Of
Pediatrics Committee On Child Abuse And Neglect, Section On Radiology, Section On
Endocrinology, Section On Orthopaedics And The Society For Pediatric Radiology (2014).
Evaluating Children with Fractures for Child Physical Abuse. Pediatrics 133(2);477-489.
3. http://www.cdc.gov/Features/HealthyChildren/
4. Meyer JS, Gunderman R, Coley BD, Bulas D, Garber M, Karmazyn B, et al. ACR(2011)
Appropriateness Criteria((R)) on suspected physical abuse-child. Journal of the American College
of Radiology: JACR.8(2):87-94.
Purported conditions with may mimic non-accidental trauma:
1. Block RW (199). Child abuse – controversies and imposters. Curr Probl Pediatr Oct;29(9):25372.
2. Botash AS, Sills IN, Welch TR (2012). Calciferol deficiency mimicking abusive fractures in infants:
is there any evidence? J Pediatr 160:199-203. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.08.052.
3. Chapman T, Sugar N, Done S, Marasigan J, Wambold N, Feldman K (2010). Fractures in infants
and toddlers with rickets. Pediatr Radiol 40:1184-89.
4. Contreras JJ, Hiestand B, O’Neill JC, Schwartz R, Nadkarni M (2014). Vitamin D deficiency in
children with fractures. Ped Emer Care 30(11):777-781.
5. Dabezies EJ, Warren PD (1997). Fractures in very low birth weight infants with rickets. PD Clin
Orthop Relat Res Feb;(335):233-9.
6. Faden MA, Krakow D, Ezgu F, Rimoin DL, Lachman RS (2009). The Erlenmeyer flask bone
deformity in the skeletal dysplasias. Am J Med Genet A Jun;149A(6):1334-45. doi:
10.1002/ajmg.a.32253.
7. Jenny C (2014). Alternate theories of causation in abusive head trauma: what the science tells
us. Pediatr Radiol Dec;44 Suppl 4:S543-7. doi: 10.1007/s00247-014-3106-x. Epub 2014 Dec 14.
8. Kleinman P, Sarwar Z, Newton A, et al (2009). Metaphyseal fragmentation with physiological
bowing: A finding not to be confused with the classical metaphyseal lesion. AJR 192: 1266-1268.
9. Marlowe A, Pepin MG, Byers PH (2002). Testing for osteogenesis imperfecta in cases of
suspected non-accidental injury. J Med Genet 39:382-386.
10. Mendelson KL (2005). Critical review of 'temporary brittle bone disease'. Pediatr Radiol
35(10):1036-40.
11. Perez-Rosello, et al (2012). Rachitic changes, demineralization, and fracture risk in healthy
infants and toddlers with Vitamin D deficiency. Radiology 262(1): 234-41.
12. Perez-Rossello JM, McDonald AG, Rosenberg AE, Tsai A, Kleinman PK (2015). Absence of rickets
in infants with fatal abusive head trauma and classic metaphyseal lesions. Radiology
Jun;275(3):810-21. doi: 10.1148/radiol.15141784. Epub 2015 Feb 16.
13. Schilling S, Wood JN, Levine MA, Langdon D, Christian CW (2011). Vitamin D status in abused
and nonabused children younger than 2 years old with fractures. Pediatrics May;127(5):835-41.
14. Sinigaglia R, Gigante C, Bisinella G, Varotto S, Zanesco L, Turra S (2008). Musculoskeletal
manifestations in pediatric acute leukemia. J Pediatr Orthop Jan-Feb;28(1):20-8.
15. Slovis TL, Chapman S (2008). Evaluating the data concerning vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency
and child abuse. Pediatr Radiol 38:1221-1224.
16. Slovis TL, Strouse PJ, Coley BD, Rigsby CK (2012). The creation of non-disease: an assault on the
diagnosis of child abuse. Pediatr Radiol 42:903-905.
Reports:
1. Sedlak, AJ, Mettenburg J, Basena M, Petta I, McPherson K, Greene A, Li S. Fourth National
Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS–4): Report to Congress, Executive Summary.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children
and Families 2010.
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Child Maltreatment 2013 Washington, DC.
The skeletal survey:
1. Duffy SO, Squires J, Fromkin JB, Berger RP (2011). Use of skeletal surveys to evaluate for
physical abuse: analysis of 703 consecutive skeletal surveys. Pediatrics 127(1):e47-52.
2. Harper NS, Eddleman S, Lindberg DM, Ex SI (2013). The utility of follow-up skeletal surveys in
child abuse. Pediatrics 131(3):e672-8.
3. Singh R, Squires J, Fromkin JB, Berger RP (2012). Assessing the use of follow-up skeletal surveys
in children with suspected physical abuse. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 73(4):972-6.
4. Wood JN, Fakeye O, Feudtner C, Mondestin V, Localio R, Rubin DM (2014). Development of
guidelines for skeletal survey in young children with fractures. Pediatrics Jul;134(1):45-53.
5. Wood JN, Fakeye O, Mondestin V, et al (2015). Development of hospital-based guidelines for
skeletal survey in young children with bruises. Pediatrics 135(2): e312-320.
6. Zimmerman S, Makoroff K, Care M, Thomas A, Shapiro R (2005). Utility of follow-up skeletal
surveys in suspected child physical abuse evaluations. Child Abuse Negl 29(10):1075-1083.
Vitamin D metabolism/Rickets:
1. Alonso MA, Pallavicini ZF, Rodríguez J, Avello N, Martínez-Camblor P, Santos F (2015). Can
vitamin D status be assessed by serum 25OHD in children? Pediatr Nephrol Feb;30(2):327-32.
doi: 10.1007/s00467-014-2927-z. Epub 2014 Aug 20.
2. al-Senan K, al-Alaiyan S, al-Abbad A, LeQuesne G (2001). Congenital rickets secondary to
untreated maternal renal failure. J. Perinatol 21:473-475.
3. Bouillon R, Van Schoor NM, Gielen E, Boonen S, Mathieu C, Vanderschueren D, Lips P.(2013).
Optimal vitamin D status: a critical analysis on the basis of evidence-based medicine. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab. 98:1283-304.
4. Braegger C, Campoy C, Colomb V etal (2013). Vitamin D in the healthy European paediatric
population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 56:692–701
5. Caffey Pediatric Diagnostic Imaging, 12th edition. Chapter 140. P 1523-1534 Metabolic Bone
Disease. Richard M Shore.
6. Christakos S, Hewison M, Gardner DG, Wagner CL et al (2013). Vitamin D: beyond bone. Ann NY
Acad Sci.1287:45-58
7. Fox GN, Maier MK (1984). Neonatal craniotabes. Am Fam Physician Dec;30(6):149-51.
8. Fraser D, Kooh SW, Scriver CR (1967). Hyperparathyroidism as the cause of hyperaminoaciduria
and phosphaturia in human vitamin D deficiency. Pediatr Res 1:425–435.
9. Gordon CM, Feldman HA, Sinclair L, Williams AL, Kleinman PK, Perez-Rossello J, et al (2008).
Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy infants and toddlers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc
Med 162(6):505-12.
10. Gradus D, Le Roith D, Karplus M, Zmora E, Grief M, Bar-Ziv J (1981). Congenital
hyperparathyroidism and rickets: secondary to maternal hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D
deficiency. Isr J MedSci 17:705-708.
11. IOM (Institute of Medicine) (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. The
National Academies Press, Washington, DC. JAMA Apr 7;313(13):1311-2.
12. Kokkonen J, Koivisto M, Lautala P, Kirkinen P (1983). Serum calcium and 25-OH-D3 in mothers
of newborns with craniotabes. J Perinat Med 11(2):127-31.
13. Koo W, Tsang R (1997). Nutrition During Infancy. 2nd Edition. Cincinnati: Digital Education;
Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and vitamin D; pp. 175–189.
14. Kovacs CS (2011). Fetal mineral homeostasis. Pediatric Bone: Biology and Diseases. 271-302.
15. Kovacs CS (2011). Fetus, neonate and infant. Vitamin D, 3rd edition. Elsevier, London. Page
625-646.
16. Kovacs CS (2012). The role of vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: insights from animal
models and clinical studies. Annu Rev Nutr 32:97-123.
17. Manson JE, Bassuk SS (2015). Vitamin D research and clinical practice: at a crossroads.
18. Misra M, Pacaud D, Petryk A, et al (2008) Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management:
review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics 122:398-417.
19. Mohapatra A, Sankaranarayanan K, Kadam SS, Binoy S, Kanbur WA, Mondkar JA (2003).
Congenital rickets. J. Trop Pediatr49:126-127.
20. Moon RJ, Harvey NC, Davies JH, Cooper C (2014). Vitamin D and skeletal health in infancy and
childhood. Osteoporos Int 25:2673-2684.
21. Muhe L, Lulseged S, Mason KE, Simoes EA (1997). Case-control study of the role of nutritional
rickets in the risk of developing pneumonia in Ethiopian children. Lancet. Jun
21;349(9068):1801-4.
22. Parfitt AM. Vitamin D and the pathogenesis of rickets and osteomalacia. Vitamin D, 2nd edition.
Feldman D, Pike J, Glorieux F (eds). Elsevier, Inc. London. Pages: 1029-1048, 2004.
23. Pettifor JM, Pentopoulos M, Moodley GP, Isdale JM, Ross FP (1984). Is craniotabes a
pathognomonic sign of rickets in 3-month-old infants? S Afr Med J Apr 7;65(14):549-51.54.
24. Powe CE, Evans MK, Wenger J, Zonderman AB, Berg AH, Nalls M, Tamez H, Zhang D, Bhan I,
Karumanchi SA, Powe NR, Thadhani R (2013). Vitamin D-binding protein and vitamin D status of
black Americans and white Americans. N Engl J Med Nov 21;369(21):1991-2000. doi:
10.1056/NEJMoa1306357.
25. Ross AC, et al (2011). The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D
from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: 53-58.
26. Shah D, Gupta P (2015) Vitamin D Deficiency: Is the Pandemic for Real? Inidan J Community
Med. 40)4):215-217.
27. Shore RM, Chesney RW (2013). Rickets: Part I. Pediatr Radiol 43(2):140-51.
28. Shore RM, Chesney RW (2013). Rickets: Part II. Pediatr Radiol 43(2):152-72.
29. Teotia M, Teotia SP, Nath M (1995). Metabolic studies in congenital vitamin D deficiency rickets.
Indian J Pediatr 62(1):55-61.
30. Theodaratou E, Tzoulaki L, Zgaga L, Loannidis JPA (2014) Vitamin D and multiple health
outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies
and randomized trials. BMJ. 348:g2035
31. Wagner CL, Greer FR (2008). Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children,
and adolescents. Pediatrics 122:1142-1152.
32. Wang LY, Hung HY, Hsu CH, Shih SL, Lee YJ (1997). Congenital rickets--a patient report. J.
Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab 10:437-441.
33. Welsh P, Sattar N (2014). Vitamin D and chronic disease prevention. BMJ Apr 1;348:g2280.
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Updated 1/10/2016