Midterm Review Sheet 2016
1. Cell membrane: label a diagram;
Principle components of a cell membrane are proteins and
lipids
discuss channel proteins and how they are constructed?
Channel proteins serve as pumps to move material into
and out of the cell easily. They are lined with polar amino
acids to enable materials dissolved in water to pass freely.
(like dissolves like)
2. What is a tumor A tumor, also known as a neoplasm, is an abnormal mass of tissue
which may be solid or fluid-filled. A tumor does not mean cancer - tumors can be benign (not
cancerous), pre-malignant (pre-cancerous), or malignant (cancerous). Uncontrolled cell division
and may be seen in any organ of the body
Compare endocytosis and exocytosis
The definitions of exocytosis and
endocytosis are as follows:
Exocytosis ‘“ the process by which a cell expels molecules and other objects that are too large to pass
through the cellular membrane
Endocytosis ‘“ the process by which a cell takes in molecules and other objects that are too large to pass
through the cellular membrane
Both processes require the use of vesicles only in opposite directions
Mitosis: # cells produced two daughter cells with identicle
nuclei.
Phases of mitosis (picture to id) pie chart. ( G1 g2 g0 mitosis)
A: interphase / G1, S, G2;
B: mitosis / phases of mitosis;
Any three of the following [1] each.
protein synthesis / translation
DNA
replication / chromosome replication;
cell growth / increase in cell
volume;
organelle doubling;
microtubule formation;
respiration /
glycolysis;
increase energy stores;
transcription / mRNA production;
Cell organelles, location and identify in a picture, define their
function.
•
Lysosome
: hydrolysis / digestion / break down of materials
(macromolecules) – including damaged organelles, pathogens (disease
causing organisms ex. bacteria), and food materials.
•
Golgi apparatus
: synthesis / sorting / processing/ modifying
/transporting / secretion of cell products;
•
Rough endoplasmic reticulum:
site of synthesis of proteins (to be
secreted) / intracellular
transport of polypeptides to Golgi Apparatus;
•
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: synthesizes lipids (phospholipids,
steroids (some hormones), triglycerides)
•
Mitochondrion: (aerobic) respiration / generates ATP (chemical
energy used by cell processes);
•
Chloroplast: photosynthesis (produces glucose needed by
mitochondria to produce ATP)
•
Nucleus
: controls cell activities / mitosis / replication of DNA /
transcription of DNA (to RNA) / directs protein synthesis;
•
Centriole/Centrosome: only found in animal cells. Made up of
microtubules - responsible for mitotic spindle production for
mitosis. And positioning of nucleus.
•
Peroxisomes: Filled with enzymes. Helps digest fat. Enzymes in
peroxisomes depend on peroxisome function.
•
Ribosome: synthesize proteins. Found on rER and free-floating in
cytoplasm.
•
Cytoplasm: site of chemical reactions (metabolic activity) in the cell.
Liquid solution. Holds the cells organelles. Water, ions, glucose,
proteins and other organic molecules.
•
Cell Membrane: regulates the entrance and exit of molecules
between the cell and its environment.
•
Cell Wall: only found in plant cells. Also found in prokaryotes (ex.
bacteria). Composed of cellulose. Bacteria cell wall made up of
different material.
•
Cytoskeleton: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, micortubules
(all made up of protein). Used for cell shape and structure, and
movement of substances. Found in both plants and animals.
3. Life functions : list and define
4. Prokaryote vs eukaryote (differences between)( draw each)
labelled diagram of generalized prokaryotic (P) and generalized
eukaryotic
(E) animal cell
P is usually smaller in size, E is larger;
both have cytoplasm /
protoplasm;
P has no nucleus / nucleoid region, E has (membranebound) nucleus;
P has one chromosome / circular, E has two or more
chromosomes;
P has DNA only, E has DNA with protein
(histones);
P has no membrane-bound organelles, E has some
membrane-bound organelles;
E has mitochondria, P does not;
E has
other example of organelle, P does not;
both can have a flagellum /
flagella;
if flagella then E has 9+2 fibrils, P does not;
P can have pili
/ slime layer / capsule, E does not;
P can have plasmids, E does
not;
both have ribosomes;
P has small ribosomes, E has larger
ones;
both have cell membrane;
P has cell wall, E has no cell wall;
E
has centriole, P has no centriole.
5. Cell differentiation (what is it)
6. Photosynthesis (factors that affect its rate) where it occurs,
pigments involved, explain why a plant is green.
7. DNA base pair
8. Anaerobic vs aerobic respiration ( **chart added)
9. Where does transcription/translation/respiration occur in
cells?
10.
The structure of fats:
made up of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol.
11.
Bonding within the DNA
12.
What are the components of a nucleotide: a
phosphate, 5 carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base.
13.
DNA replication what happens in the correct pathway.
(events of)
14.
Diagram of glucose/ category
15.
Properties of water: Cohesion Adhesion Good
coolant
16.
Enzyme function: factors that affect the rate, hand
and glove model (induced fit model) How will this model
effect enzyme action
17.
Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis
Must have both for [1].
diffusion is the movement of
molecules from an area of high
concentration to an area of
low concentration;
osmosis is the diffusion of water across a
partially
permeable membrane;
18.
Functions and properties of phospholipids.
hydrophillic head groups point outward;
hydrophobic tails
form a lipid bilayer;
forms a (phospholipid) bilayer;
ions and
polar molecules cannot pass through
hydrophobic
barrier;
helps the cell maintain internal concentration
and
exclude other molecules;(2 max) hydrophobic tails found in
centre (of bilayer) away from water; stability to membrane
brought about by attraction between hydrophobic tails /
between hydrophilic heads and water;
19.
Composition and function of the cell wall
cellulose;
structural support / protection / maintain
turgor pressure;
20.
Cell cycle (mitosis) pie chart
Cytokinesis events for the animal and plant cell ( differences)
plant cells need to produce a cell plate that will go on to
form the new cell wall. animal cells:
pinching of cell membrane / form cleavage
furrow;
centrioles; plant cells:
cell plate formation;
cell wall built (during cytokinesis);
21.
Surface area to volume ratio (explain what the
numbers indicate) small cells have larger ratio (than larger cells) / ratio decreases as
size increases;
surface area / membrane must be large enough to absorb nutrients / oxygen / substances needed;
surface area / membrane must be large enough to excrete / pass out waste
products;
need for materials is determined by (cell) volume;
cell size is limited (by SA / vol ratio)
/ cells divide when they reach a certain size;
reference to diffusion across / through membrane /
surface area;
22.
Free ribosome vs attached ribosome (what are the
functions of the proteins) free ribosomes produce proteins
for inside the cell use attached ribosomes produce
proteins for use outside the cell.
Difference between globular and fibrous protein (example of each)
Protein shape can be categorised as either fibrous or globular. Fibrous proteins tend to be elongated,
physically tough and insoluble in water. Collagen found in the skin and keratin found in hair are
examples of fibrous proteins. Globular proteins tend to be compact, rounded and water soluble.
Haemoglobin and enzymes are examples of globular proteins. fibrous proteins have a long and narrow
shape,
globular protein have rounded shape;
fibrous mostly insoluble in water, globular protein
soluble in water;
fibrous: collagen / myosin / silk / keratin / other fibrous protein; Globular:
immunoglobulin / hemoglobin / catalase / named enzyme / other
23.
Functions of proteins
24. Structural
Collagen strengthens bones, skin and
tendons.
Movement
Myosin found in muscle fibers causes
contraction of the muscle which results in
movement.
Transport
Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the
lungs to other tissues in the body.
Defense
Immunoglobulin acts as an antibody.
25.
26.
Active vs passive transport: compare and contrast
Cell theory principles and exceptions
27.
Photosynthesis write the chemical reaction
Where does the light independent reaction occur?
Significance of the polarity of amino acids for the cell
membrane Polar amino acids are found inside membrane
proteins and create a channel through which hydrophilic
molecules can pass through. polar amino acids are hydrophilic
/ "water loving";
polar amino acids form hydrophilic proteins /
channels;
allow hydrophilic / polar / charged particle
substances through the membrane;
controls shape / function /
location of the protein in the membrane;
polar amino acids on
the surface proteins make them water soluble;
Why are different enzymes required either during the various
steps of a single reaction or between individual reactions?
What will effects be on an enzyme when changing the
conditions? (Temp, etc.) The enzyme becomes denatured, the
activesite is distorted or damaged and the enzyme no longer
functions
Compare and contrast DNA with RNA
DNA and RNA both consist of nucleotides which contain a sugar, a base and a phosphate group.
However there are a few differences. Firstly, DNA is composed of a double strand forming a helix
whereas RNA is only composed of one strand.
Also the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose whereas in RNA it is ribose. Finally, both DNA and RNA have the
bases adenine, guanine and cytosine. However DNA also contains thymine which is replaced by uracil in
RNA.
What is meant by semiconservative and why this applies to
DNA replication. DNA must split and the new DNA will consist
of one old strand and one new strand
Draw prokaryote and eukaryote, draw stages of mitosis (is
interphase a stage and why or why not)
List some of the commercial uses of enzymes,
Production of lactose free products, cleaning products
what is an enzyme inhibitor it is a material that looks just like
the substrate and binds to the enzyme in place of the substrate.
When this happens the reaction rate does not proceed.
and how can I get the reaction to proceed in spite of the
presence of this inhibitor. Increase the amount of substrate so
the enzyme will find the appropriate substrate instead of the
inhibitor.
Describe the process of transcription and translation
What are the steps to the process of polymerase chain reaction?
How is insulin produced? (3 ways) outline the steps for
production of insulin within bacteria.
Draw a DNA molecule: