Name:
The Cattle Kingdom
Chapter 21
Ranches, Ranchers, and Cowboys
Section 3
I.
Ranching in South Texas
During the 1800s the cattle ranches that arose on the open range from Texas to Canada
formed the Cattle Kingdom.
The King ranch in south Texas was one of the most important cattle operations in the
state.
Richard King and Gideon Lewis established the ranch in Nueces County in the early 1850s.
King died in 1885, leaving the ranch to his wife.
Henrietta King built the ranch into a thriving operation.
By 1925 it included more than 1 Million acres of land.
II.
Ranches in the Panhandle
By the early 1800s cattle ranching was a thriving and profitable industry in many parts of
Texas. As Plains Indians were removed from West Texas, the Panhandle was opened for
ranching.
The grass that covered the plains provided plenty of food for the cattle. The region’s flat
open land allowed ranchers to keep a close watch on the livestock.
Although the Panhandle did not have enough water to supply all the ranches, the Ogallala
Aquifer lay underneath the region.
Ranchers adapted to the environment by using windmills to reach this huge supply of
water.
The windmill blows against a vane that turns the blades into the breeze. The wind then
hits the blades, creating power to operate a pump. This power brings underground water
to the surface.
In the mid-1870s Charles Goodnight and John Adair established one of the first ranches in
the Panhandle– The JA Ranch in Palo Duro Canyon.
The JA Ranch became large and successful, and by the mid-1880s it covered more than
700,000 acres and supported about 40,000 cattle.
This ranch, plus many others in the Panhandle helped bring prosperity to the Panhandle.
Corporations moved to the Panhandle along with the ranchers. The XIT Ranch was
established in 1885 when the state gave the land to the Capitol Freehold Land and
Investment Company. In return, the investors agreed to construct a new state capitol
building to replace the one that had burned in 1881. The new capitol was completed in
1888 and is still the capitol building today.
Over time, the XIT Ranch became one of the largest and most famous ranches in Texas.
The XIT covered about 3 million acres. At its peak, the XIT employed about 150 Cowboys
to care for about 150,000 cattle.
III. Ranchers and Cowboys
Most Texas ranches were located far from towns. Ranchers had to rely on their own
resources to solve the many challenges they faced.
Ranchers could never had succeeded without cowboys, who did countless daily tasks on
the ranches.
Texas cowboys wore clothes and used tools that were suited to the state’s environment.
Some cowboys wore traditional cowboy hats.
Some wore the vaqueros’ broad felt hat.
Many wore sombreros to protect themselves from the harsh sunlight and rain.
Texas cowboys relied on leather chaps worn over their pants to protect them from thorny
brushes.
The Closing of the Open Range
Section 4
I.
Fencing the Open Range
Farmers moving into West Texas wanted to fence their land to protect their crops from
stray cattle. However, building long fences was difficult because wood was scarce on the
open plains.
Joseph F. Glidden, an Illinois farmer, answered this challenge. After his wife asked him to
create a fence to keep dogs out of her garden, he developed barbed wire in 1873.
Glidden quickly opened a factory to make his product. Soon, inexpensive barbed wire
was readily available. The sharp wire fences even survived the strong Texas winds.
The new invention made large-scale fencing both easy and inexpensive. By the end of the
1800s, there were barbed-wire fences in nearly every Texas county.
This marked the end of the open range in Texas.
II.
The Range Wars
Widespread fencing led to conflict in Texas in the early 1880s. Fencing became so
extensive that public roads were blocked and mail delivery was interrupted. Ranchers
were fencing off water sources that they did not own. This issue became critical when
Texas was hit by a drought in 1883 and cattle began to die of thirst. Before long, range
wars broke out.
Under cover of darkness, ranchers snipped the barbed-wire fences. Other ranchers hired
guards to protect their fences, and gunfights sometimes broke out.
Fence cutting soon became and important political issue. The Texas legislature made a
quick decision to require a gate in every three miles of fence to allow passage for roads and
rail-roads. The law also made fence cutting illegal.
III. Legacy of the Open Range
Toward the end of the 1880s, the open range began to disappear.
•
Many ranchers turned to sheep farming.
•
Severe winters caused the death of thousands of open-range cattle, causing
ranchers to go out of business.
•
Years of heavy use had stripped the grass.
•
More railroad lines in Texas were built and ended the need for cattle drives.
All of these things led to the end of the open range era.
Throughout the world, people still associate Texas with cowboys and cattle ranchers.
Many Texans still raise and sell cattle. In addition, tourists visit Texas to watch rodeos and
tour cattle operations such as King Ranch.