Chapter 21
The Cattle Kingdom
Chapter 21
Section 3
Ranches, Ranchers, and Cowboys
Objectives
Students will be able to…
• Identify the Texas regions where ranching was a
big industry and explain why ranches developed
there
• Describe what ranching and cowboy life were
like
• Explain how cowboys contributed to Texas
culture
Ranching in South Texas
• During the 1800s the cattle ranches that arose on
the open range from Texas to Canada formed the
Cattle Kingdom.
King Ranch
• The King ranch in south Texas was one of the
most important cattle operations in the state.
• Richard King and Gideon Lewis established the
ranch in Nueces County in the early 1850s.
• King died in 1885, leaving the ranch to his wife.
• Henrietta King built the ranch into a thriving
operation.
• By 1925 it included more than 1 Million acres of
land.
Ranches in the Panhandle
By the early 1800s cattle ranching was a thriving and profitable
industry in many parts of Texas. As Plains Indians were
removed from West Texas, the Panhandle was opened for
ranching.
The grass that covered the plains provided plenty of food for
the cattle. The region’s flat open land allowed ranchers to keep
a close watch on the livestock.
• Although the Panhandle did not have enough water to
supply all the ranches, the Ogallala Aquifer lay
underneath the region.
• Ranchers adapted to the environment by using windmills
to reach this huge supply of water.
• The windmill blows against a vane that turns the blades
into the breeze. The wind then hits the blades, creating
power to operate a pump. This power brings
underground water to the surface.
JA Ranch
• In the mid-1870s Charles Goodnight and John Adair
established one of the first ranches in the Panhandle–
The JA Ranch in Palo Duro Canyon.
• The JA Ranch became large and successful, and by the
mid-1880s it covered more than 700,000 acres and
supported about 40,000 cattle.
• This ranch, plus many others in the Panhandle helped
bring prosperity to the Panhandle.
XIT Ranch
Corporations moved to the Panhandle along with the
ranchers. The XIT Ranch was established in 1885 when the
state gave the land to the Capitol Freehold Land and
Investment Company. In return, the investors agreed to
construct a new state capitol building to replace the one that
had burned in 1881. The new capitol was completed in
1888 and is still the capitol building today.
Over time, the XIT Ranch became one of the
largest and most famous ranches in Texas. The
XIT covered about 3 million acres. At its peak,
the XIT employed about 150 Cowboys to care
for about 150,000 cattle.
Ranchers and Cowboys
Most Texas ranches were located far from towns.
Ranchers had to rely on their own resources to solve
the many challenges they faced.
Ranchers could never had succeeded without cowboys,
who did countless daily tasks on the ranches.
Texas cowboys wore clothes and
used tools that were suited to the
state’s environment.
Some cowboys wore traditional
cowboy hats.
Some wore the vaqueros’ broad felt
hat.
Many wore sombreros to protect
themselves from the harsh sunlight
and rain.
Texas cowboys relied on leather
chaps worn over their pants to
protect them from thorny brushes.
The Closing of the Open Range
Chapter 21
Section 4
Objectives
Students will be able to…
• Analyze how barbed wire affected the
development of Texas.
• Explain what contributed to the decline of the
Cattle Kingom.
Fencing the Open Range
Farmers moving into West Texas
wanted to fence their land to
protect their crops from stray cattle.
However, building long fences was
difficult because wood was scarce
on the open plains.
Joseph F. Glidden, an Illinois
farmer, answered this challenge.
After his wife asked him to create a
fence to keep dogs out of her
garden, he developed barbed wire
in 1873.
Glidden quickly opened a factory to make his
product. Soon, inexpensive barbed wire was readily
available. The sharp wire fences even survived the
strong Texas winds.
The new invention made large-scale fencing both
easy and inexpensive. By the end of the 1800s, there
were barbed-wire fences in nearly every Texas
county.
This marked the end of
the open range in Texas.
The Range Wars
Widespread fencing led to conflict
in Texas in the early 1880s. Fencing
became so extensive that public
roads were blocked and mail
delivery was interrupted. Ranchers
were fencing off water sources that
they did not own. This issue
became critical when Texas was hit
by a drought in 1883 and cattle
began to die of thirst. Before long,
range wars broke out.
Under cover of darkness, ranchers snipped the barbed-wire
fences. Other ranchers hired guards to protect their fences, and
gunfights sometimes broke out.
Fence cutting soon became and important political issue. The
Texas legislature made a quick decision to require a gate in
every three miles of fence to allow passage for roads and railroads. The law also made fence cutting illegal.
Legacy of the Open Range
Toward the end of the 1880s, the open range began to disappear.
• Many ranchers turned to sheep farming.
• Severe winters caused the death of thousands of open-range cattle,
causing ranchers to go out of business.
• Years of heavy use had stripped the grass.
• More railroad lines in Texas were built and ended the need for cattle
drives.
All of these things led to the end of the open range era.
Throughout the world, people still associate
Texas with cowboys and cattle ranchers. Many
Texans still raise and sell cattle. In addition,
tourists visit Texas to watch rodeos and tour cattle
operations such as King Ranch.