Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015
This guide is divided into four sections.
Section 1: General Language Notes
Section 3: Grammar Notes
Section 2: Notes by Part of Speech
Section 4: Practice Sentences
General Language Notes:
Latin is a highly inflected language – words change depending upon their use in a sentence.
Pronunciation of Latin letters does not vary from word to word.
Three key consonants to remember are c and v and g
Vowels may be long or short. Long vowels are marked with macra/macron When two vowels
make one sound, the sound is called a dipthong
Language Notes: There are 8 parts of speech. Students should, however, note that pronouns
and adjectives were given the most attention this year.
1. INTERJECTIONS – an exclamation that has no grammatical impact on surrounding
sentences or phrases. your Latin teacher can only ask two things about an interjection:
what does it mean and what part of speech it is.
Darn! Latin is almost over. Alas, I will miss Latin. Hurray! I will be in Latin III soon.
Give the English for the Latin Interjections below.
eheū alas
ecce look! euge hurray! heus hey!
2. NOUNS – person, place, thing, or idea
Nouns have three qualities: number, gender, and case
Nouns in Latin are grouped into five families or declensions
Nouns are declined into various cases, because Latin is inflected.
Hint: Your teacher might ask about a noun’s number, gender, or case.
You might also be asked about the reason that a noun is in a case –
that will be discussed in Part III.

List the six cases in order here: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative,
vocative
Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015
When you learn a Latin noun, you learn four things: nominative, genitive, gender, definition.
aula, aulae f palace
puer, puerī m boy
ordō, ordinis m row
equus, equī m horse
saxum, saxī n rock
mare, maris n sea
manus, manūs f hand
effigiēs, effigiēī f statue
To decline a noun, you must know its declension number and stem.
To determine a noun’s declension number, look at the genitive ending
To determine a noun’s stem, look at the genitive without the ending
If the genitive ends in ae, it is a 1st declension noun. Remove the ending to find the stem.
If the genitive ends in ī, it is a 2nd declension noun. Remove the ending to find the stem.
If the genitive ends in is, it is a 3rd declension noun. Remove the ending to find the stem.
If the genitive ends in ūs, it is a 4th declension noun. Remove the ending to find the stem.
If the genitive ends in ēī, it is a 5th declension noun. Remove the ending to find the stem.
You MUST learn the gender of each noun. You will not understand noun-adjective
agreement unless you do so.
Here’s a handy* trick:
Hold up your hand.
Wiggle your thumb and pinky. Feminine nouns with a few masculine.
Wiggle your pointer and ring fingers. Masculine and neuter nouns.
Carefully wiggle your middle finger. Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns.
*Handy – get it???
Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015
Decline the following nouns.
1st
declension
2nd declension
masculine
a
us
2nd declension 3rd
neuter
declension
m/f
*
um
-------
ae
ī
ī
is
is
ae
ō
ī
am
um
ō
*
um
em
ī
*
--------
ā
ō
ō
e
e
a
e
--------
ae
ī
um
*
a
ēs
------*
a
ārum
ōrum
ōrum
um
um
īs
īs
ibus
ās
ōs
īs
*
a
ēs
ibus
*
a
īs
ae
īs
ī
ī
īs
a
ibus
ēs
ibus
a
Nom
3rd declension
neuter
*
---------
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
1
Voc
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Voc
1
Did you forget how to form the vocative?




Vocative Rule One: The vocative plural is ALWAYS the same as the ___Nom.______ ___Pl._______. No
matter what declension or gender.
Vocative Rule Two: The vocative singular is USUALLY the same as the__Nom_____ _____Sing_______.
Vocative Rule Two Exception A: 2nd declensions that end in –us, change to ___e__.
Vocative Rule Two Exception B: 2nd declensions that end in –ius, change to __i___.
Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015
*What is meant by the rule of the netuer? The nominative and the accusative are always the
same – the NOMINUSATIVE
4th declension
5th declension
Nominative
us
ēs
Genitive
ūs
ei
Dative
ūi
ei
Accusative
um
em
Ablative
ū
ē
Vocative
us
ēs
Nominative
ūs
ēs
Genitive
uum
ērum
Dative
ibus
ēbus
Accusative
ūs
ēs
Ablative
ibus
ēbus
Vocative
ūs
ēs
Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015
3. PRONOUNS – take the place of a noun
Whenever you learn a new pronoun, you learn 30 forms! Each pronoun has a masculine,
feminine, and neuter form in each case. You did a lot of work this year just learning pronouns!
Use the word bank to help you the type of pronoun, and be certain that you can decline each
pronoun in the word bank.
tū/vōs
is, ea, id
hic, haec, hoc
ego/nōs
Demonstrative pronouns:
ille, illa, illud
hic/haec/hoc ille/illa/illud
Personal pronouns:
ego/nōs/tū/vōs/is, ea, id
Relative pronoun:
qui, quae, quod
4. ADJECTIVES – modify nouns
Adjectives, like nouns, have three qualities: number, gender, and case.
Adjectives are that friend who ALWAYS agrees with you. Do you want ketchup on your Chinese
food? So does the adjective modifying you. Do you want to jump off a cliff? So does the
adjective modifying you.

An adjective will ALWAYS agree with the noun that it modifies in what ways?
We have seen two types of adjectives.


First / Second declension adjectives like miser, -a, -um. These are the easiest, because
they decline like 1st and 2nd declension nouns.
Third declension adjectives like fortis, forte or ingens. All third declension adjectives are
i-stems!
You will practice
noun-adjective
agreement in Part III.
Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015
Adjectives have degrees.

To form the comparative adjective, add ior to the base of the positive for the
masculine/feminine form.
 To form the superlative, add issimus to the base of the positive.
o If an adjective ends in –er, form the superlative by adding rimus to the
nominative.
5. PREPOSITIONS – shows relationships (in time or space) between a noun (or pronoun)
and another part of the sentence.
There are about 50 Latin prepositions, but stop worrying. First, English has 150 prepositions
– so suddenly Latin just got a whole lot easier! Second, you only need to know about a
dozen Latin prepositions. Give the English for the prepositions below.
a/ab by/from
cum with
in in/on/into/onto
post after
ad to
dē about/down
from
inter
among/between
pro in front of
ē/ex out of
per through
apud near/at the
house of
prope near
sine without
There is an added twist to prepositions – the object of the preposition (OOP). This will be
discussed more in Part III.
Ablative prepositions: Is it a Sid P Space preposition? Is it part of the ablative cheer? Then it is
followed by an ablative!
cum, ex, ē
IN may be followed by the accusative
or the ablative. Don’t forget that it
means different things with each
case.
sine, pro, prae
in villā – in/on the house
Take the ablatae!
in villam – into/onto the house
Ablative Cheer
Sine
In
Dē
Pro
Sub
Prae
A/ab
Cum
Ē/ex
a, ab, dē,
6. CONJUNCTIONS – a word that joins or connects other words, phrases, or clauses
et and
postquam after
quamquam although
Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015
quod because
sed but
sicut like
7. ADVERBS – modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Cerberus quite loudly barked at the very sleepy cook. (loudly modifies the verb; quite modifies
the adverb; very modifies the adjective)

Some adverbs are formed from adjectives. And – like adjectives – adverb have degrees
quam + superlative adverb = as ____ as possible
parvus canis quam ferocissimē latrat.

Some adverbs are not formed from adjectives. These words were learned as vocabulary.
Make sure you know all of these adverbs! USE YOUR GLOSSARY
cotidiē
iam
num?
saepe
tandem
cūr
igitur
semper
tum
deinde
ita
numqua
m
simulac
ubi
diū
ita vērō
valde
etiam
iterum
paulisper
simulatq
ue
heri
mox
postrīdiē
statim
hodiē
nōn
quam
subitō
hūc
nonne?
quoque
tamen
nunc
Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015
8. VERBS
Translate the following verbs.
amat:
he/she/it loves
he/she/it is loving
he/she/it does love
amābat:
he/she/it was loving
he/she/it used to love
he/she/it began to love
amāvit:
he/she/it loved
he/she/it did love
he/she/it has loved
amāverat:

he/she/it had loved
Learn the imperative!
You already know two examples!
carpe diem! cavē canem!
The imperative is a fancy word for a command
To form the imperative, use the second principal part.
Singular
Plural
1st conjugation
curāre
curā
curāte
2nd conjugation
deridēre
deridē
deridēte
3rd conjugation
frangere
frange
frangite
3rd iō
recipere
recipe
recipite
The negative imperative consists of two words: nōlī / nōlīte + 2nd principal part
___________/___________ + ______ principal part
8
4th conjugation
consentīre
consentī
consentīte
Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015
Part III
Latin is a highly inflected language. Nouns (and adjectives and pronouns) change cases to show
their grammatical use or function. Here are the grammatical reasons for each case.
Names of cases
nominative
____________________
Reason(s) for Case
subject
____________________
predicate nominative/adj – (Linking Verb NEEDED)
____________________
genitive
____________________
dative
____________________
possession
____________________
Indirect object
____________________
Object of special verb (OSV)
____________________
Compound verbs
____________________
accusative
____________________
Direct object
____________________
Object of certain prepositions (OOP)
____________________
Place to which
____________________
ablative
____________________
Object of certain prepositions (OOP)
____________________
Place where
____________________
Place from which
____________________
accompaniment
____________________
vocative
____________________
Direct address
____________________
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Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015

A questionable topic?
But I have a question!
In English, we know that someone is asking a question, because word order is changed.
Sentence: The mother scolds her son.
Question: Does the mother scold her son?
In Latin, word order stays the same, but ne is added to the first word of the sentence to
make a yes or no question.
Sentence: māter fīlium vituperat.
Question: māterne fīlium vituperat?
Latin (and English) can also ask ‘loaded’ questions.
**Surely, you did your homework last night, didn’t you?
**That’s not gum in your mouth, is it?
Give the expected answer (in Latin) to the following questions.
nōnne māter fīlium vituperat? Surely the mother is scolding her son, isn’t she?
num māter fīlium vituperat? Surely the mother isn’t scolding her son, is she?

Noun/Adjective agreement
Give the correct form of laetus,a,um and crudelis, crudele to describe the underlined noun.
Happy
Cruel
1. ancilla fēlēm sacerdotum _____ nōn amat.
laetōrum
crudelium
2. cīvēs _____ leōnēs spectant.
laetī
crudelēs
3. Grumiō ancillae _____ basium dedit.
laetae
crudelī
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Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015
4. mercator cum feminā _____ ambulāvit.
laetā
crudelī
5. Quīntus _____ erat.
laetus
crudelis
6. Quīntus operīs _____ pecuniam dedit.
laetīs
crudelibus
7. Quīntus vinum _____ bibit.
laetum
crudele
8. Salvius ancillās _____ vituperāvit.
laetās
crudelēs
9. Salvius servo _____ cibum non dedit.
laetō
crudelī
10. servus ē vīllā Salviī _____ effugit.
laetī
crudelis
Practice Sentences
The final section contains English to Latin translation. This is the best way to make sure that you
truly know the grammar. Don’t be surprised if you make some mistakes – English to Latin
translation is difficult. The trick is to engage your brain in the process. Don’t treat this as a
vocabulary exercise – it is a grammar exercise. The answers are online. If you have difficulty
accessing the Internet at home, your teacher will ensure that you have the time to check your
work at school.
Section I
1. We wanted to inspect the fields and slaves.
2. It is easy for the ships to sail across the sea.
3. Are you (singular) able to save the king?
http://safeshare.tv/w/RCAPGpHiII
Section II
1. The sons of chieftains were approaching the priest of the goddess.
2. I am in charge of everything.
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Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015
3. It is not proper for a slave to block a freedman.
4. No one pleases Salvius.
http://safeshare.tv/w/gmXuCUZdwu
Section III
1.
2.
3.
4.
The flowers, which the queen gave Quintus, were very beautiful.
The craftsmen of the king, who killed the slave, had built the temples.
The waves, in which Plotina died, submerged the ship of the sailor.
The wagon, which the horse drags, carries wounded soldiers.
http://safeshare.tv/w/KYTSJmVkvC
Section IV
1. It is better for you to flee.
2. The smallest lion is more fierce than the angriest man.
3. The most wretched husband gave money to his rather tired wife.
http://safeshare.tv/w/nGAwcFiDAh
Section V
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Those young men hurry to the city. It is large.
Yesterday, that crowd filled these streets.
This doctor grabbed that sponge. He placed it in the wound.
The foolish man spoke to himself.
The god himself spoke these words to me.
http://safeshare.tv/w/tYvLTBJYmh
Section VI
1. The citizen bringing the crocodile was my best friend.
2. We saw the dog taking food out of the kitchen.
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Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015
3. You (pl) gave nothing to the woman seeking justice.
4. The old man saw his mother sitting in the atrium.
5. We were able to hear the voices of the shouting sailors.
http://safeshare.tv/w/QrcXegzgtl
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