In Accelerated Biology Test
Reproduction
Protein Synthesis, Gene Regulation, Sexual
Test: Wednesday 4/30/14
Study Guide:
Protein Synthesis and Gene Regulation:
1. Transcribe and translate the DNA sequence below:
3’
TACCGGACCTGAAGT
5’
2. Now identify a mutation that could occur that would be:
a. Silent:
b. Nonsense:
c. Insertion without a frameshift:
d. Deletion with a frameshift:
3. Diagram/describe how the cell undergoes the process of transcription. (vocab: promoter,
transcription factor, RNA polymerase, mRNA, nucleus, cap, tail, intron, exon)
4. Diagram/describe how the cell undergoes the process of translation (vocab: tRNA, ribosome,
amino acid, codon, anticodon, initiation, elongation, termination)
5. Beta cells produce insulin. In a functional beta cell, what would the role of transcription factors
be?
6. Embryonic stem cells must shut off production of the protein cyclin in order to halt their cell
cycles as they begin to differentiate. What is RNAi and what role might it play?
Gene regulation and genetic engineering in bacteria:
1. What is a plasmid?
2. How is a plasmid used in biotechnology? What role does heat shock play?
3. What is an operon? What did it allow us to see in our lab?
4. Why did we have 4 plates in our lab?
a. What if we hadn’t seen bacteria grow on the LB plate?
b. What if we had seen bacteria on the –pGLO and arabinose plates?
c. What if nothing grew on either of the +pGLO without arabinose or the +pGLO with
arabinose?
5. Why is it important to be able to use bacteria to produce eukaryotic genes?
Meiosis and Reproduction:
1. What is the ultimate source of variation?
2. What are 3 ways that meiosis shuffles mutations?
3. What are homologous chromosomes? Sister chromatids?
4. What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells? Can you give example(s) of each in
animals and plants?
5. Identify the importance of:
a. Meiosis I:
b. Meiosis II:
6. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis (see handout from class):
Reproduction:
1. Sketch a perfect flower.
2. Plants can reproduce using vegetative propagation (ex. Potatoes grow “eyes” or stems which
eventually grow into a potato plant). Why do plants bother to use energy to produce flowers?
3. Some plants have elaborate flowers. Others have more like simple tassels. Some plants are
pollinated by wind. Others by insects. Explain the connection between types of flowers and
mode of pollination.
4. What is the difference between cross-pollination and self-pollination? Why must plants try to
avoid self-pollination?
5. What plant part is most similar to the male testis? Explain why?
6. What is the name for both the plant organ and human organ where ovum (eggs) are produced?
In plants, what is the role of the fruit?
7. Hormones control reproduction in animals.
a. What hormones are common in males and females? Where are they produced and what
do they control?
b. What hormone controls sexual reproduction in males? Where is it produced and what
are its effects?
c. What is are the roles of estrogen and progesterone in the female reproductive cycle?
Are they at constant levels throughout the cycle?
8. Fertilization and development:
Egg + sperm  zygote  blastula  gastrula  embryo
Describe/sketch each of the stages of development above.
During the gastrula, differentiation occurs. Cells form 3 distinct layers, identify types of tissues
that develop from each layer:
Endoderm—
Mesoderm—
Ectoderm—
9. What is a karyotype? How an it be used to identify sex? How can it be used to identify
chromosomal mutations?