ECOLOGY REVIEWER 5
MUTUALISM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
What is mutualism? –when 2 organisms benefit from one another
What are the two types of mutualism? Differentiate. –obligate and facultative
What are the parties involved in plant mutualism? –plant and animal
What are two benefits that the plants get from this? –nitorgen fixation & pollination
How do mycorrhizae and plants exhibit mutualism? –mycorhizae covers plant roots
How does nutrient availability affect the relationship of plants and mycorrhizae? –mycorrhizae
provides better nutrient absorption
How do ants and thorn acacias exhibit mutualism? – plant give protection by attacking foreign
species acacias bigger horns provide bigger shelter for ants
What is the living space of ants in the acacia? - thorns
What is the source of sugar and liquid in acacias? –enlarged foliar nectaries
These are leaflet tips modified into concentrated food sources, source of oil and proteinsbeltian bodies
Hard carbonate exoskeletons of coral reefs –nematocyst?
Reef-building corals depend on a mutualistic relationship with? –zooxanthallae
How do corals and zooxanthalae exhibit mutualism? – carbon fixation and shelter
What are approaches in modeling of mutualism? – mod of lotka-volterra and cost benefit
analysis
A population can be mutualistic if? – fitness of mutualistic orgs are greater than fitness of
nonmutualistic orgs
Who formulated this? - keeler
How do the honeybadger and honeyguide exhibit mutualism? –honeyguide guides honeybadger
to honey badge eat some, honeyguide eats some
Three variables that decrease as distance to nest as decrease for honey guides. –time bird stays
out, distance bet stops, height of perch otw to nest
Feeding relationship is an interaction among? -communities
What is a food web? –intricate picture of how animals eat
What is direct interaction? Indirect interaction? – direct: no intermediate,
What is commensalism? Indirect commensalism? 1 benefits, other nothing. One benefits
through intermediate
What is an example of an indirect commensalism? Beaver and beetle
What is apparent competitions? 1 facilitates pop of other
Describe the relationship between the B. nigra and N. pulchra. Pulchra decreased density of
nigra bec its used as shade of animals (pulchra)
Compare and contrast the dominant and keystone species. Dom: high biomass keystone:
feeding of few species affect others
What can keystone species do to the number of species in a community? –when they are
nonexistent community is greatly affected
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
What are keystone predators? Control number of others
What are keystone modifiers? Modify ecosystem
What are mutualistic keystones? Orgs that part in mutualistic rel, loss impacts eco
What is coral bleaching? – loss of intracellular symbionts
How do invasive ant species affect seed dispersal? –prevents dispersal by shooing away ants
Explain why pollination is a mutualistic behavior. –bees get food fr nectar, pollens distributed
On whom is the fig tree dependent? Fig wasp
Explain the Ant-hemipterans mutualism. Ant eat plant eating predator, hemip sustain ant pop
How are humans keystone species? - hunting
EVOLUTION
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
What is evolutionary biology? Concerned w/ evo processes that prod diversity
What are adaptations?
What is evolution in a long term perspective?
What is the evolutionary theory?
What is variation?
What is natural selection?
What is genetic drift?
What is gene flow?
What is speciation?
What is the history of evolution?
What is the theory of evolution?
What are the two encompassing goals of evolutionary biology? Subdisciplines, perspectives
What are the eight subfields of evolutionary biology?
a. Behavioral, devt, eco, genetics, paleontology, physio & morpho, human evo, mol evo
50. What are the three perspectives that entail the study of evolution?
a. Chance and necessity, variation, biological diversity
51. What is mosaic evolution? Diff char evolve at diff rates
COMMUNITY
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
What is a community? Various spp in 1 location
What are the characteristics of a community?
What are biomes? – specified area
What is the largest major community? -biosphere
When can species diversity be low? In phys controlled systems
What are the two components of species diversity? – varietal and evenness
58. Stratification in aquatic systems is a function of what? Terrestrial ecosystems? –physic chemical.
biotic
59. What is an ecotone? Transition bet 2 terrestrial comm
60. What is the major factor affecting horizontal stratification? Climate diff and dispersion patterns
61. What is periodicity? Regular changes by cyclic changes
62. What are the three types of rhythms? Seasonal, daily-circadian, lunar
63. What is ecological succession? –processes of changes over time
64. What are the components of ecological succession? – colonization, site mod, species
replacement
65. What is a sere? Seral stage? – whole progression of communities into complex and stable
community. Each devt phase
66. Differentiate primary and secondary succession. -1: begins in sterile area no prev influence, 2:
begins where prev influence are preset
67. Differentiate heterotrophic and autotrophic succession. –early dom of hetero (e max at start),
early and continued dom of auto
68. What are the characteristics of ecological succession?
BIODIVERISTY
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
What is biodiversity in the most general sense?
What is species diversity? – evenness and density
What is genetic diversity? – abundance in number of genes
What is ecosystem diversity? Var of spp w/in dif ecosys & var of ecosys in biosphere
Four reasons why biodiversity is important? Consumptive & non,
Six major reasons for biodiversity loss with humans as factors
a. Habitat loss, introduced spp, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change, industrial
agriculture and forestry
75. Give 5 ways of preventing biodiversity loss
a. Respect for comm, improve quality of life, conserve biodiv, keeping carrying cap, change
attitude and practice
HABITAT STUDIES
76.
77.
78.
79.
What are the five objectives of habitat studies?
What are the three levels of analysis in habitat studies? 1st, 2nd, 3rd
Differentiate abundance from density. Abundance: number, density: abundance within area
What is the mathematical formula that describes relative population density? Dens of spp i over
dens of all spp x 100
80. Mathematical model for the frequency of a certain species. no. of occurrence/ tot no of
quadrats X 100
81. What is biomass? Weight of indiv useful
82. What is coverage? Prop of groung occupied by perpendicular projection
PREDATION, HERBIVORY and PARASITISM
83. What is exploitation? 84. Differentiate herbivory, predation and parasitism.
85. What is a parasitoid?
86. What is a pathogen?
87. How do acanthocephalans affect amphipods?
88. What is a cystacanth?
89. What is phototaxis?
90. What is a rosette stage?
91. Predators, parasites and pathogens influence what parameters? (4)
92. How does Helicopsyche affect algae?
93. What are the dominant herbivores in a three dimensional framework
94. What is the relationship of Lynx and hare?
95. What is the sunspot hypothesis?
96. What follows periods of high population growth? (3)
97. What legendary ability do hares have?
98. What type of functional response occurs in lynx towards hares?
99. When do coyotes kill more hares depending on prey population?
100.
How are predator and prey populations related in general?
101.
What is a refuge?
102.
How does the addition of a refuge affect prey and predator population?
103.
What are the kinds of refuge? Give examples of each.
104.
What effect does high prey density on prey population?
105.
What is predator satiation?
POPULATION GENETICS AND NATURAL SELECTION
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
What is survival of the fittest?
What are the four points of natural selection?
How did the change in site affect the height of Pottentilla glandulosa?
What is an ecotype?
What does RAPD mean?
For Sauromalus spp., how is elevation related to ave. rainfall and food?
What is the Hardy Weinberg equation?
The sum of all possible outcomes is always?
What are the five criteria for the Hardy-Weinberg Equation to hold true?
What is the stabilizing selection? What is its graph?
What is the directional selection? What is its graph?
What is the disruptive selection? What is its graph?
What is heritability?
119.
120.
Two factors affecting phenotypic variance?
What does it mean when heritability is 1? 0?
SPECIES INTERACTION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
121.
122.
123.
What is a tide pool?
What are emergent habitats?
Differentiate the direct and indirect influence of exotic species.
SPECIES DIVERISTY AND ABUNDANCE
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
What is a guild?
How is heterogeneity related to species diversity?
What is the main factor for the growth of terrestrial plants?
What two factors contribute to environmental complexity?
What are the two ways in organizing tropical rain forest diversity?
What is the implication of the coexistence of tall trees and understory structures?
How does tree elevation affect avian diversity?
What type of disturbance promotes high diversity?
What is a disturbance?
What effect does no disturbance have to the diversity?
Why is intermediate disturbance optimal for species diversity?
Give two examples of human disturbance.