Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________ Class: ____________
Body Systems Notes
NEW
o
Ligaments- Straps of dense connective tissue that bridges a joint, connects bone to bone
I.
Skeletal System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQedanwEfHY
1. Role of skeletal system is to:
supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves,
and provides a site for blood cell formation
2. Bone Marrow: Red marrow is a major site of BLOOD CELL production
3. Bone Tissue: Bone tissue first forms in an EMBRYO, where many bones are constructed on
CARTILAGE
4.
Part
Cartilage
Ligaments
Role
- Dense CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Bones form on CARTILAGE
deposits and in time REPLACE
most of them
-Cartilage imparts shape to the
EAR, NOSE and other parts
-It PROTECTS ND CUSIONS
between bones
- It connects the JOINTS and
BONE of the VERTEBRAL
COLUMN, and elsewhere
-
Straps of dense
CONNECTIVE tissue
It bridges a JOINT,
Diagram
connects BONE to BONE
Tendons
-
A CORD or BAND of
dense, TOUGH
fibrous tissue,
serving to connect
MUSCLE to BONE
Bones
-
Provides PROTECTION
Provides a CARBON
surface in which
CARTILAGE can grow
Joints
-
Most important to
MOVEMENT
Articulation at which
BONES connect
-
5. The skeletal system is a site of BLOOD cell formation
II.
Muscular System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfybiirlurc
Type of Muscle
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
-
-
Smooth Muscle
-
Role
Main tissue of MUSCLES
attached to BONES
Functions in maintaining
POSTURE and in moving the
body and its assorted parts
Contracts RADIDLY
Voluntary CONSTRACTIONS
Located in the wall of the
STOMACH, LUNGS, and
other SOFT organs of
vertanrates
Diagram

-
-
Cardiac Muscle
-
Not STRAITED (marked with
bands of fibers)
Contractions are SLOWER
than in skeletal muscle but
can be MAINTAINED for
longer
INVOLUNTARY contractions
a CONSTRACTILE tissue
present only in the HEART
INVOLUNTARY contractions
Not as evenly STRAITED as
skeletal muscle tissue
6. Label the above
7. Bones produce BLOOD cells.
III.
Nervous System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCOZ0N8fMAQ
The nerves communicate with electrochemical signals, hormones circulate through the blood, and some
cells produce signals to communicate only with nearby cells.
1. The nervous system CONTROLS AND CORDINATES functions throughout the body and
responds to internal and external STIMULI
2. Messages carried by the nervous system are ELECTRICAL signals called IMPULSES
3. The cells that transmit these impulses are called NEURONS
4. Neurons can be classified into 3 types according to the DIRECTION in which an impulse
travels
 . SENSORY
 .MOTOR
 .INTERNEURONS
5. The largest part of a typical neuron is the CELL BODY
 Spreading out from the body are short, branched extensions called DENDRITES
 The long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body is called the AXON

Label the parts below
6. A nerve impulse begins when a neuron is STIMULATED by another neuron or by its
ENVIRONEMENT
Part of The
Nervous System
Brain
Roles
-
-
the main
switching
area of the
CNS
helps to relay
MESSAGES
processes
INFO
analyzes
INFOR
The brain
consists of
the
CEREBRUM,
CEREBELLUM
, BRAIN
STEM
Label Diagram
-
-
-
Spinal Cord
-
-
The
cerebrum is
the LARGEST
part of the
brain. It is
the
THINKING
part of the
brain. It
controls
VOLUNTARY
movement
The
Cerebellum
controls
BALANCE,
MOVEMENT
and
CORDINATIO
N
The brain
stem
controls
BREATHING,
DIGESTION,
CIRCULATIO
N
The major
NERVE
pathway to
and from the
BRAIN
Certain
kinds of
information,
such as
REFLEXES,
are
processed
directly in
the spinal
cord
Sensory
Neurons
carry impulses from
the SENSE organs to
the SPINAL CORD
and BRAIN
Motor Neurons
carry impulses from
the BRAIN and the
SPINAL CORD to
muscles and glands
Interneurons
-
connect
SENSORY
and MOTOR
neurons and
carry
IMPULSES
between
them
Neurotransmitte
r
-
chemicals
that are used
to “send
MESSAGES”
(continue
impulses)
from one
neuron to
the next
NEURONS
-
-
Neurotransm
itters are
released
from AXON
endings of
neurons and
travel to
target cells
by diffusing
across a tiny
SYNAPTIC
CLEFT
between
them
Synapse- the
SPACE
between 2
neurons.
-
Hypothalamus
-
-
Portion of
the brain
responsible
for
HORMONE
productions
The
hypothalamu
s has both
ENDOCRINE
and
NERVOUS
functions.
-
-
IV.
-
The Endocrine system refers to the collection of GLANDS of an organism
that secrete HORMONES directly into the CIRCULATORYY system to be carried toward a
distant target ORGAN
The nervous system communication DIFFERS from endocrine system communication
The nervous system uses ELECTRICAL signals for communication, whereas the endocrine system
uses HORMONES
Paralysis occurs due to an INTERUPTION in transmission of electrochemical signals from the
brain to muscle cells
Endocrine System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4GikWwQ
The endocrine system provides the production of HORMONES through GLANDS
Like most systems of the body, the endocrine system is regulated by feedback mechanisms that
function to maintain HOMEOSTASIS (internal stability)
Hormones are CHEMICAL MESSAGES that travel through the bloodstream and affect the
BEHAVIOR of other cells
V.
Excretory System
- Describe how the kidneys and the liver are closely associated with the circulatory system as they
perform the excretory function of removing waste from the blood. Recognize that kidneys
remove nitrogenous wastes, and the liver removes many toxic compounds from blood.
- The kidneys and the liver are closely associated with the CIRCULATORY system as they perform
the excretory function of removing TOXINS from the blood.
- Kidney- removes NITROGENOUS wastes, UREA, excess WATER, and other waste products from
the blood and passes them to the URETHRA then into the BLADDER
- Liver- removes TOXIC compounds from the BLOOD
- The PITUATARY gland (located in the brain) can release a HORMONE into the bloodstream that
signals target cells in the kidneys to absorb more WATER
REVIEW
-
VI.
Homeostasis:
Body systems interact to maintain homeostasis.
Homeostasis: the ability for the body to maintain STABLE internal living condition
Example: A person who is cold, shivers to generate body heat. To maintain homeostasis, the
following body systems interact: NERVOUS, MUSCULAR, CIRCULATORY,
- Example: a person SWEATS to cool the body down
VII.
Digestion:
- The role of digestion: generally the digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines, rectum) converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules
that can be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth.
Part of System
Roles
Label
Mouth
Chewing begins the process of mechanical digestion,
breaking the food into smaller pieces. While you
chew, digestive enzymes begin to break down food
molecules into smaller molecules known as chemical
digestion.
Pharynx
the first place the food enters once it is swallowed. It
is the space located before the esophagus begins
Esophagus
Stomach
Esophagus- the food tube into the stomach.
 Stomach- The esophagus
empties the chewed food
into a large muscular sac
called the stomach. The
stomach is lined with millions
of microscopic gastric glands
which release substances
into the stomach.
Hydrochloric acid is released,
making the stomach very
acidic. This acid activates an
enzyme called pepsin and
the combination of the two
begins the process of protein
digestion.
Small Intestine
Small intestine- location where most chemical
digestion takes place. As the food enters the small
intestine from the stomach, it mixes with enzymes
and digestive fluids from the pancreas, liver and the
lining of the small intestine. The small intestine
rapidly absorbs nutrients from the folded surfaces of
Large Intestine
the small intestine called villi = increases surface
area.
Large intestine- removes water from the undigested
material that is left, compacts wastes.
Rectum
-
Rectum- solid waste is stored in the rectum until it is
excreted via the anus.
Label the parts of the digestive system
VIII.
Circulatory System
- The circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes cell wastes.
Part of System
Heart
Roles
The Heart- composed of
almost entirely of muscle and
contracts roughtly 72 times a
minute. On each side of the
heart are two chambers. The
atrium receives the blood and
the ventricle pumps blood out
Draw
x
Arteries
Capillaries
Red Blood Cells
Alveoli
of the heart. The heart pumps
blood from the heart to the
lungs known as pulmonary
circulation. The oxygen-rich
blood is pumped to the rest of
the body is a pathway called
systemic circulation.
Arteries- composed of large
vessels that carry blood AWAY
from the heart to the tissues of
the body.
Capillaries- the smallest of the
blood vessels. They are the
side streets and alleys for the
circulatory system and bring
nutrients and oxygen to the
tissues and absorb carbon
dioxide and other waste
products.
Veins- Returns blood to the
heart = carries CO2 away from
tissues to the lungs to be
expelled.
Red Blood Cells- transport
oxygen within the circulatory
system = hemoglobin protein
attached to the RBC which
carries the oxygen atoms.
-
-
Site of gas exchange
into and out of blood
O2 goes in
CO2 exits
The primary function of the heart:
o to pump DEOXYGENATED blood to the lungs
 Arteries take blood AWAY from the heart
 The AORTA is the largest
 Veins take blood TOWARDS the heart
 The VENA CAVA is the largest
 The superior vena cava delivers blood from ABOVE the heart
 The inferior vena cava delivers blood from BELOW the heart
o To pump OXYGENATED blood to the rest of the body
o To maintain HOMEOSTASIS when exercising (more blood is pumped to provide more
OXYGEN, which is used to create energy in the form of ATP)
-
IX.
HEMOGLOBIN is the protein on red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen
Oxygen is needed for CELLULAR respiration and the creation of ENERGY helps carry oxygen in
the blood
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Explain how the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli) provides exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide.


The process by which O2 and CO2 are exchanged between cells, the blood, and air in the lungs.
The respiratory system consists of the:
Gas Exchange. Oxygen dissolves in the moisture on the inner surface of the alveoli and then
diffuses across the thin-walled capillaries into the blood. Carbon dioxide in the bloodstream
diffuses in the opposite direction, across the membrane of an alveolus and into the bloodstream
to be carried to the lungs and then released.
Part of System
Nose
Pharynx
Roles
entrance of air. Large dust
particles get trapped by the
hairs.
passageway for both air and
food, area located above the
trachea and esophagus.
Larynx
contains two highly elastic
folds of tissue known as the
vocal cords. Moving air causes
the cords to vibrate and
produce sounds. The ability
to speak comes from these
tissues
Trachea
lets air move from the throat
to the lungs leading to the
thoracic chest cavity where it
divides into the right and left
bronchi. A piece of cartilage
called the epiglottis covers
the entrance to the trachea
when you swallow preventing
food from traveling down
your trachea.
Bronchi
consist of two large
Label
Alveoli
passageways in the chest
cavity. Each one leads to one
of the lungs. Within each lung,
the large bronchi subdivides
into smaller bronchi, which
lead to even smaller
passageways called
bronchioles
The bronchioles continue to
subdivide until they reach a
series of dead ends-millions of
tiny air sacs called alveoli.
Alveoli contain many
capillaries in the thin walls
that surround each of them.
-
Pathway of air: NOSE, PHARYNX, LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI, LUNGS
-
During exercise, breathing rate INCREASES to supply more OXYGEN to the MUSCLESto create
ENERGY. O2 is taken in more rapidly and CO2is released.
A high level of CO2 causes breath rate to increase
-
OPEN RESPONSE:
3. The heart is part of the circulatory system.
a. Describe the primary function of the heart.
TO PUMP DEOXYGENATED BLOOD TO LUNGS
TO PUMP OXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE REST OF THE BODY
Medical researchers are working on developing artificial hearts. Three of the many requirements for the
design of an artificial heart are listed below.



An artificial heart must connect to the pulmonary artery (artery connected to the lungs).
An artificial heart must connect to the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava (large veins).
An artificial heart must be able to function at different speeds when a person is exercising and is
at rest.
b. Describe how each of the requirements listed above would help the body of an individual with
an artificial heart function normally.
PULMONARY ARTERY TAKES BLOOD AWAY TO THE LUNGS TO GET OXYGENATED
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA TAKES OXYGENATED BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART TO THE PARTS
OF THE BODY ABOVE THE HEART
INFERIOR VENA CAVA TAKES OXYGENATED BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART TO THE PARTS
OF THE BODY BELOW THE HEART
THIS ALLOWS FOR HOMEOSTASIS. MORE ENERGY IS NEEDED FOR MORE ACTIVITY. THIS
ENERGY IS PROVIDED THROUGH CELLULAR RESPIRATION, WHICH REQUIRES OXYGEN.
12. Reporting Category: Anatomy and Physiology
Standard: 4.4 - Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons)
mediates communication between different parts of the body and the body's interactions with the
environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and explain generally how it
works.
Several parts of the human nervous system are listed below.
-
-
Brain: the main switching area of the central nervous system helps to relay messages, process
information, and analyze information. The brain consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and
brain stem
motor neurons- carry impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands
sensory neurons- carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain
spinal cord- the major nerve pathway to and from the brain. Certain kinds of information, such
as reflexes, are processed directly in the spinal cord.
A person sees a ball and kicks it, in part because of actions of the nervous system. Using the parts of
the nervous system listed, describe the path of nerve impulses that cause the person to (1) see the
ball and (2) kick the ball.
THE PERSON SEES THE BALL. SENSORY NEURONS BRINGS THIS MESSAGE TO THE BRAIN. THE
BRAIN PROCESSES THIS INFORMATION. MOTOR NEURONS SEND MESSAGES TO KICK THE BALL TO
THE LEG. ALL OF THE COMMUNICATION OF NERVE IMPUSES TRAVEL THROUGH THE SPINAL CORD.
19. The diagram below shows parts of the human respiratory system.
a. Identify the part of the respiratory system that functions to exchange gases between the
respiratory system and the circulatory system. ALVEOLI
b. Describe in detail how gases are exchanged between the respiratory system and the circulatory
system in the part of the respiratory system you identified in part (a).
c. Select two other parts of the respiratory system labeled in the diagram. Describe the function
of each of the parts you selected.
21. The illustrations below show a smooth muscle cell and a skeletal muscle cell.
a. Identify one location where smooth muscle is found in the human body and whether smooth
muscle is under voluntary or involuntary control.
Identify one location where skeletal muscle is found in the human body and whether skeletal muscle is
under voluntary or involuntary control. The third type of muscle in the human body is cardiac muscle.
c. Identify whether cardiac muscle is more similar to smooth muscle or skeletal muscle.
Provide two reasons to support your answer.
b.
27. The nervous system interacts with other body systems to maintain homeostasis.
a. Describe how the nervous and respiratory systems interact to maintain homeostasis when a
person exercises. Explain how this interaction maintains homeostasis.
b. Describe how the nervous and muscular systems interact to maintain homeostasis when a
person’s body temperature drops. Explain how this interaction maintains body temperature.
28.
The digestive enzymes in the table function in some organs to perform the chemical digestion of food.
The major organs of the digestive system are the esophagus, large intestine, mouth, pharynx, small
intestine, and stomach.
a. List these six organs in the order in which food passes through them.
b. Identify which of these organs is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested
food.
c. Describe the functions of two of the organs listed other than the one you identified in part (b).
43. The diagram below shows the digestive system of an earthworm.
a. Identify three digestive organs in the earthworm that are also found in the human body.
b. Describe the function that each organ you identified in part (a) has in the human body.
c.
56. When a person exercises, the rate of cellular respiration increases to supply the body with more
energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondria require oxygen to carry out cellular respiration.
Describe how the respiratory, circulatory, and muscular systems interact to transport a molecule of
oxygen from the air to a mitochondrion. Be sure to discuss all three systems in your response.