Analysis: Syria and the regional food chain
Photo: Duraid Ahmed/IRIN
Food prices in Iraq rose nearly 8 percent between 2011 and 2012
Some Arab countries depend on food exports from or through Syria
Production and exports have slowed due to violence
Food prices have risen in Iraq, Jordan and parts of Turkey
Exporters are finding alternative routes
DUBAI, 18 October 2012 (IRIN) - The Syrian crisis has disrupted food imports and exports in the region, raising food
prices in Jordan, Iraq and Turkey, but governments have so far been able to contain the impact on consumers by
finding new trade routes and absorbing some of the increased cost, according to food vendors, truck drivers and
analysts.
Arab countries import at least half of the food they consume, according to the World Bank, with trade moving from
agricultural breadbaskets such as Turkey, Lebanon and Syria to more arid countries such as Jordan, Iraq and the
Gulf countries.
Before the crisis, Syrian farmers were suppliers of vegetables, fruit and other food products – exporting nearly 2
million tons of vegetable products and 212,000 tons of animal products in 2010, according to the Syrian Central
Bureau of Statistics. Up to one fifth of that went to Turkey and Iraq alone, according to Ayesha Sabavala, a Syria
analyst with the Economist Intelligence Unit.
But as the conflict drags on, exports are slowing, with violence reducing agricultural production, shutting down
businesses, and disrupting trade routes.
“The fighting has prevented food supplies from crossing into other countries,” Sabavala told IRIN. “A lot of the
transportation infrastructure has been hit quite badly. Even though there are some regions that are continuing to
produce things like bread, transporting them to the rest of the country is proving to be a challenge.”
Syria is also a thoroughfare for many trade routes in the region, now hampered by insecure border crossings,
sometimes the scene of clashes between government and opposition forces.
More than 300,000 Syrians who have flooded into neighbouring countries have also increased the demand for food in
local markets.
Iraq: imports down; potential destabilization
At one of the main food markets in the Iraqi capital Baghdad, 51-year-old Muhammad al-Noaimy is selling potatoes
and onions at twice their usual price.
“The situation in Syria has reduced business between both countries. The expenses of trucks that bring in the food
have increased because of the bad security. The border is a problem,” he told IRIN.
Before the Syrian conflict, Iraq used to receive one third of Syria’s exports; bilateral trade between the two countries
topped US$4 billion in 2010.
But Al-Qa’im border crossing, one of the major supply routes across the Middle East, has been closed to commercial
traffic for more than a year, and in the past few months, the other two crossings - Al-Waleed southward and Rabi’a up
north - have been closed repeatedly, making the arrival of Syrian merchandise unpredictable.
Food prices in Iraq increased by 1.2 percent between August and September 2012, an increase of 7.8 percent over
the year, according to the Iraqi Central Organization for Statistics. It noted a particular increase in the cost of yoghurt,
cheese, eggs and fruit.
“The crisis in Syria is the main reason for the increase in the price of fruit and vegetables in Iraq,” said Jabar Obaid, a
member of the Iraqi parliament’s agricultural committee.
Sultan Shehab has been driving the Syria-Iraq route for seven years with his truck.
“It is not an easy job but it’s also good money. After what started in my country and the violence, my job became
risky.”
He said drivers have had to adapt their route - sometimes taking longer, harder routes through Iraq or Jordan, or
having to wait in Iraq for days until the border re-opens - “it all depends on how the security situation is on that day.”
Iraq is increasingly turning to Turkey, Iran and Jordan for food imports, and securing wheat and rice from a more
diversified set of countries.
So far, prices of staple items have been mostly stable in the region because of subsidies by governments, said Abeer
Etefa, senior public information officer for the Near East at the UN World Food Programme (WFP).
“What people pay for the food may not increase, but it is eating into government budgets,” warned Monika Tothova,
an economist at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Jordan: refugees increase demand
Although most fruit and vegetables are still available in the Jordanian capital Amman, shopkeepers complain that
vegetable imports from Syria have dropped, leading prices to soar.
"Prices normally go up in summer, especially with Ramadan and expatriates returning to Jordan, but never like this,”
Abu Ali, a fruit seller in east Amman, told IRIN in September. “I used to buy a box of cauliflower for three Jordanian
dinars, but this summer it has gone up as high as 14. This is insane!”
According to a report by the Jordanian Department of Statistics, the price of vegetables rose by 32.1 percent between
July 2011 and July 2012.
The government has blamed the surge in demand on the arrival of - by its count - 200,000 Syrian refugees (only
105,000 are registered or awaiting registration with the UN Refugee Agency as of early October), heavily increasing
the demand for food.
"I have so many customers walking into my shop. I would say it is a 20 percent increase with so many Syrians living
here now,” said Khaled Ahmad, a shopkeeper in Mafraq, a border town now home tens of thousands of Syrians.
“The refugees put a lot of pressure on the regional system,” Tothova, the FAO economist, told IRIN.
But analysts warn it is difficult to isolate the Syrian crisis as the cause of the rising prices, which could also be linked
to rising food prices globally. The shortages are also linked to a poor vegetable harvest in Jordan this year, owing to
an especially hot and dry summer. Jordan’s limited production has also increasingly been exported to Iraq and the
Gulf, to help fill the gap left by decreasing Syrian exports, according to Ahmad Murad, a vegetable seller in west
Amman.
Turkey: higher prices along the border
Turkey closed its Syrian border to commercial traffic in
July.
Nationally, food prices in Turkey have remained stable,
but in the border regions, some food normally imported
from Syria has quadrupled in price, according to Veysel
Ayhan, a professor at Abant Izzet Baysal University,
whose think-tank, the International Middle East Peace
Research Center (IMPR), has just published a report on
the economic impact of the Syrian crisis in the border
region.
One kilogram of meat, for example, has risen from five
Turkish lira ($2.77) before the crisis to 20 now, in the
southern Turkish province of Hatay, Ayhan told IRIN. Tea,
sugar and olive oil are also far more expensive.
Photo: Heba Aly/IRIN
Turkish sanctions on Syrian oil have also had an impact,
he said. Oil needed for tractors and water pumps has
become unaffordable for many farmers, who have had to
reduce their wheat production. As a result, family incomes
have dropped.
Prices in Turkey’s main cities Istanbul and Ankara have not yet been
affected by the Syrian crisis
Exports of lemons, apples and other products from Hatay to Syria have also dropped by 75 percent, IMEPR found.
Neighbouring Gaziantep province’s $120 million trade with Syria “is finished”, Ayhan added.
According to Oytun Orhan, Middle East researcher at the Turkish Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies
(ORSAM), national trade has remained steady, with exports somehow finding a route. But transportation costs have
more than tripled, Ayhan said.
In Hatay, the impact has been much more severe.
“People have started selling their houses, their cars,” Ayhan told IRIN. “Within six or seven months, the situation in
the Antakya area [Hatay Province] will be very difficult. Many will migrate to Mersin and other parts of Turkey to try to
earn a living.”
As tensions between Turkey and Syria rise, analysts warn that this could lead to more price shocks.
Lebanon: exports down
The vast majority of Lebanon's agricultural exports are normally routed through Syria by land to the Arab region, with
Iraq receiving items like apples and onions, according to vendors there.
At the Masna’a crossing between Lebanon and Syria, Turkish and Lebanese trucks can be seen lining up at the
checkpoint as usual. A 15-year veteran driver who declined to give his name said there were no problems on his
Damascus-Beirut route, except for delays at Syrian customs.
The route is still functional and has even seen its traffic increase thanks to the opening of a new ferry line between
Tripoli in Lebanon and Mersin in Turkey (near northern Syria), meant to reroute traffic outside of some of Syria’s more
dangerous areas.
Still, Lebanese media have reported trucks being seized, looted, or shot at; as well as protests by agricultural
exporters about insecurity on the routes. Many insurance companies have reportedly ceased cover for convoys
passing through Syria, while those that still provide insurance have raised their fees substantially.
Several closures of the main border crossings between Syria and Lebanon, as well as gunfire and looting, have
affected exports.
Lebanese exports have dropped, from $2.2 billion in the second quarter of 2011 to $1.78 billion over the same period
this year, according to the Lebanese Customs Department.
But until now, the impact has been limited: “For the moment at least, I am not seriously concerned about the
livelihoods of Lebanese farmers,” Solange Matta-Saddé, FAO assistant representative in Lebanon, told IRIN.
The Lebanese government is setting up a new maritime route for farmers to ship their produce by ferry from Beirut to
Jordan or Egypt, in order to bypass Syria.