AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VOCATIVE EXPRESSION TRANSLATION USED IN THE MOVIE
ENTITLED “UP” INTO INDONESIAN LANGUAGE BASED ON TRANSLATION PROCEDURES
Yuni Fitriyani (09220347)
unie_aozora@yahoo.com
English Education Study Program Language and Arts Department
STKIP Siliwangi Bandung
ABSTRACT
The objectives of the research entitled “An Analysis of English Vocative Expression Translation Used in the Movie
Entitled UP into Indonesian Language Based on Translation Procedures” were to find out the total numbers of the
vocative expressions used in the movie and to find out the total numbers of translation procedures that the translator
used in translating the vocative expressions. The research method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative
method. The instrument of the research was the script of “UP” movie. The population in this research is the whole
scripts of the movie, and the sample of the research is all dialogue which consisted of vocative expressions. The data
were collected by downloading the original movie script available at (http://www.imsdb.com/scripts/Up.html). The
data of English vocative expressions were analyzed using Buhler’s theory and in analyzing translation procedures of
English vocative expressions the writer used Newmark’s theory. The results of the data analysis showed that total
numbers of vocative expressions types: assertion (22%), command (50%), exclamation (20%), and question (8%).
The most frequently type of vocative expression used in the movie script is command with 73 vocative expressions
(or about 50%) from 147, and the result of translation procedures showed that the translator used 9 translation
procedures in translating vocative expressions: literal (33%), reduction (26%), paraphrase (21%), modulation (3%),
expansion (3%), cultural equivalent (2%), couplet (1%), and shift or transposition (1%). Literal was the most
dominant translation procedures in translating vocative expressions. From 147 vocative expressions, there were 33%
literal procedures used.
Key words:Translation, Vocative Expression, Translation Procedures
vocative functions: these are the main purposes of
using language.
Vocative expression is direct calling addressed to the
readership to act, to think or feel, in fact to react in the
way intended by the text. Based on Newmark
(1988:41) the core of the vocative function of language
is the readership (the reader or addressee). Translation
is not only translated the literary works, but also covers
the new area of translation like movie or film. Movie
script is the example of vocative function.
A. BACKGROUND
Nowadays, translation becomes one of communication
tools used by people around the world. Translation is a
process of finding a TL (Target Language) equivalent
for a SL (Source Language) utterance (Pinchuck,
1977:38). And Newmark said that Translation is a craft
consisting in the attempt to replace a written message
and/or statement in one language by the same message
and/or statement in another language (Newmark,
1981:7). The purpose of translation is to help people
understand the meaning that contains in the
information from another language.Translation is the
way to bridge the understanding of the message from
one language to another. So we can communicate with
people from different language. Newmark said that all
translation based implicitly on a theory of language.
Functional theory of language is most usefully applied
to translating. According to Buhler, as cited in
Newmark (1988: 39), the three main functions of the
language are the expressive, the informative and the
B. LITERATURE REVIEW
Definition of Translation
Newmark (1988:5) defines that translation is rendering
the meaning of a text into another language in the way
that the author intended the text.According to Munday
(2008:5) the term translation itself has several
meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the
product (the text that has been translated) or the
process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise
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known as translating).Translation consists of
reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalence of the source language message, first in
terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida
and Taber, 1969:12).
will be no translation theory when there is no problem
on it. Secondly, it indicates all the factors that have to
be taken into account in solving the problem. Thirdly,
it lists all the possible translation procedures. Finally, it
is recommends the most suitable translation
procedures, and the most appropriate word of
translation.
The purpose of translation theory is to reach an
understanding of the process undertaken in the act of
translation.
Types of Translation
Experts in this field then classify translation in the
opinion of their respective.
Larson (1984:15) states there are two kinds of
translations in his book; form-based translation and
meaning-based translation. The former is formed-based
translation, which attempt to follow the form of the
source language and also known as literal translation.
The later is meaning-based translation, which makes
every effort to communicate the meaning of the source
language text in the natural forms of the receptor
language.
Jakobson (as cited in Munday: 2008) classified three
categories or type of translation. Jakobson’s categories
are as follows: (1) Intralingual translation, or
‘rewording’: an interpretation of verbal signs by means
of other signs of the same language, (2) Interlingual
translation, or ‘translation proper’: an interpretation of
verbal signs by means of some other language, (3)
Intersemiotic translation, or ‘transmutation’: an
interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems.
Translation Procedures
Translation procedures are used for sentences and
smaller units of language within the text. Translation
procedures are methods applied by translators when
they formulate the equivalence for the purpose of
transferring elements of meaning from the Source Text
(ST) into the Target Text (TT) (Delisle, 1999). There
are several translation procedures in the process of
translation according to Newmark (1988) those are:
literal, transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent,
functional
equivalent,
descriptive
equivalent,
synonymy, through translation, shifts or transpositions,
modulation, recognized translation, translation label,
compensation, componential analysis, reduction and
expansion, paraphrase, couplets, and notes, addition,
glosses.
Characteristic of a Good Translation
According to Larson (1984:485), the success of
translation depends on how close it is to the ideal
translation. The following are characteristic of an ideal
translation:
a. Accurate: reproducing as exactly as possible the
numbering of the source text.
b. Natural: using natural forms of the receptor
language in a way that appropriate to the kind of
text being translated.
c. Communicative (clear): expressing all aspects of
the meaning in a way that is readily
understandable to the intended audience.
The Process of Translation
The process of translation plays an important role in
producing a good translation. A translator should
follow the complex phases of a process. So the result
will satisfy the users.
Newmark (1984:144) proposed three simple basic of
translation process as following:
a. The interpretation and analysis of the source
language text;
b. The translation procedures, (choosing equivalents
for words and sentences in the TL)
c. The reformulation of the text according to the
writer’s intention, the reader’s expectation, the
appropriate norm of the TL, etc
Definition and Types of Dialogue
From Greek, the meaning of Dialogue is Dia and
Logos. Dia means through or with each other, and
logos means the word or the meaning. So it can be said
that dialogue means the meaning flowing through
between two people or more.
There are two types of dialogue based on its form
according Chiarella (1993). The first is writing
dialogue, which is commonly occur in the novel, short
story, scripts, etc. The second one is direct dialogue,
The Theory of Translation
Newmark (1988:9) states that translation theory is
concerned with the translation method appropriately
used for a certain type of text; and it is therefore
dependent on a functional theory of language.
Based on Newmark, the function of translation theory
is, firstly, to identify and define a translation problem
(no problem – no translation theory) it means that there
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which is used in oral communication by two or more
people in their life or in a drama or a movie.
According to Crowl (1996: 8) populations are groups
consisting of all people to whom researchers wish to
apply their findings. Sometimes researchers conduct
their studies using entire populations. The population
of this research is all the scripts in the movie entitled
“UP”.The samples were taken 147 vocative
expressions from the whole scripts.
Language Function
According to Buhler, as cited in Newmark (1988: 49),
“language functions are the main purpose of using
language”. He explained that the three functions of
language are the expressive, the informative, and the
vocative functions. These are the main purpose of
using language:
1. The Expressive Function
The core of the expressive function is the mind of the
speaker, the writer, the originator of the utterance. The
writer or the speaker uses this function to express
his/her feelings through his/her utterance.
2. The Informative (or Representative) Function
The core of the informative function of language is
external situation, the facts of a topic, reality outside
language, including reported ideas or theories. The
topic of this function is any topic of knowledge.
3. The Vocative Function
The core of the vocative function of language is the
readership (the reader or addressee). The term of
‘Vocative’ is used in the sense of ‘calling upon’ the
reader or the addressee to act, think or feel, in fact to
react in the way intended by the text (the vocative is
the case used for addressing the reader in some
inflected languages).
4. Data Collection
The data were collected by downloading the original
movie
script
available
at
(http://www.imsdb.com/scripts/Up.html October, 17th
2013: 08.00 P.M).
5. Data Analysis
This data were analyzed mainly in five sections, as
follows:
1. Watching the original movie of “UP” for three or
four times to get the impression about the
dialogue.
2. Writing Indonesian subtitle version based on VCD
translation.
3. Reading and comparing the movie script both the
English and Indonesian version.
4. Identifying the dialogues whose function is
vocative. And then classifying the types of
vocative expressions by using Buhler’s theory and
put in the table.
5. Analyzing and interpreting the data based on
translation procedures proposed by Newmark
(1988).
C. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. Research Method
This research used a descriptive qualitative method.
Maxwell, (1996) states that:
6. Research Procedures
The writer used the procedures in completing this study
are as follow:
1. First, the writer watch the original movie of “UP”
for three or four times to get the impression about
the dialogue and focused more on the vocative
dialogues between characters.
2. Second, the writer collected the dialogues which
have vocative expression and classified it by the
type of vocative expressions.
3. Third, the writer put those vocative expressions
and the subtitle version into the table form to ease
the analysis.
4. Fourth, the writer found out 147 vocative
expressions to be presented in the finding and
discussion chapter.
5. Fifth the writer analyzed and indentified those 145
vocative expressions and their translation by using
translation procedures proposed by Newmark.
Qualitative writes typically study a relatively small
number of individuals or situations and preserve the
individuality of each of these in their analysis, rather than
collecting data from large samples and aggregating the data
across individuals or situations.
McMillan and Schumacher (1993: 479) defined
qualitative research as, “primarily an inductive process
of organizing data into categories and identifying
patterns (relationships) among categories.”
2. Instrument of the Research
According to Hornby (2000:705) “Instrument is a tool
or device used for a particular task, especially for
delicate or scientific work.” The instrument of this
research is a movie script.
3. Research subject
3
6. Sixth, the writer described and interpreted the
findings of the analysis from table to make it
comprehensible for the reader.
7. The last, the writer drew conclusions based on the
result of the study and gave suggestions.
8
9
Total
Items
32
73
30
12
147
2
1
1%
1%
147
100%
E. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusions
Considering the result of analysis, some conclusions
can be made as the following:
1.The result shows that command type of vocative
expressions played a dominant role. From 147 items
that were taken by the writer, 73 items (or about 50%)
is used command type of vocative expressions. The
second dominant types of vocative expressions that are
found in the script were assertion; there were 32 items
(or about 22%). Next, the usage of exclamation type of
vocative expressions were 30 items (or about 20%), it
means that exclamation usage doesn’t vary much with
the use of assertion type of vocative expressions. The
less dominant type of vocative expressions was
question, the usage of question only 12 items (or about
8%).
2. The analysis of procedures in translating all the
vocative expression was presented in this study. The
writer found out 9 translation procedures in translating
vocative expressions using by translator, those are:
literal, reduction, paraphrase, synonymy, modulation,
expansion, cultural equivalent, couplet, and shift &
transposition. The highest frequently in procedures
translation that used in translating vocative expression
is Literal procedures with 33%.
D. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
The writer found 147 items of vocative expressions
taken from the whole script of “UP” movie that served
in table form as follow:
Table 4.1 Findings of Vocative Expressions
Vocative
Expression
Assertion /
Declarative
Command /
Imperative
Exclamation /
Exclamatory
Question /
Interrogative
Couplet
Shift or
Transposition
Total
Percentage
22%
50%
20%
8%
100%
From the table above, the types of vocative expressions
classified into 4 types, assertion, command,
exclamation, and question in sentence type. The writer
found 32 items (or about 22%) of assertion type of
vocative expressions, 73 items (or about 50%) of
command type of vocative expressions, 30 items (or
about 20%)
of exclamation type of vocative
expressions and also found 12 items (or about 8%) of
question type of vocative expression that used in the
whole dialogues of “UP” movie.
The writer found out 9 translation procedures in
translating vocative expressions, those are: reduction,
literal, paraphrase, synonymy, modulation, expansion,
cultural equivalent, couplet, and shift & transposition.
The table below shows the findings of translation
procedures that the translator applied in translating 147
items of vocative expressions.
Suggestions
Related to this field of research study, which is
translation, the writer suggests several things,
especially for those who are intended to be a translator
or interested to make a translation research:
1. Both the writer and the translator have to acquire all
the knowledge of SL and TL. The translator should
master the grammatical structure, vocabulary, and the
knowledge because they are interrelated.
2. The translator should explore more what the
character feels or wants. So the audience can
understand the message and the expression that the
character intended.
3. Translator should be able to capture the author ideas,
so the translator could seek deeply to what the author
want to tell to the readers or the viewers.
4. The writer hopes that the result of this research will
be valuable for the students and helping them in
conducting further study in this field of analysis.
Table 4.6
Findings Translation Procedures in Translating Vocative
Expressions
Translation
No
Quantity
Percentage
Procedures
1
Literal
49
33%
2
Reduction
38
26%
3
Paraphrase
31
21%
4
Synonymy
15
10%
5
Modulation
4
3%
6
Expansion
4
3%
7
Cultural Equivalent
3
2%
4
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