Electronic Supplementary Information for
A New Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) with Asian Affinities from the
Latest Cretaceous of North America
David C. Evans*, Derek W. Larson, and Philip J. Currie
* Correspondence and requests for materials about the character list and character-taxon
matrix presented below should be addressed to DCE (d.evans@utoronto.ca)
This file includes:
1. Institutional abbreviations
2. Locality of the specimen
3. X-ray image of Acheroraptor maxilla ROM 63777
4. Dromaeosaur maxilla comparison
5. Details of morphometric analyses and tables of measurements
6. Details of phylogenetic analyses
7. References for electronic supplementary information
1. Institutional Abbreviations
AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.; IGM, Institute of
Geology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia; ROM, Royal
Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; TMP, Royal Tyrrell Museum of
Palaeontology, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada; YPM, Yale Peabody Museum, New Haven,
Connecticut, U.S.
2. Locality
Figure S1. Map of Montana. The red star indicates the general location of the holotype
quarry of Acheroraptor temertyorum gen. et. sp. nov. The holotype specimen (ROM
63777) was collected August 28, 2009 by private interests and subsequently purchased by
the Royal Ontario Museum from a private collector. Locality data for the specimen was
provided by the original collectors of the specimen, including detailed geographic data
(collected with a GPS) and photographs of the specimen in the ground on the day of
discovery and collection. The referred dentary (ROM 63778) was collected from the
same mixed faunal bonebed several years later by one of the original collectors of the
maxilla. The bonebed reportedly occurs in the upper part of the Hell Creek Formation.
Detailed locality data is on file at the ROM.
3. X-ray image of Acheroraptor maxilla ROM 63777
Figure S2. X-ray image of Acheroraptor temertyorum, gen. et. sp. nov. holotype, ROM
63777. a Maxilla in mediolateral profile. b Isolated maxillary tooth in mediolateral
profile. The specimens were x-rayed at the ROM and recorded digitally with the Kodak
Industrex ACR 2000i under the following settings: 50Kv / 100 mA / 1/4 second.
4. Dromaeosaur maxilla comparison
Figure S3. Comparison of North American dromaeosaurid (a–c, f) and Asian
velociraptorine (d, e) maxillae. a Saurornitholestes langstoni, TMP 1994.012.0844; b
Bambiraptor feinbergi, AMNH FR 30556 (reflected); c Atrociraptor marshalli, TMP
1995.166.0001; d Velociraptor mongoliensis, AMNH FARB 6515; e Tsaagan mangas,
IGM 100/1015; f Acheroraptor termertorum, gen. et sp. nov., ROM 63777.
5. Details of Morphometric Analysis and Tables of Measurements
The dentition for ROM 63777 as well as a large sample of isolated small theropod
teeth from the Hell Creek Formation was measured for the variables outlined in Currie
and Varricchio (2004). The measurements were incorporated into an already extensive
small theropod tooth database to compare the dentition of ROM 63777 to other Late
Cretaceous small theropods using canonical variate analysis (Larson and Currie 2013).
Analyses were carried out in the software package JMP Version 5 (2002).
Table S1. Dentition and jaw measurements for holotype maxilla (ROM 63777) and
referred dentary (ROM 63778) of Acheroraptor temertyorum. Abbreviations follow
Currie and Varricchio (2004). FABL, fore-aft basal length of the crown; BW, basal
width; ANT, anterior denticles/mm; POST, posterior denticles/mm; DSDI, denticle
serration desnsity index.
Tooth Postion
Mx-1
Mx-2
Mx-3
Mx-4
Mx-5
Mx-6
Mx-7
Mx-8
Mx-9
Isolated
D-1
D-2
D-3
D-4
D-5
D-6
D-7
D-8
D-9
D-10
D-11
D-12
D-13
D-14
D-15
FABL
6.125*
7.625*
7.5
7.75*
7.375
7.5*
6.375
5.625
5.25*
7.125
3.2*
5.2*
6.2*
6.5*
6.7*
6.9*
6.9*
7.5*
6.7*
6.5*
6.5*
6.4*
5.8*
5.6*
3.4+*
CH
13.125
12
7.875+
10.125
6.375+
12
BW
3.375*
3.625*
3.375
3.375*
3
3.375*
3
2.75
2.125*
3.25
2.5*
2.6*
2.7*
2.7*
2.3*
2.7*
2.4*
2.1*
2.4*
2.4*
2*
1.6*
?
?
?
ANT
POST DSDI
7.8
4.6
1.70
6.6
7
7.6e
4.7
4.8
4.8
5
1.40
1.46
1.58
4.4
* indicates an alveolar measurement where actual tooth measurements are not available,
+, minimum measurement, e, estimate.
Figure S4. Canonical variate analyses comparing the complete teeth of ROM 63777 to
isolated teeth from the Lance and Hell Creek formations (a), and named dromaeosaurid
teeth from the Campanian and Maastrichtian of North America (b).
Table S2. Published ranges of anterior and posterior denticle densities in dromaeosaurid
holotype specimens with preserved teeth. Denticle measurements follow Currie and
Varricchio (2004).
Taxon
Acheroraptor temertyorum
Achillobator giganticus
Atrociraptor marshalli
ANT
6.6–7.8
3.4–4.0
2.7–8.0
POST
4.4–5.0
3.0–3.6
2.3–5.0
Austroraptor cabazai
Bambiraptor feinbergi
none
6.0–6.5**
none
3.0–6.5
Buitreraptor gonzalezorum
Deinonychus antirrhopus
Dromaeosaurus albertensis
Linheraptor exquisitus
Graciliraptor lujiatunensis
Microraptor zhaoianus
none
4.0–5.9
1.8–3.5
none
present but not
measured*
none
Saurornitholestes langstoni
6.5–7.0
none
3.0–3.5
3.0–5.0
not reported
present but not
measured*
present but not
measured*
4.0–5.0
Shanag ashile
Sinornithosaurus millenii
Tianyuraptor ostromi
none
9.0–13.0*
present but not
measured
Tsaagan mangas
none
Utahraptor ostrommaysorum 2.2–2.3
Velociraptor mongoliensis
5.0–8.0
Velociraptor osmolskae
none
12.4*
7.0–14.0*
present but not
measured
3.0–3.5
2.4–2.5
5.0–6.0
present but not
measured
Reference
this study
Perle et al. (1999)
Currie and Varricchio
(2004)
Novas et al. (2008)
Burnham et al. (2000);
Smith et al. (2005)
Novas et al. (2008)
Smith et al. (2005)
Smith et al. (2005)
Xu et al. (2010)
Xu and Wang (2004)
Xu et al. (2000)
Currie and Varricchio
(2004)
Turner et al. (2007)
Xu and Wu (2001)
Zheng et al. (2009)
Norell et al. (2006)
Kirkland et al. (1993)
Smith et al. (2005)
Godefroit et al. (2008)
*, anterior teeth lack denticles. **, denticles absent on dentary teeth and some maxillary
teeth.
6. Details of Phylogenetic Analyses
In order to assess the systematic relationships of Acheroraptor temertyorum
within Dromaeosauridae, both the holotype and referred dentary were scored in two
recent dromaeosaurid character-taxon matrices. The specimens were coded as a single
OTU into the character-taxon matrix used for the reduced consensus tree of Turner et al.
(2012), a large-scale maniraptoran data matrix with wild-card taxa removed. This matrix
consists of 477 characters and 110 (108 ingroup) taxa. Phylogenetic analyses were
conducted in TNT v. 1.0 (Goloboff et al. 2003, 2008) using a heuristic tree search with
1000 random sequence addition replicate Wagner trees with tree bisection-reconnection
(TBR) branch-swapping, holding ten trees per replicate, followed by an additional round
of TBR branch-swapping. Ordered characters were run as ordered as per the original
analysis. The resulting strict consensus tree of most-parsimonious trees (Fig. S5) places
Acheroraptor termertyorum, gen. et sp. nov., within a largely unresolved
Dromaeosauridae. This confirms its identification as a probable eudromaeosaur, but fails
to resolve its systematic position relative to many other members within this clade.
For potentially greater in-group resolution, the specimens were also scored in a
data matrix modified from Longrich and Currie (2009), a dromaeosaur-specific dataset.
This matrix was updated to include the holotype of Linheraptor exquisitus (Xu et al.
2010), whose codings were added to the Tsaagan mangas OTU following Turner et al.
(2012), as well as Velociraptor osmolskae (Godefroit et al. 2008) and Balaur bondoc
(Csiki et al. 2010), which were not included in the original analysis. Additionally,
following the discussion in Turner et al. (2012), the codings for Adasaurus mongoliensis
in Longrich and Currie (2009) were separated into Adasaurus mongoliensis based on the
holotype specimen from the Nemegt Formation, and an additional OTU based on the
skull of IGN 100/23, which represents a new taxon from the Bayanshiree Formation
(Turner et al. 2012). Scorings for IGN 100/23 were originally incorporated into the
Adasaurus mongoliensis OTU in Longrich and Currie (2009), and we have used these
codings for the Bayanshiree sp. nov. OTU in this analysis, and verified the scorings based
on personal observation of the specimen (PJC). Itemirus was excluded from the analysis
due to its identification as a tyrannosauroid following Miyashita and Currie (2009).
Several characters were also rescored or modified (as noted in the following character
descriptions), and two maxillary characters from Turner et al. (2012) were added to the
matrix. The final analysis included 116 characters scored for 26 in-group taxa. Four
outgroup taxa were included and Archaeopteryx was used to root the tree as per the
original analysis (Longrich and Currie 2009). All of the multistate characters were treated
as unordered and were equally weighted for this analysis, except character 90, as per the
original analysis. The data matrix was analyzed and tree statistics were calculated using
TNT v. 1.0 (Goloboff et al. 2003, 2008). A heuristic tree search was conducted with 1000
random sequence addition replicate Wagner trees with tree bisection-reconnection
branch-swapping, holding ten trees per replicate. Unambiguous synapomorphies were
obtained using the list synapomorphies function and mapped onto the strict consensus
tree (Fig. S6). A separate analysis was run, under the same parameters, using only
character scorings derived from the holotype maxilla (ROM 63777).
Figure S5. Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships of Acheroraptor temertyorum
(highlighted in bold type) based on data matrix for reduced consensus tree from Turner et
al. (2012). Strict consensus of the 9600 most parsimonious trees, each with a tree length
of 2042 steps.
Character codings for Acheroraptor termertyorum, gen. et sp. nov., in Turner et al.
(2012) character-taxon matrix
U
Acheroraptor temertyorum
????????????????????????10111??????????????????????????????????
?000?010??????????010010100????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????0????0????????????????11100000??000??1
?????????????????00????????????????????????????????00??0???????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????
Figure S6. Hypothesis of dromaeosaurid phylogenetic relationships based on a character-
taxon matrix modified from Longrich and Currie (2009; see below). Strict consensus of
the 90 most parsimonious trees, each with a tree length of 237 steps, CI=0.523, RI=0.705,
RC=0.369. Unambiguous synapomorphies (with states) are mapped onto branches.
Boldface numbers indicates those characters that can be assessed in the holotype and
referred material of Acheroraptor temertyorum, gen. et sp. nov.
Character list for modified Longrich and Currie (2009) character-taxon matrix
U
Characters 1–114 were taken from Longrich and Currie (2009). Characters 115–116 are
taken from Turner et al (2012). All characters were treated as unordered.
1. Premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary bearing distinct interdental plates [0], interdental
plates fused [1], or interdental plates absent [2]
This character is modified from Longrich and Currie (2009) with the addition of
one character state [2] that distinguishes troodontids, which lack interdental plates,
from dromaeosaurids, in which they are fused to the dentigerous bones Currie and
Varricchio (2004).
2. Premaxilla elongate [0], or body of premaxilla short, no more than 15% length of
maxilla [1]
3. Premaxilla with short maxillary process [0] or elongate maxillary process separating
nasal and maxilla [1]
4. Premaxilla: body of premaxilla longer than tall [0] or at least as tall as long [1]
5. Nasal process of premaxilla projecting posterodorsally [0] or posteriorly [1]
6. Premaxilla with limited exposure of narial fossa on lateral surface [0] or with
prominent anteroventral extension of narial fossa onto lateral surface of premaxilla
[1]
7. Maxilla does not contribute to narial fossa [0] or narial fossa expanded onto anterior
ramus of maxilla [1]
8. Maxilla, postantral wall concealed in lateral view [0] or posteriorly projecting into
antorbital fenestra and exposed in lateral view [1]
9. Maxilla, palatal shelf concealed in lateral view [0], or palatal shelf projecting dorsally
into the antorbital fenestra and visible in lateral view [1]
10. Maxilla, promaxillary fenestra subcircular and broadly exposed in lateral view [0] or
slitlike, largely concealed in the anteroventral margin of antorbital fossa [1]
11. Maxilla, anterior ramus elongate, 25% or more of the length of maxilla [0] or short,
less than 25% length of maxilla [1]
This character is scored for Bayanshiree new taxon based on IGB 100/23.
12. Maxilla, accessory antorbital fenestra large and subcircular [0] or small and
subcircular [1] or anteroposteriorly elongate [2]
13. Maxilla, accessory antorbital fenestra positioned low in antorbital fossa [0] or placed
dorsally in antorbital fossa [1]
This character is scored “1” for the Bayanshiree Formation new taxon based on
IGB 100/23. The preserved portion of the maxilla in this specimen allows inference
of a dorsally positioned accessory antorbitabl fenestra. Acheroraptor temertyorum
has an accessory antorbital fenestra positioned very low in the antorbital fossa
compared to other dromaeosaurids, and is scored as [0].
14. Maxilla, accessory antorbital fenestra developed as a simple perforation [0] or located
in distinct fossa [1] or located in a fossa containing a deep and pit-like excavation
posterodorsal to the accessory antorbital fenestra [2] [Modified]
This character is rescored as a binary character by combining character states 1 and
2, as they form a continuum, following the argumentation of character 239 in
Turner et al. (2012).
15. Maxilla, lateral margin smooth [0] or maxilla with a distinct lip (ridge) bounding the
ventral margin of the antorbital fossa [1]
Character definition modified to point out that the ridge at the margin of the fossa
protrudes from the lateral surface of the maxilla. Scoring remains the same for all
taxa in the original analysis.
16. Maxilla, anterior ramus longer than tall [0] or short, at least as tall as long [1]
17. Maxilla, interfenestral bar separating maxillary fenestra and antorbital fenestra:
narrow [0] or broad [1]
Velociraptor spp. and Tsaagan have relatively broad interfenestral bars.
18. Nasals concave in lateral view [0] or straight to convex in lateral view [1]
19. Frontal, orbital margin straight or smoothly concave in dorsal view [0] or postorbital
process sharply offset, and orbital margin L-shaped in dorsal view [1]
20. Frontal notched to receive lacrimal: absent [0] or present [1]
21. Frontal, supratemporal fossa smooth [0] or supratemporal fossa with a distinct pit [1]
22. Frontal, supratemporal fossa restricted to the lateral half of the frontal [0] or
supratemporal fossa extends medially [1]
23. Jugal, suborbital ramus slender [0] or dorsoventrally deep and robust [1]
24. Jugal, postorbital process slender; jugal triradiate [0] or postorbital process broad, and
jugal triangular [1]
25. Quadratojugal with straight ascending ramus [0] or ascending ramus bowed anteriorly
[1]
26. Quadrate shaft pierced by large foramen: present [0] or absent [1]
27. Quadrate shaft straight or weakly curved in lateral view [0] or strongly bowed
anteriorly in lateral view [1]
28. Exoccipital, caudal surface with a bowl-like depression containing the exits of cranial
nerves X and XII: absent [0], or present [1]
29. Exoccipital, paroccipital processes of exoccipital project ventrolaterally [0] or
laterally [1]
30. Basioccipital tubera, caudal surfaces flat or smoothly concave [0] or basioccipital
tubera with distinct, ovoid depressions on the caudal surface [1]
31. Basioccipital tubera separated by weak notch [0] or separated by a deep, broad, Ushaped ventral notch [1]
32. Basisphenoid recess with paired openings: absent [0] or present [1]
33. Prominent lateral depression of braincase bounded by otosphenoidal crest: absent [0]
or present [1]
34. Foramen magnum subcircular [0] or distinctly taller than wide [1]
35. Dentary subtriangular, with dorsal and ventral margins diverging posteriorly [0] or
dentary dorsal and ventral margins subparallel [1]
Velociraptor mongoliensis is considered to have subparallel dentary margins in
lateral view, and is scored as [1]
36. Dentary with prominent groove along the length of the lateral surface [0] or lateral
groove reduced anteriorly or absent [1]
37. Dentary straight or weakly curved in lateral view [0] or strongly bowed, with curved
dorsal and ventral margins [1]
In this analysis, Shanag and Deinonychus are considered to have relatively straight
dentaries, and are thus scored as [0], rather than the derived state in the original
analysis.
38. Dentary with distinct midlength constriction and terminal expansion: absent [0] or
present [1]
39. Articular with tall, columnar process on retroarticular process: absent [0] or present
[1]
40. Skull short [0] or elongate, at least 125% length of femur [1]
41. Teeth constricted between crown and root [0] or constriction absent [1]
42. Premaxillary and anterior dentary teeth unserrated [0] or bearing denticles on
posterior carina [1]
43. Premaxillary teeth 2–4 subequal in size [0] or second premaxillary tooth larger than
third and fourth [1]
44. Maxillary teeth number fewer than 20 [0] or numbering at least 20 [1]
45. Maxillary teeth strongly raked posteriorly: absent [0] or present [1]
46. Maxillary teeth subequal in length along the jaw [0] or posterior maxillary teeth
elongate and fanglike, approximately 200% the length of anteriormost maxillary
teeth [1]
47. Maxillary and posterior dentary teeth unserrated [0] or bearing denticles on posterior
carina only [1] or bearing denticles on anterior and posterior carina [2]
48. Maxillary and posterior dentary teeth, denticles: anterior denticles smaller (or absent)
than posterior denticles [0] or anterior and posterior denticles subequal in size [1]
(Modified character definition.)
49. Anterior dentary teeth closely packed: absent [0] or present [1]
50. Vertebral, Axis bearing short epipophyses [0] or elongate axial epipophyses that
project laterally beyond postzygapophyses [1]
51. Vertebral, cervical, carotid processes present [0] or carotid processes absent [1]
52. Vertebral, cervical, with low neural spines [0] or cervical neural spines at least as tall
as long anteroposteriorly [1]
53. Vertebral, dorsal, parapophyses short [0] or borne on elongate pedicels [1]
54. Vertebral, dorsal, pneumatopores absent [0] or present on dorsal centra [1]
55. Vertebral, dorsal, neural spines low, height does not exceed anteroposterior length [0]
or taller than long anteroposteriorly [1]
56. Vertebral, dorsal, neural arch bearing prominent anterior fossae on either side of
neural canal: absent [0] or present [1]
57. Vertebral, dorsal, centra of posterior dorsals elongate [0] or short and massive, length
of centrum less than diameter [1]
58. Vertebral, dorsal, distal end of neural spines transversely expanded by at least 200%
to form a distinct spine table: absent [0] or present [1]
59. Vertebral, sacral, 5 vertebrae incorporated into sacrum [0] or sacrum incorporating at
least 6 vertebrae [1]
60. Vertebral, sacral, lack pneumatopores [0] or pneumatopores present in one or more
sacral vertebrae [1]
61. Vertebral, caudal, distal caudal centra bearing prominent lateral depressions [0] or
lateral surfaces of centra flat or convex [1]
62. Vertebral, caudal, distal caudals greatly elongated, more than 200% the length of
proximal caudals [0] or moderately elongate, no more than 200% the length of the
proximal caudals [1]
63. Vertebral, caudal, distal caudal vertebrae with a convex or flat dorsal surface [0] or
bearing a prominent dorsal groove [1]
64. Vertebral, caudal, prezygapophyses short [0] or elongate [1] or extended by ossified
tendons of caudal epaxial muscles [2]
65. Sternal plates unossified [0] or ossified [1]
66. Furcula, interclavicular angle less than 90° [0] or at least 90° [1]
67. Coracoid highly flexed in lateral view, with dorsal and ventral rami of coracoid
forming an angle of 90°–100° [0] or coracoids weakly flexed, forming an angle
larger than 100° [1]
68. Coracoid elongate, taller than wide [0] or short, at least as wide as tall [1]
69. Humerus elongate, at least 75% length of femur [0] or shortened, humerus less than
75% length of the femur [1]
70. Humerus, internal tuberosity proximodistally short [0] or proximodistally elongate,
about 50% the length of deltopectoral crest [1]
71. Humerus, proximal shaft with prominent longitudinal ridge on posterior surface:
absent [0] or present [1]
72. Manual phalanx I-1 strongly bowed in medial view [0], weakly curved or straight [1]
73. Manual phalanx III-1 elongate, at least 75% length of III-3: absent [0] or present [1]
74. Metacarpal I no more than 33% length of mtc II [0] or metacarpal I more than 33%
length of MC II [1]
75. Manual phalanx I-1 elongate [0] or short, combined length of metacarpal I and
manual phalanx I-1 <MC II [1]
76. Ilium, anterior wing 200% length of posterior wing [0] or short, less than twice length
of posterior blade [1]
77. Ilium, end of anterior wing rounded or straight [0], or with notched cranial margin [1]
78. Ilium, cuppedicus ridge ends on pubic peduncle [0] or extends posteriorly to
acetabulum [1]
79. Ilium, medial antiliac shelf short [0] or elongate, approaching length of posterior wing
[1]
80. Ilium, posterior wing of ilium slender, shallower than anterior wing [0] or posterior
wing as deep or deeper than anterior wing [1]
81. Ilium, posterior wing longer than tall [0] or posterior wing at least as tall as long [1]
82. Ilium with acuminate caudal margin [0] or brevis shelf lobate and projecting
posteriorly beyond postacetabular lamina [1] or brevis shelf notched in lateral view
[2]
83. Ilium, posterior wing with straight or convex dorsal margin [0] or concave dorsal
margin [1]
84. Ilium, pubic peduncle narrow in lateral view [0] or broad, anteroposterior width
approximately 200% of height [1]
85. Pubis, distal end with prominent posterior expansion [0] distal end spatulate, both
anterior and posterior expansions absent [1] or with prominent anterior and
posterior expansions [2]
86. Pubis, shaft straight or gently curved [0] or distal end of shaft strongly bent
posteriorly [1]
87. Pubis, lateral surface of shaft smooth or bearing a ridge [0] or with enlarged tubercles
or processes [1]
88. Pubis, Pubic apron extends less than 50% length of pubis [0] or pubic apron elongate,
at least 50% length of pubis [1]
89. Ischium short, no more than 50% length of pubis [0] or elongate, more than 50%
length of pubis [1]
90. Ischium, obturator process located at distal end of shaft [0] or located at midshaft [1]
or proximally located [2]
91. Ischium, proximodorsal process present [0] or absent [1] or hypertrophied [2]
92. Ischium with distal dorsal process prominent [0] or highly reduced or absent [1]
93. Ischium, lateral ridge on shaft absent [0] or present [1]
94. Ischium, obturator process elongate and spur-like [0] or broad and flange-like [1]
95. Ischium with obturator process separated from ischial shaft by caudal notch [0] or
confluent [1]
96. Ischium, distal end tapers to a narrow point [0] or broadly expanded, blunt or
spatulate end [1]
97. Ischium, shaft mediolaterally compressed [0] or subcircular in section [1]
98. Ischium, ridge on medial surface connecting proximodorsal process and iliac
peduncle: absent [0], or present [1]
99. Femur with femoral head projecting dorsomedially or medially relative to shaft [0] or
femoral head projects ventromedially [1]
100. Metatarsal II and phalanx II-1 articulate via ginglymoid articulation: absent [0] or
present [1]
101. Metatarsal II, subequal to IV in length [0] or markedly shorter than IV [1]
102. Metatarsal II, distal condyles broad, subequal to III in width: absent [0] or present
[1]
103. Metatarsal III, plantar surface broadly exposed [0] or metatarsal III largely covered
by metatarsal III and IV in ventral view [1]
104. Metatarsal III, dorsal surface of shaft flat or rounded [0] or with prominent
longitudinal sulcus [1]
105. Metatarsal IV, distal surface trochlear to planar [0] or condyle strongly ball-shaped
[1]
106. Metatarsal IV, prominent flange on caudolateral surface of shaft: present [0] or
highly reduced or absent [1]
107. Metatarsal IV, lateral flange on proximal end of shaft: absent [0] or present [1]
108. Metatarsal IV, ventral surface with a prominent tuber proximal to distal articular
surface: absent [0] or present [1]
109. Pedal phalanx II-1 elongate [0] or short and robust, shaft length does not exceed
200% the diameter of the distal condyle [1]
110. Pedal phalanx II-2 proximoventral heel: short [0] or with elongate caudal projection
[1]
111. Pedal phalanx II-2 slender to moderately robust [0] or extremely massive, shaft
diameter at least 50% of shaft length [1]
112. Pedal phalanx II-2 subequal to or longer than, II-1 [0] or significantly shorter than
II-1 [1]
113. Pedal phalanx II-2 with deep collateral ligament pits [0] or ligament pits reduced [1]
114. Pedal phalanx II-3; lateral and medial vascular grooves at same level [0] or lateral
groove dorsally displaced and medial groove ventrally displaced [1]
115. Maxilla, accessory antorbital fossa situated posterior to anterior border of antorbital
fossa [0] or situated close to anterior border [1] [from Turner et al. (2012):
character 28, reversed polarity]
116. Maxilla, jugal process, ventral to the external antorbital fenestra dorsoventrally
narrow [0] or dorsoventrally wide [1] [from Turner et al. (2012): character 238]
Character codings for modified Longrich and Currie (2009) character-taxon matrix
U
Archaeopteryx
000000000000000000000000??000???0?1000000000000100?0000?0000
000000000000000000?000000000000000000?001100??0?00000000
Sinovenator changii
?1000010000200000?0?0000?100000?010010??000100111???000?0000
??????11??????????0??0?0?001000001??000010100010?00?0000
Byronosaurus jaffei
2100111????2000010???????????00?110010??00?101011??000??????
0?1???????????????????????????????????????????????????00
Troodon
2?0???10010210001?[01]000???0100000110000??01?100211?000010?1?0
1?11?????00?????????????2000?1110110000010100000011100?0
Mahakala omnogovae
??????????????????0000????0?0???00???????????????0????????10
?100?????????????0??0000??????????????01?001?????00?01??
Rahonavis ostromi
????????????????????????????????????????????????????11000011
0001????0??????0011000110000002?00??000111011000000101??
Unenlagia comahuensis
????????????????????????????????????????????????????111101??
????????111????0011011110101012?01??001?????????????????
Unenlagia paynemili
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0???
?????????11?????????111?2101????????????????????0???????
Buitreraptor gonzalezorum
1??????10??20?0?001?0?00?00???????0001?110??0?010?0?100?00??
0?01?00?011?????????011??1???10110000?11011??00???????00
Neuquenraptor argentinus
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????10?11?00000010???
Austroraptor cabazai
0?0???010002000010110100??????????0011?110?100010?0?11??01??
????????11???????????????????????????????????????01?0?00
Microraptor
101100????1???1???????????????????1110?0101001110?00100?000?
00?21[01]??00001011?0?000?01110000000000?01111?100?00000?00
Graciliraptor lujiatensis
?????????????????????????????????????????0????20????????0???
0?02????????101????????????????????????1111?????00000???
Shanag ashile
1?1???000?1111100?????????????????0000??10??01110???????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????00
Sinornithosaurus millennii
1011??0???11111??00111??0?????????101010101001200????0??000?
???21?0001?010111?0??0??1110000000000??1??1?100??0000??0
Hesperonychus elizabethae
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????0???0001110????????????????????????????
Saurornitholestes langstoni
1?11?000110111010?1111??110???????1110101?1000200???11111?[01]1
1?021?11010??????????????????00111100101?0001000110?0100
Atrociraptor marshalli
10110000110111010?????????????????1100??111010200???????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????11
Bambiraptor feinbergi
101100000011110101?0?1001110?010??1110?01??010110?1111111001
10021111010110010000000000010001111001011000100011000100
Deinonychus antirrhopus
1011000001011101011?11100??1??????11001?11?010200111111011??
1102??11110101011000000020010111111100011000110011010100
Dromaeosaurus albertensis
1?1???0?001???01??110110010010000011001?11?000210???????????
???????????????????????????????????????1?0??1?1111111?01
Utahraptor ostrommaysorum
???100??????????????????????????????????111????1????11101???
1?02??11?????????00?0200?????201011?1001?000?1111????1??
Achillobator giganticus
1?1???0?0?0???010???????????????????????1??00021??11111?1???
1?01???????????1100112002001120101111001?0?0?????11?1?01
Velociraptor mongoliensis
10101101010101001011111010011111001110?01110002001111[01]1?1110
11021111110101011001000020011111111100011000111111000100
Velociraptor osmolskae
1?????0?000101001???????????????????????1??00010????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????10
Tsaagan mangas
?010110101010?00101?011100110011010110101110001101?1??1?????
?1?21???1????????????????00???????????????????????????11
Adasaurus mongoliensis
??????????????????????11??1???????????????????????????1?1???
???????????????110010?00200?1111?110????????????11?1????
Acheroraptor temertyorum
1?????01?10101000?????????????????1110??1??00020????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????01
Bayanshiree Fm
1010?10?0?1?1?01??????????????????1110??1?1000?10???????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????01
Balaur bondoc
????????????????????????????????????????????????????111??1?0
????1?????01010??1???????1011???0??????00???1?1?1?001???
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