4.1 THE FUNCTION OF THE NUCLEUS
WITHIN THE CELL
Name:
Date:
Block:
Review from last year:
There are 2 types of cells:

______________________: no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

______________________: have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Animal and plant cells are both __________________ .
(Refer to pp. 122 – 132 in BC Science 9)

Scientists use technologies, such as _____________, to see the
_________________ within cells more clearly and to learn about how cell parts
____________ and _____________ messages to the nucleus.
A SURVEY OF ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS
Both plant and animal cells are equipped with many structures that allow the
cell to perform a variety of ______________.
COMPARING PLANTS AND ANIMAL CELLS
Both
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
PLANT CEL
THE NUCLEUS: CONTROL CENTRE OF THE CELL
The nucleus contains DNA.

DNA is the molecule has the master set of ___________________ for: what a cell will
____________, how it will ______________, what it will ______________ and when it will
_________.
DNA carries the master set of instructions for cell function

Instructions in the nucleus are carried in long, two-stranded molecules called
_______________________ ________ (DNA).

DNA looks like a twisted ___________ - two strands wrap around each other in a spiral
shape.

The sides of the DNA ladder are
made of __________ and
__________________.

The steps of the ladder are made of
four ______________ __________:
 ______________ (A),
 ______________ (G),
 _______________ (C), and
 ______________ (T).
The arrangement of bases in DNA directs all cell activities

Everything that occurs within a cell is the result of how bases on the DNA molecule are
______________ (the ______ _______________).

The bases join in a specific way:

____ always joins with ____

____ always joins with ____

the ________ and _____________ of bases can vary greatly within the DNA molecule.

In humans, a single DNA molecule can be several _______________ base pairs in length.
DNA in stored in chromatin

chromatin: _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________


Within each strand of chromatin is _____ molecule of DNA.
When a cell is growing, the DNA is ___________ and helps in the manufacture of __________ the cell
requires.

When a __________________ cell is ready to divide, chromatin coils tightly into X-shaped
_______________________.

chromosome:____________________________________________________________
__________________
Every organism has a specific number of chromosomes

Chromosomes in the nucleus are found in ________.

Most human cells have ____ chromosomes arranged in ____ pairs
 The ______ pair determines sex:

_____ for females and,

_____ for males
Genes are found on chromosomes

Gene: ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________

Genes store the information needed to produce ___________.

Arrangement of ______ in a gene will usually code to produce a
_____________ protein.

Each chromosome can carry thousands of genes, which contain the
information to make thousands of proteins.
Proteins determine what body cells will become & how they will function

All your body cells have the ______ genes (same amount of genetic information in the 46
chromosomes), but only specific genes are “_______” in each cell to produce specific
proteins.
 This produces ________________ ______.

Specialized _______  _________ __________

Two types of specialized proteins:
1. enzymes: _____________________________________
______________________________________________
Ex. digestive enzymes like pepsin.
2. hormones: ____________________________________
_______________________________________________
Ex. hormones for growth
HOW PROTEINS ARE PRODUCED
Protein production in the cell involves several important steps (p. 131):
1. The nucleus receives a _____________ ___________ to make a
specific protein.
2. The DNA message for the protein is copied into a small
molecule called ______
3. RNA leaves the nucleus through a ___________ _______.
4. The RNA message is delivered to a _____________, the
ribosome makes the ___________.
5. The manufactured protein enters the ___________________
__________ (ER).
6. A _________ forms at the end of the ER, and carries the
protein to the _________ ________.
7. The Golgi body __________________ the protein for transport
out of the cell.
8.
A ____________ forms off the end of the Golgi body to
carry the protein to the _____ _________________.
9.
The vesicle attaches to the cell membrane, and its protein
contents are released _____ of the cell.
A NEW TASK FOR SCIENTISTS

Scientists used to think that one gene coded for _____ protein.

But, there are at least ___________ different proteins in the human genome, but only ___________
genes in the human body.

Scientists are currently researching how one gene can code for more than one protein?