IPC VOCABULARY REVIEW
atom
basic unit of matter
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
mass
the amount of matter in an object
volume
the amount of space an object takes up
hardness
the resistance of a solid to scratching
brittleness
a measure of a material's tendency to shatter upon impact.
ductility
the ability of a substance to be pulled into a wire
plasma
high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose their electrons
malleability
the ability of a substance to be hammered or beaten into thin sheets
elasticity
the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or
compressed
buoyancy
the upward push of a liquid on an object placed in it
solid
matter with a definite shape and volume
physical change
a change in a substance that does not change its identity
liquid
matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape
physical property
a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the
substance
chemical
property
how a substance reacts with other kinds of matter
IPC VOCABULARY REVIEW
chemical change
a change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances
with different properties
substance
a kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical
process
mixture
different samples are not of the same proportion
gas
has neither a definite size or shape
element
a pure substance made of only one kind of atom
meniscus
the curve at a liquid's surface by which you measure the volume of the liquid
atomic number
order of periodic table; different for each element
period
horizontal row; tells number of energy levels
group
vertical column; a.k.a. family; tells valence electron number
metal
located on left of periodic table; excludes H
nonmetal
located on right of periodic table
metalloid
located along "zigzag" line; excludes Al
alkali metals
group 1 (IA); bond readily (high reactivity)
alkaline earth
group 2 (IIA); have 2 valence electrons
metals
halogens
group 17 (VIIA); bond readily; nonmetals
noble gases
group 18 (VIIIA); occur alone; inert
IPC VOCABULARY REVIEW
atom
the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element
proton
a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
neutron
a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
electron
negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus
valence electron
an electron in the outermost energy level of an atom
ion
An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
isotope
atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
ionic bond
a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other
atom gains to electron to form a negative ion; typically between metals and nonmetals
covalent bond
bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms; typically between two nonmetals
compound
a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
fluid
any substance that can flow
density
the amount of matter in a given space; mass per unit volume
viscosity
a liquid's resistance to flow; thickness
buoyancy
the upward push of a liquid on an object placed in it
polar
describes a molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends
nonpolar
materials have no separated positive and negative areas
cohesion
an attraction between molecules of the same substance
IPC VOCABULARY REVIEW
adhesion
an attraction between molecules of different substances
precipitation
the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)
evaporation
the process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas
condensation
the process by which molecules of water vapor in the air become liquid water
solvent
the substance that does the dissolving
solute
the substance that is dissolved
solution
a homogeneous mixture; consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent
solubility
the # of grams of on substance that will dissolve in 100g of another substance at a given
temperature
concentrated
one that has a lot of solute dissolved in the solvent
solution
dilute solution
nonelectrolyte
a mixture that has little solute dissolved in it
A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct an electric
current
electrolyte
a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current
acid
compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; pH less than 7; turns litmus red; sour
base
compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution; pH more than 7; turns litmus
blue; bitter
salt
An ionic compound that can form from the neutralization of an acid with a base
pH
measure of how acidic or basic a solution is; the measure of concentration of H+ in a
solution
IPC VOCABULARY REVIEW
acid rain
precipitation that is more acidic than normal because of air pollution
atomic mass
the average mass of all the known isotopes of an element
metallic bond
bond between metal atoms. The valence electrons form a "sea of electrons"
coefficient
a number placed in front of a chemical formula to make the number of atoms on each side
of a chemical equation equal
reactants
a substance that enters into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction
products
substances that are produced in a chemical reaction from reactants
subscript
a number in a chemical formula that show the number of a type of atom
oxidation number
indicates how many electrons are lost or gained (or shared) when bonding occurs
endergonic
an energy storing reaction
reaction
exergonic
an energy releasing reaction
reaction
conservation of
the total mass of products of a reaction is equal to the total mass of reactants
mass
heterogeneous
different composition
homogeneous
same composition
tensile strength
a measure of how much pulling, or tension, a material can withstand before breaking
saturated
the state of a mixture in which the maximum amount of solute has dissolved in a solution
unsaturated
a solution in which it is possible for more solute to be dissolved
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hypothesis
a prediction that can be tested by experimentation
independent
the variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter and that causes
variable
changes in the dependent variable in the experiment; this variable is plotted on the x-axis
of a graph
dependent
the variable in an experiment that changes in response to choices made by the
variable
experimenter; this variable is plotted on the y-axis of a graph
control
variables in an experiment that are kept the same throughout the experiment
conclusion
restatement of the results of an experiment tying it back to the original hypothesis
length
a unit of measurement for distance
observation
data collected using senses or instruments
inference
judgment bases on previous knowledge or experience
qualitative data
observation based the use of senses
quantitative data
observation based on numbers and often includes units
water
method used to measure the volume of an irregularly shaped object based on placing the
displacement
object in a known volume of a liquid and subtracting that volume from the combined
volume