Supplemental Material S1. Mean crown ages for the subtribes of Ithomiini obtained
before and after removing the morphological characters from the data set.
Supplemental Material S2. Partitioning schemes suggested by PartitionFinder and used
subsequently on the divergence times analyses in BEAST.
Subset
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Best model
GTR+I+G
TVM+I+G
K81uf+I+G
HKY+I+G
TrN+I+G
F81+I+G
TVM+G
TIMef+G
K80+I+G
Subset partition
COII_1, COI_1, T-luc
COII_2
COII_3, COI_3
COI_2
EF1A_1
EF1A_2
EF1A_3
WG_1, WG_2
WG_3
Supplemental material S3. Mean estimated ages and HPD intervals for Ithomiini based
on eight calibrations extracted from Särkinen et al. (2013) and called hostplant
calibrations in the text.
Supplemental Material S4. Mean estimated ages and HPD intervals for Ithomiini based
on seven calibrations extracted from Wahlberg et al. (2009) and called ithomiine
calibrations in the text.
Supplemental material S5. Mean crown age for the subtribes of Ithomiini obtained from
W09’s original analysis with 10 genes (diamonds) and mean estimates obtained with
our reanalysis of W09 data using only three genes (squares).
Supplemental Material S6. Divergence time estimations obtained for all the analyses, variations and additional tests
conducted. The minimum and maximum ages of estimations from the baseline analysis and the original W09 estimations
are also featured.
Node
Ithomiini*
Melinaeina*
Athesitina*
Methonina*
Tithoreina
Mechanitina
Oleriina*
Ithomiina*
Napeogenina
Dircennina
Godyridina*
Baseline
31
12.5
11.54
10.6
11.1
13.1
11.8
9.2
10.3
9.4
7.7
min max
23 39
10 14
9 13
7 13
8 14
11 15
10 14
7 11
8 12
8 12
6 10
Normal distrib.
44.11
17.36
13.12
17.59
19.18
19
17.47
13.72
15.6
14.6
12.95
YULE
45.45
16
13.22
15.53
18.08
18.82
16.91
10.86
15.3
12.42
9.82
STEMS
18.28
14.5
8.2
3.36
9.8
11.4
12.3
8.9
11.11
7.5
7.7
More outgroups
43.6
17.7
13
18.5
19.7
18
16.6
12.7
15.19
13.6
12.1
Ithomiine
34
23.86
22.5
17.2
24.74
26.23
20.92
18.16
20.75
18.85
19.01
W09
37.15
20.41
21.31
27.56
23
25.85
20.1
16.68
20
18.52
19
RE-W09 3G
37.92
24.47
26.3
27.12
23.86
25.42
18.87
16.29
19.8
17.56
17.48
Supplemental material S7. Uncalibrated Garli tree for B14 with BL over branches.
Supplemental material S8. Uncalibrated Garli tree for W09 with BL over branches.
Supplemental Material S9. Branch lengths of uncalibrated topologies for the 88 taxa
used in B14 (triangles) and the 42 taxa used in W09 (circles), plotted against implied
ages for selected ithomiine clades. All other parameters held constant. Only
comparable nodes between both studies are shown.
Supplemental material S10. Updated age estimates for the groups of plants used by
W09 to calibrate a comprehensive Nymphalidae time-tree.
Rosales.—W09 constrained Heliconiinae + Nymphalinae to maximum age of 110 Ma
based on Anderson et al.’s (2005) crown age for Rosales; Wikström et al. (2001) (76
Ma, 79-73), Magallon and Castillo (2009) (~94 Ma, 93-101), Bell et al. (2010) (85 or 82
Ma, 104-73) and Xue et al. (2012) (31.9 Ma) all provide younger age estimates for the
order, implying that 110 Ma could be an overestimation.
Gentianales.—Danainae was constrained to a maximum age of 83 Ma according to the
crown age from Bremer et al. (2004); Bell et al. (2010) (65 or 69 Ma; 78-54), Janssens
et al. (2009) (79 Ma +/-10.2) and Wikström et al. (2001) (71 Ma, 68; 75-65) provide
younger ages for this order.
Poaceae.—Published ages for the grasses are rather inconsistent, the age used by
Wahlberg et al. (65 Ma) extracted from Prasad et al. (2005) is rather old in comparison
to ages obtained by studies at the angiosperm level (Bell et al. 2010), which places the
crown age of the BEP and PACMAD clades (two sister clades containing the majority of
grasses) between 23-39 Ma. A more recent analysis (Christin et al. 2014) offered crown
ages for the same clade that ranged from 51-62 Ma, although this age can move to 7982 Ma after inclusion of “phytoliths” (silica bodies and attached cuticle found in fossilized
dinosaur dung from the Late Cretaceous ~67–66 Ma).
Asteraceae.—More recent studies (Bell et al. 2010) have either confirmed the W09 age
extracted from Kim et al. 2005 (40 Ma) or have proposed an even older age (49 Ma; 5248) (Beaulieu et al. 2013).
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