Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
Eye Care Resource Package for Teachers
(Primary School Version)
Section
Content
1
Introduction
2
Objective
3
Eye and Vision
4
Common Eye Problems In Primary School Students
5
7
Common Eye Problems Related to Use of Digital
Devices
Management and Prevention of Computer Vision
Syndrome
Suggested Activities in Class
8
One-Page Tips
9
Lesson Plan
10
Further reading / Resources
6
1
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
Eye Care Resource Package for Teachers
(Primary School Version)
1. Introduction
1.1 Like how the eye is connected to the brain, we now live in a world where
people are widely connected by digital devices. Many of us become
dependent on these devices every day. However, an often-neglected
aspect of the extensive use of digital devices is its impact on eye health,
particularly among young people such as primary school students in Hong
Kong.
1.2 This educational resource package is prepared by the Department of
Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
to provide guidance for teachers in teaching their students about eye care
related to the use of digital devices.
2. Objectives
2.1 To promote students’ awareness on common eye problems and eye care
related to use of digital screen devices, including computers, tablet
computers and mobile phones (first 40-minute lesson)
2.2 To educate students about management and prevention of common eye
problems related to prolonged use of digital screen devices (second 40minute lesson, including class activities)
2
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
3. Eye and Vision
3.1 How do we see while using digital devices?
The human eye is an organ that gives us a sense of sight, allowing us to
observe and learn about the surrounding world. Light enters the eye, and
the cornea and lens focus it onto the retina. It is then processed by the
photoreceptors within the retina, and transformed into electrical
impulses. These impulses are in turn transmitted via the optic nerve to
the visual cortex, the part of the brain that interprets and form an image
for you to see.
(http://www.macular.org/humaneye.html)
3.2 How do we maintain clear and single vision while using digital
devices?
Like a camera, our eyes must be able to change focus in order to see
clearly at near, such as at times when we read or use digital screen
devices. This process is called accommodation, which acts like a reflex,
using muscles within our eyes to change the shape and optical power of
the lens, thereby maintaining clear near vision.
3
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation_(eye))
To maintain single vision at near, our eyes must move inwards
simultaneously in concert with the accommodation reflex. This eye
movement is called convergence, which is precisely controlled by muscles
attached to the eyeball.
4
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
4. Common Eye Problems In Primary School Students
4.1 Refractive Errors
4.1.1 Nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism are the types of
refractive error among school children in Hong Kong.
4.1.2 Nearsightedness (Myopia) is a condition of the eye where the light
that comes in does not directly focus on the retina but in front of it
(see figure). This causes the image that one sees when looking at a
distant object to be out of focus, but in focus when looking at a close
object.
4.1.3 Nearsightedness is the commonest refractive error, and affecting
around 40% of primary school children in Hong Kong (Fan et al, IOVS
2004).
4.1.4 While the exact cause of nearsightedness remains unknown, it is
believed that an interaction of heredity and environment may play a
role. It tends to run in families. Environmental factors such as reading
in dim light or doing excessive amount of nearsighted activities may
contribute to nearsightedness.
4.1.5 A common sign of nearsightedness is difficulty with the clarity of
distant objects like a movie or TV screen or the chalkboard in school.
Nearsightedness can be corrected by spectacles (see figure)
4.1.6 Farsightedness (hyperopia) is a condition of the eye where the light
that comes in focus behind the retina (see figure). The eyeball is too
short or the cornea has too little curvature for farsighted people.
Therefore, the light entering their eyes is not focused correctly,
causing difficulty focusing on near objects, and in extreme cases
causing difficulty to focus on objects at any distance.
5
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
4.1.7 Common signs of farsightedness include difficulty in concentrating
and maintaining a clear focus on near objects, eye strain, fatigue
and/or headaches after close work, aching or burning eyes, irritability
or nervousness after sustained concentration. Farsightedness can be
corrected by spectacles. (see figure).
4.1.8 Astigmatism is a condition where the light comes into the eye but do
not focus on a single point of the retina (see figure). It is caused by the
irregular shape of the cornea or sometimes the unequal curvature of
the lens inside the eye. An irregular shaped cornea or lens prevents
light from focusing properly on the retina, and thus, the vision
becomes blurred at any distance.
4.1.9 Astigmatism is a very common vision condition. Most people have
some degree of astigmatism. Slight amounts of astigmatism usually do
not affect vision and do not require treatment. However, larger
amounts cause distorted or blurred vision, eye discomfort and
headaches. Astigmatism can be corrected by spectacles.
6
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
5. Common Eye Problems Related to Use of Digital Devices
5.1 The use of digital screen devices to view small type for prolonged periods,
frequently at close working distances, has become commonplace in
modern society. Many individuals use multiple devices such as a desktop
and laptop computers as well as one or more hand-held devices. These
present a variety of visual demands that are significantly different from
those of printed materials in terms of working distances, viewing angles
and text sizes.
5.2 Bad habits may lead to eye problems related to use of digital devices
5.2.1 There are several bad habits that may lead to the development of eye
problems related to the use of digital screen devices. You should look
out for the following 5 signs to identify those students at risk:
 Using digital devices for prolonged periods (>1 hour) without
rest
 Rubbing eyes while using digital devices
 Frowning and squinting while using digital devices
 Holding digital devices too close (<20 inches or <50-51cm) to
eyes
 Lack of blinking
5.3 What eye problems can occur after prolonged use of digital devices?
5.3.1 Staring at your computer screen, smartphone, or other digital devices
for long periods may cause a number of eye problems. Computer
vision syndrome (CVS) is a term to describe these eye problems, and
may affect up to 90% of computer users (Blehm et al, Survey of
Ophthalmology 2005), whose symptoms may include asthenopia
(eyestrain), headaches, dry eye, diplopia (double vision) and blurred
vision after prolonged use (>2 hours) of computer or other digital
screen devices (Blehm et al, Survey of Ophthalmology 2005).
5.4 What are the differences between reading digital screen and papers?



Digital screen is self-illuminated, whereas paper relies on the
reflection of light. The brightness of digital screen is associated
with visual fatigue (Zheng, Computers in Human Behavior 2008).
Objects displayed on digital screen consist of a series of pixelbased dots with decreasing brightness on their outer edges, thus
making it hard for eyes to focus, whereas objects on paper are
printed with solid ink images (Zheng, Computers in Human
Behavior 2008).
Digital screen has different resolutions that affect visual fatigue
and readability, whereas paper does not have this resolution issue
(Zheng, Computers in Human Behavior 2008).
7
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
5.5 What is the cause of dry eye in CVS?
Dry eye is a major symptom of CVS (Miljanovic et al, American Journal of
Ophthalmology 2007). It can cause both eye discomfort and blurred vision.
There are three major mechanisms that may underlie the development of
dry eye after prolonged use of digital screen devices.
5.5.1 Reduced blinking frequency
People normally blink about 15 to 18 times a minute. We blink about
half that often while concentrating on using computers or other digital
screen devices.
5.5.2 Reduced blinking amplitude
Incomplete blinking is commonly seen in people using digital screen
devices, resulting in inadequate spreading of tears across and removal
of irritants from the surface of the cornea.
5.5.3 Increased corneal exposure from viewing angle
Computers are usually used with the eyes in the primary position,
whereas hardcopy text is more commonly read with the eyes
depressed. The higher viewing angle increases corneal exposure and
tear evaporation
5.5.4 All of the above mechanisms contribute to the development of dry eye
after prolonged use of digital screen devices. In addition, there are
several environmental factors that can further increase corneal
drying, such as low ambient humidity, high forced-air heating or air
conditioning settings, and excess static electricity or air-borne
contaminants.
5.6 What is the cause of other symptoms of CVS?
5.6.1 Besides dry eye, sustained accommodation and convergence for a
prolonged period of time while viewing the screen of digital devices
may also contribute to the symptoms of CVS, particularly eyestrain,
double vision, and headaches. These CVS symptoms can be further
aggravated by improper lighting conditions (e.g., glare or bright
overhead lighting) and uncorrected refractive errors (e.g., myopia,
astigmatism).
8
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
6. Management and Prevention of Computer Vision Syndrome
6.1 What is the Rule of Triple-A?
To prevent eye problems related to prolonged use of digital screen
devices, there are generally three adjustments to be remembered – the
Triple-A (Adjustment) preventive strategies:
6.2 Adjust environment
a. Use large monitor or screen magnifier to reduce eye strain
b. Ensure chair is close to computer and sitting comfortably to reduce
stress on eyes trying to find the best viewing angle
c. Change monitor settings to a reflective lighting scheme
d. Keep bright lighting overhead to a minimum
e. Keep window light off to side; use blinds or an anti-glare screen
f. Position the screen of digital devices to reduce reflection from
windows or overhead lights
6.3 Adjust digital screen devices
a. Position screen to look at it slightly downward (about 5 inches or 1213cm) at an optimal distance (about 25 inches or 63.5cm away)
b. Place reference materials as close to the screen as possible (e.g., using
a document holder beside monitor) to lessen the need to constantly
refocus the eyes
c. Optimise personal screen brightness and contrast that your eyes feel
most comfortable with
6.4 Adjust behaviours
a. Remember to blink regularly and completely
b. “20-20-20 see beyond the screen rule” – look at something 20 feet (or
6 meters) away for 20 seconds every 20 minutes
c. Limit electronic device use and increase outdoor play
d. Seek advice from eye doctors to exclude serious eye problems if
symptoms persist
9
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
7. Suggested Activities in Class
7.1 Learn to test vision
a. Show students how to use a 10- or 20-feet Snellen chart to test for
visual acuity and identify students who may have refractive errors by
using pinhole.
b. Visual acuity (VA) is the acuteness or clearness of vision, typically
checked at a distance of 20 feet. VA is denoted by a fraction, with the
numerator referring to the distance at which the tested eye can see,
compared to the denominator, which refers to the distance at which a
normal healthy eye can see.
c.
For example, a VA of 20/200 means that the tested eye can see at 20
feet that which a normal eye can see at 200 meters. The higher the
denominator, the poorer the VA of the tested eye.
Steps:
i.
ii.
iii.
A Snellen chart is commonly used to check VA. Check the VA in
each eye individually, by covering one eye while testing the
other.
Check VA by first having the student wearing his or her glasses,
then re-check without glasses.
If VA is less than 20/20, perform the pinhole test, by checking
VA again having the student looking through a pinhole, which
allows only central light rays into the eye, so refractive surfaces
of the eye are not used. If there is underlying refractive error,
VA should improve with the pinhole test by at least one to two
lines.
10
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
7.2 Design a poster to promote eye health related to the use of digital devices
7.3 Ask students to use concave lenses, convex lenses or astigmatic lenses to
read, and to appreciate the extra effort and discomfort in reading if there
is uncorrected refractive errors
7.4 Quiz on rule of Triple-A preventive measures
7.5 Problem-based learning
a. Use case scenarios to stimulate students to think about the
possible eye problems encountered after using digital devices for
long periods of time, and their management accordingly
b. Examples – (1) a child complaining of eye strain after using digital
devices; (2) a child complaining of dry and irritable eye after using
digital devices; and (3) a child complaining of double vision
(diplopia) after using digital devices
c. Discuss the possible causes and management of each scenario
7.6 Group Discussion
7.6.1 You may consider breaking the students into 3 groups for discussion
on the rule of Triple-A.
a. One group focuses on environmental adjustments
b. One group focuses on adjustments on digital devices
c. One group focuses on behavioural adjustments
11
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
8. One-Page Tips
8.1 Rule of Triple-A
To prevent eye problems related to prolonged use of digital screen
devices, remember the rule of Triple-A (Adjustments):
1.






2.



3.




Adjust environment
Use large monitor or screen magnifier to reduce eye strain
Ensure chair is close to computer and sitting comfortably to
reduce stress on eyes trying to find the best viewing angle
Change monitor settings to a reflective lighting scheme
Keep bright lighting overhead to a minimum
Keep window light off to side; use blinds or an anti-glare screen
Position the screen of digital devices to reduce reflection from
windows or overhead lights
Adjust digital screen devices
Position screen to look at it slightly downward (about 5 inches or
12-13cm) at an optimal distance (about 25 inches or 53.5cm away)
Place reference materials as close to the screen as possible (e.g.,
using a document holder beside monitor) to lessen the need to
constantly refocus the eyes
Optimise personal screen brightness and contrast that your eyes
feel most comfortable with
Adjust behaviours
Remember to blink regularly and completely
“20-20-20 see beyond the screen rule” – look at something 20 feet
(or 6 meters) away for 20 seconds every 20 minutes
Limit electronic device use and increase outdoor play
Seek advice from eye doctors to exclude serious eye problems if
symptoms persist
12
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
9. Lesson Plan
9.1 First lesson

Lesson duration: 40 minutes (1 lesson)

Learning objective: To promote students’ awareness on common eye
problems and eye care related to use of digital screen devices,
including computers, tablet computers and mobile phones

Learning points:
a. Eye and vision
b. Common eye problems in primary and secondary school students

Intended learning outcomes:
Upon completing the lesson, students should be able to:
a. understand the basic structure of an eye and how we see with our
eyes
b. understand the types of common eye problems
c. reflect on daily habits
9.1.1. Learning stage: Warm-up activities (15 minutes)
a. Knowing the eye
- Ask students to name parts of an eye (Appendix 1 - worksheet)
- Ask students to imagine how the eye works
- Watch a 5-minute clip “How the eye works” to know how the
eye receives reflective light and works with the brain to
transfigure the light into imagery imbued with meanings
i.e. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvozcv8pS3c
b. Using our eyes in everyday life
- Students are divided into groups to discuss and select five top
reasons why a good eyesight is important in everyday life
- Each group writes on the blackboard or report to the class their
top five reasons
- Identity the most popular reasons agreed by the whole class
c. Collecting the statistics in class
- Collect the statistics in class for the number of people who are
i) Shortsighted
ii) Farsighted
Teacher may discuss with students the following:
i) For students who have eye problems: whether they find their
eye problems or wearing glasses affect their everyday life.
ii) For student who have good eye sight: what do they do to
protect their eyes in daily life to maintain healthy eye sight.
13
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
9.1.2. Development (20 minutes)
a. How do we see while using digital devices?
- Videos: refer to E-learning course “How the eye works”,
“Accommodation”
- Explain to students how the eye functions via illustrations or
video clips of how rays enter the eye when looking at an object
that is distant or near.
b. Common eye problems in secondary school students
- Videos: refer to E-learning course “Myopia”, “Hyperopia”,
“Astigmatism” (Appendix 2 – teaching notes)
9.1.3. Conclusion (5 minutes)
Consolidate the types of common eye problems learnt in class
9.1.4. Homework
a. Ask students to think of ways to prevent eye problems of which
they will share with the class in the next lesson
b. Encourage students to revise what have been learnt via the elearning course
14
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
9.2 Second lesson

Lesson duration: 40 minutes (1 lesson)

Learning objective: To educate students about management and
prevention of common eye problems related to prolonged use of
digital screen devices (second 40-minute lesson, including class
activities)

Learning points:
a. Common eye problems related to the use of digital devices
b. The Triple-A (3A) in management and prevention of computer
vision syndrome

Intended learning outcomes:
Upon completing the lesson, students should be able to:
a. understand the how to prevent common eye problems
b. reflect on daily habits and know how to manage eye problems
9.2.1. Learning stage: Warm-up activities (10 minutes)
a. Reflecting on daily habits
- Watch a video in which the child is using a digital device for a
prolonged period
- Ask students to name the bad habits demonstrated by the child
b. Presentation
- Ask a few students to share with the class possible ways to
prevent eye problems.
9.2.3. Development (15 minutes)
a. Common eye problems related to the use of digital devices
- Teacher may ask students to share how long they spend on
using the digital device every day and discuss with them
whether they have picked up any bad habits.
- Ask students to share what eye problems they have
experienced after prolonged use of digital devices
i.e. asthenopia (eyestrain), headaches, dry eye, diplopia
(double vision) and blurred vision
- Discuss the causes of dry eye and other computer vision
syndromes
b. The 3A in preventing eye problems
- For a more interactive session, teacher may ask a student to
help demonstrate the correct posture and behaviour when
using a digital device.
15
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
9.2.4. Activities (10 minutes)
a. Quiz on eyecare
Question 1
What are the bad habits that you may observe from your peers who
are at risk of developing eye problems related to prolonged use of
digital screen devices?
Answers: not enough rest; eyes rubbing; frowning; squinting; lack of
blinking; holding the device too close to the eyes
Question 2
What is the term used to describe the eye problems related to the use
of digital screen devices?
Answer: computer vision syndrome
Question 3
What are the common symptoms of eye problems related to the use
of digital screen devices?
Answer: asthenopia (eyestrain), headaches, dry eye, diplopia (double
vision) and blurred vision
Question 4
What are the causes of dry eye after using digital devices for a
prolonged period of time?
Answer: Reduced blinking frequency; reduced blinking amplitude;
increased corneal exposure from viewing angle
Question 5
What are the “Triple-A” preventive measures for avoiding the
development of eye problems related to the use of digital screen
devices?
Answer: Adjust environment; adjust digital screen devices; adjust
behaviours
b. Eye test
Materials needed: A Snellen chart, a card paper, a pen
- Follow the instructions and allow the students to test their visual
acuity in class.
9.2.5. Conclusion (5 minutes)
a. Encourage students to establish good habits when using digital
devices
b. Encourage students to use the e-learning resources to consolidate
what has been learnt
9.2.6. Homework
Complete the worksheet (Appendix 3)
16
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
Appendix 1
Worksheet
Parts of the eye
Name the parts of the eye using the words provided.
Retina Cornea Iris Pupil
Lens
source:http://www.d.umn.edu/~jfitzake/Lectures/UndergradPha
rmacy/SensoryPhysiology/Vision/EyeStructure.html
17
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
Appendix 2
Teaching notes
Myopia (Nearsightedness)
Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a common type of refractive error
where close objects appear clearly, but distant objects appear blurry.
Causes:
 It occurs when the eyeball becomes too long, in which case the light is
focused in front of the retina instead of on the retina.
 Hereditary myopia
 Engaging in near work activities that requires close vision such as reading,
working at the computer and watching the television.
Treatment:
 Wearing concave lens in the form of eyeglasses or contact lens to focus light
on the retina
 Refractive surgery
Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is a common type of refractive error
where distant objects are seen more clearly than objects that are near.
Causes
 It occurs when the eyeball is too short, in which case the light is focused
behind the retina instead of on the retina.
Treatment
 Wearing convex lens in the form of eyeglasses or contact lens to focus light
on the retina
 Refractive surgery
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a common type of refractive error where both close and distant
objects appear blurry.
Causes
Astigmatism is usually caused by an irregularly shaped cornea. In an eye with
astigmatism, light fails to come to a single focus on the retina, causing images to
appear stretched out and blurry.
Treatment

Wearing cylindrical lens in the form of eyeglasses or contact lens to allow
light to focus on a single point on the retina.

Refractive surgery
18
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Note to illustrator: showing the eye in the simplest structure and black/white color is fine.
The most important thing is to show clearly the rays that entered the eye
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
Appendix 3
Worksheet
Common eye problems
I. Match the picture with the correct eye problem
1. Nearsightedness/ Myopia
2. Hyperopia/ farsightedness
3. Astigmatism “?.
19
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
II. Match eye problems with the people described below.
Nearsightedness Farsightedness Astigmatism Dry eye/ eye strain
1. Colin seems to be unaware of distant objects. Nearsightedness
2. Jenny feels tired after using her computer for over an hour and needs to take
3.
4.
5.
6.
a rest. Dry eye/ eye strain
Wendy needs to sit close to the television in order to sit it more clearly.
Nearsightedness
Erica’s brother suffers from blurred vision and headache when focusing on
near or distant objects. Astigmatism
Alan’s vision blurs while he tries to assemble small pieces of a model car.
Farsightedness
Mr Peterson experiences some eye discomfort after using his laptop
continuously for two hours. Dry eye/ eye strain
III. Circle the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. After light enters the eye, the cornea and (A. eye muscle B. Iris C. lens) work
together to focus it onto the retina.
2. The (A. brain B. optic nerve C. photoreceptors) then process the light and
transform them into electrical impulses, which are transmitted via the (A.
fovea B. optic nerve C. blood vessels) to the brain.
3. The process of (A. accommodation B. conversion C. convergence) is when the
eyes use the muscles to change focus of the lens to see things at different
distances clearly.
4. Nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism are common types of (A.
traits B. refractive errors C. eye conditions) found among school children in
Hong Kong.
5. It is the best to (A. work under bright day light B. sit on an adjustable chair C.
position the screen 10 inches away from the eyes) while using a computer.
6. Computer vision syndromes do not include (A. fever B. headaches C. double
vision).
7. (A. Large eyes B. Large words C. Large monitor) helps to reduce eye strain.
8. Proper (A. eating habit B. temperature C. lighting condition) helps to reduce
computer vision syndromes.
9. While using a digital device, It is best to look at objects 20 feet away for (A. 2
seconds B. 20 seconds C. 60 seconds) every (A. 2 minutes B. 20 minutes C.
60 minutes).
10. When you are focused in the middle of the screen, you should be looking
slightly (A. downward B. upward C. sideward).
20
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
IV. Based on the rule of Triple-A, draw a person who is using a computer in
an ergonomically correct workstation.
desk
21
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
10. Further reading / Resources
Section
2
2.2
Further reading / Resources
 Youtube video
(http://hk.video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A8tUwX
L_raxRaCMAKqTeygt.;_ylu=X3oDMTBrc3VyamVwBHNlYwNz
cgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQD?p=eye+structure+animation&vid
=982daca067c3316ba3bffb14a2e27041&l=00%3A29&turl=
http%3A%2F%2Fts4.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DV.47971
10143093995%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fww
w.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DLpjbOhtcD0A&tit=How+
the+Eye+Works&c=11&sigr=11a11jo3r&age=0&fr=FP-tabweb-t&tt=b)
 Camera vs eye
(http://hk.video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A8tUwX
LhrqxRA0MAc4reygt.;_ylu=X3oDMTBrc3VyamVwBHNlYwNz
cgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQD?p=eye+accommodation+animati
on&vid=a737da0112876a0f772a8a3217be3450&l=00%3A2
0&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts4.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3D
V.4721883764556835%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F
%2Fvimeo.com%2F7541672&tit=How+the+eye+works+ani
mation&c=2&sigr=10ot5v120&age=0&fr=FP-tab-webt&tt=b)
 Accommodation
(http://hk.video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A8tUwX
LhrqxRA0MAeIreygt.;_ylu=X3oDMTBrc3VyamVwBHNlYwNz
cgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQD?p=eye+accommodation+animati
on&vid=8b35ea0e42947e5fb2b5221a1063c120&l=00%3A1
0&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts4.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3D
V.4610304852560071%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Diq3hkFGAn0w&
tit=Accommodation&c=7&sigr=11amm2r86&age=0&fr=FPtab-web-t&tt=b)
 Accommodation
(http://hk.video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A8tUwX
GisKxRjBQAYQXeygt.;_ylu=X3oDMTBrc3VyamVwBHNlYwNz
cgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQD?p=eye+accommodation&vid=a3c
10fd3759530cc95f5983a65c6f246&l=00%3A03&turl=http%
3A%2F%2Fts3.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DU.4930790956
597262%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yout
ube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dt6_rWud6iNQ&tit=The+Proces
s+of+Accommodation+In+the+Eye&c=4&sigr=11aodi29d&ag
e=0&b=31&fr=FP-tab-web-t&tt=b)
22
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
3
3.1



6
Youtube video – Myopia
(http://hk.video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A8tUwX
ADsaxRG3kAXVreygt.;_ylu=X3oDMTBrc3VyamVwBHNlYwNz
cgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQD?p=myopia&vid=ea46db141c8f2c
b35a1b3e83c3297e68&l=1%3A23&turl=http%3A%2F%2Ft
s1.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DV.4739188209158828%26
pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2F
watch%3Fv%3DPHFm0R4d0Vg&tit=Myopia.&c=3&sigr=11a
fkfv4u&age=0&fr=FP-tab-web-t&tt=b)
Youtube video – Hyperopia
(http://hk.video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A8tUwX
CxsaxR4h8ANbXeygt.;_ylu=X3oDMTBrc3VyamVwBHNlYwNz
cgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQD?p=hyperopia&vid=ed43ec851d3
088cbf446215642193892&l=1%3A15&turl=http%3A%2F%
2Fts1.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DV.4684169683994468
%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com
%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJLosTLOj84k&tit=Hypermetropia+or+H
yperopia...&c=3&sigr=11abk5s4u&age=0&fr=FP-tab-webt&tt=b)
Youtube video – Astigmatism
(http://hk.video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A8tUwXI
3sqxRHlwAxGLeygt.;_ylu=X3oDMTBrc3VyamVwBHNlYwNzc
gRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQD?p=astigmatism&vid=ae1b260fdb7
66ae7fc29509272206441&l=1%3A21&turl=http%3A%2F%
2Fts2.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DV.4550192490414177
%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com
%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSrInetyfwm4&tit=Astigmatism&c=11&s
igr=11aek7jhj&age=0&fr=FP-tab-web-t&tt=b)
 Protecting Your Eyesight, HK Government
http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/health/healthadvice/healthcare/
eyecare.htm
23
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Draft (Sep 2013)
ITE Section, Education Bureau
11. References
Fan DS, Lam DS, Lam RF, Lau JT, Chong KS, Cheung EY, Lai RY, Chew SJ.
Prevalence, incidence, and progression of myopia of school children in Hong
Kong. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Apr;45(4):1071-5.
Blehm C, Vishnu S, Khattak A, Mitra S, Yee RW. Computer vision syndrome: a
review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005 May-Jun;50(3):253-62. Review
Zheng Y, Liang H, Chen H, Lu F. Computer Vision Syndrome: A widely spreading
but largely unknown epidemic among computer users. Computers in Human
Behaviour 2008; 24 : 2026-2042
Miljanović B, Dana R, Sullivan DA, Schaumberg DA. Impact of dry eye syndrome
on vision-related quality of life. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Mar;143(3):409-15.
Epub 2007 Jan 2
http://www.sancb.org.za/article/5-important-tips-better-eye-health-digitalworld
-End-
24
Eye Care Resources Package for Teachers (Primary School Version)
Prepared by: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong