Maps: page 70-71 17, 18, 23, 24, 27, 29-30
17. Once minute of latitude is 1.85 km. 1 second of latitude is 1/60 of that. The answer
is 0.0308 km or 30.8 m.
18. Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator. Longitude is the distance east
or west of the Prime Meridian.
23. 135oN 185oE is incorrect for two reasons. The maximum for latitude is 90o. The
maximum for longitude is 180o.
24. You must be moving North, because as you move towards the poles the lines of
longitude become closer together.
27. Trail A would be easier to follow because it would have a more gentle slope, since
the contour lines are spaced farther apart.
29. 30 m x 7= 210 meters.
30. would be 3 x 24000 cm= 72000 cm which is equal to 0.72 km.
-Atmosphere page 566-7 19-32
19. nitrogen, oxygen, argon
20. Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted on a surface by the weight of
the atmosphere. It is measured using a barometer and reported in units of millibars or
pressure per square inch (psi).
21. Troposphere- closest to earth, all weather here, most dense layer, temperature
decreases with altitude.
Stratosphere- contains the ozone layer, temperature increases with altitude
Mesosphere- coldest layer of the atmosphere. Temperature decreases with altitude.
Thermosphere- temperature increases with increasing altitude, very few gasses at this
altitude.
22. Visible light that enters the atmosphere can be reflected, absorbed, or scattered by the
atmosphere, clouds and Earth’s surface.
23. Heat is transferred via radiation, conduction and convection in the atmosphere.
24. Places with different latitudes on Earth receive different amounts of sunlight during
the year. The angle of the Sun’s rays can vary, which causes temperature to vary.
25. Greenhouse effect helps warm the atmosphere when greenhouse gasses (carbon
dioxide, water vapor, etc) absorb and reradiate infrared radiation.
26. Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of the Earth.
27. Polar Easterlies (between 60 and the poles)- winds blow from East to West
Westerlies (between 60 and 30 N and S)- winds blow from West to East
Trade Winds (between 30 and 0) – winds blow from East to West
28. Surface features, like bodies of water and mountains, can lead to local winds due to
uneven heating and cooling of the ground surface.
29. This is describing an ocean breeze, which would blow during the day.
30. Jet streams may allow pilots to “ride” the jet stream in fair weather to take advantage
of tailwinds to reduce flight times.
31. The ban of CFCs helps to protect the stratosphere. The stratosphere contains ozone,
which can be damaged by CFCs.
32. Infrared rays radiate from Earth’s surface and are trapped by gases in the atmosphere.
-Weather page 593 (25-29, 35-39)
25. Air would contain more water vapor over Panama, as higher temperatures there
would lead to more evaporation.
26. At the same temperature, the body of air that has 97% relative humidity would be
closer to the dew point. The dew point is the temperature at which air is completely
saturated (100%) and condensation occurs.
27. Polluted air is likely to contain particulate matter which could serve as condensation
nuclei for water molecules to condense onto.
28. Supercooling could occur in these places at high altitude where air temperatures are
low.
29. If there was a significant decline in condensation nuclei there would be fewer clouds.
This could lead to drought conditions.
35. 89%
36. 10 degrees C
37. Relative humidity is highest in the early omorning when temperature is lowest
because the air is close to the dew point. Evaporation is slowest compared to
condensation.
38. 3 pm
39. Relative humidity has an inverse relationship with temperature. Humidity decreases
during the day when temperatures are higher and increases at night when temperatures
are lower.
- Mineral page 116- 23-28
23. inorganic, naturally occurring crystalline solid with a consistent chemical
composition.
24. There are 4 oxygen atoms and 1 silicon atom in each silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.
25. Natural gas is not a mineral because it is not a solid. It is also organic.
26. You’ll be more likely to find feldspar and quartz in the crust, since silicates are the
most common rock forming minerals.
27. Streak and density would help you distinguish gold from pyrite.
28. No, you would want to do more tests because other small particles of many minerals
that contain iron can also be attracted by a magnet.
-Rocks 146 16-19, 22-25
16. In partial melting, as the temperature of a rock increases, the minerals that have the lowest melting
point melt first. Fractional crystallization works in the opposite way. As the temperature of molten rock
decreases, crystals of minerals with high freezing points form first.
17. Igneous rock forms when magma cools. Sedimentary rocks form when rock fragments are cemented
or compacted together, or by chemical or organic processes. Metamorphic rocks form when a rock is
subjected heat and pressure changes or to chemical processes.
18. Clastic sedimentary rocks form from fragments of other rocks. Chemical and organic sedimentary
rocks form through chemical or organic processes.
19. Bowen’s reaction series shows the order in which minerals crystallize from cooling magma due to
chemical composition and melting points.
22. Foliation occurs when a rock contains 2 or more minerals that become aligned during pressure.
Foliation does not occur when a rock is made of a single mineral.
23. The longer amount of time that a sediment is transported causes the particles to become finer.
Their shapes also become rounder and smoother as transport continues.
24. The rock will be dark in color because these minerals are ferromagnesian minerals.
25. If meatmosphic rock is uplifted to Earth’s surface and is exposed to air and water, it may break down
into sediment that becomes sedimentary rock. If metamorphic rock is melted and then cools, igneous
rock will form.
Chemistry page 94 17-27, 35-37
17. Chemical properties describe how a substance incteracts with other substances. Physical
properties can be observed without changing the features of the substance.
18. Element is a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical
means.
19. proton, neutrons, electrons
20. Metallic elements tend to lose electrons easily since they only a have a small number of
valence electrons.
21. covalent
22. 1 Na, 1 Cl
2 H, 2O
3 Fe 4 O
1 Si and 2 O
23. Number of proton’s in the nucleus (atomic number) distinguishes it from other elements.
24. Covalent, probably have 2 non-metals.
25. Calcium will transfer 2 chlorine atoms to form a calcium ion with a +2 charge and two
chloride ions that each have a 1- charge
26. The substances retain their chemical properties in a mixture.
27 Water forms due to the chemical properties of these two elements.
35. 24
36. Tungsten 110
Silicon 14
37. Tungsten.
- Sun/Earth./Moon page 676 16-21
746 4-19
16. gamma, xrays
17. eliminates interference from the atmosphere
18. sun will rise at different times in different places.
19. a leap year happens once every four years when we add a day to the calendar to
account for the ¼ day in addition to a year that it takes for Earth to orbit the sun.
20. international date line
21. due to the tilt of Earth’s axis, the sun is higher in the sky at certain times of year. The
sun is also out for longer during certain times of year.
4. perigee- moon is closest to Earth, apogee- moon is farthest from Eawrth
5. Oort cloud- region of comets that lies beyond Pluto’s orbit. Kuiper belt- region of
comets that lies beyond Neptune’s orbit.
6. solar eclipse occurs during a New Moon when the moon passes between the Sun and
the Earth. Lunar eclipse- occurs during a full moon, when the moon passes into the
shadow of the Earth
7. comet- Icy body that orbits the sun in a highly elliptical orbit. Asteroid- terrestrial
body that lies between Jupiter and Mars.
8. Meteoroid- when a meteor is still in space. Meteorite is when the meteor has hit the
Earth.
9. c
10. d
11. a
12. b
13. d
14. a
15. d
16. a
17. Many meteor hits due to a lack of an atmosphere.
18. Craters on the moon are caused by impacts with other bodies. Evidence- circular
shape, presence of ejected materials, regolith layers
19. No; during the full moon phase the Earth is between the moon and the Sun. Solar
eclipses happen only during the new moon when the moon is located between Earth and
the Sun and the moon’s shadow falls on the Earth.
- SS page 710 19-24, 30-32
19. Early atmosphere was mostly formed from outgasing by volcanoes: water vapor, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, methane, sulfur dioxide and ammonia. Today the atmosphere is mostly nitrogen, oxygen and
argon, with some carbon dioxide and water vapor.
20. elliptical
21. Planets orbit around the Sun on a path in the shape of an ellipse.
22. Newton basically provided the causes for what Kepler wrote about in his laws.
23. liquid water on the surface, moderate surface temperature, free oxygen in the atmosphere
24. dust particles in a solar nebula stick together to create planetisimals. Collisions between materials
cause planetisimals to grow into larger bodies called protoplanets. When they get to be large enough
they become planets.
30. 88/58.67= 1.5 times
31. Need to use Kepler’s 3rd law. The average distance of Uranus from the Sun is 19.18 AU
32. will depend based on your age.