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Chapter 14.1- Church Reform and the
Crusades Quiz
1.
Who was Urban II? (time period,
location, key achievements)
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who
resided in Rome, and called for the First
Crusade in 1096…also known as the
Peasant’s Crusade. Urban II used a letter
from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius
asking for help to defend his city from the
Turks to launch the Crusade…justified
role of Christian Knight, saying it was only
a sin to kill Christians, and that if you died
you’d go straight to heaven, and if you
survived, you’d be released from feudal
oaths and be forgiven of all sins.
2.
Describe characteristics of
Romanesque versus Gothic
architecture.
Romanesque- heavy thick walls, narrow
windows, little light, often in the shape of
a cross
Gothic- thin walls, ornate stained-glass
windows, very tall and grand, flying
buttresses
3.
What were the Reconquista and
the Inquisition? What were their
effects?
Reconquista- program by Ferdinand and
Isabella to expel the Jews and Muslims
from Spain and unify the country under
Roman Catholicism- culminates in 1492
Inquisition- court system set up to try
people accused of heresy…use of torture
and death penalty…purify the religion
Chapter 14.1- Church Reform and the
Crusades
I. Monastic Revival and Church
Reform
 Beginning in 1000’s- revival across
Europe, led by monasteries
 Reformers wanted a return to basic
principles of Christian religion
 New religious orders were founded
o New monasteries and popes began
to reform the Church
 restored and expanded Church power
and authority
 Age of Faith
A.
Problems in the Church
 Some of the major problems:
o 1. Many village priests married
and had families
o 2. Positions in the church were
sold by bishops…called SIMONY
o 3. The practice of lay investiture
put kings in control of church
bishops (Church reformers wanted
bishops to be appointed by the
Church alone)
B. Reform Begins at Cluny
 910- Benedictine monastery was
founded at Cluny in France
 Monks followed the Benedictine rule
o Inspired others to follow suit
 By 1000CE- 300 houses were under
Cluny’s leadership
 1098- Cistercian Order of Monks was
founded
o focused on a life of
hardship…brought about further
reforms
 Pope Leo IX, took office in 1049,
enforced Church laws against simony
and the marriage of priests
 Pope Gregory VII was elected in 1073
o Spent time at Cluny
o Determined to purify the Church
C. Reform and Church Organization
 1100’s and 1200’s- Church was
restructured to resemble a kingdom,
with the pope at its head
 Papal Curia= the pope’s group of
advisors, who also acted as a court
o Developed canon law (law of the
Church) on matters such as
marriage, divorce, and inheritance
o Curia also decided cases based on
these laws
 Papal diplomats traveled through
Europe, meeting with bishops and
kings
o Extended the power of the pope
 Church collected taxes, called TITHES
o Tithe= 1/10 the yearly income
from every Christian family
 Church provided social service: cared
for sick and poor
o Most hospitals in medieval Europe
were operated by the Church
 By the early 1200’s, popes had
established their authority throughout
Europe
o Practice of simony, and marriage
of clergy had declined dramatically
D. Preaching Friars
 Friars traveled from place to place in
the 1200’s
 Friars- like monks, took vows of
chastity, poverty, and obedience…but
friars did not live apart from the
world in monasteries
 Friars preached to the poor
throughout Europe’s towns and
cities…owned nothing, and lived by
begging
 EX: Friar Tuck in Robin Hood
 Dominicans- earliest order of
friars…founded by Spanish priest
named Dominic
o Emphasized the importance of
study…many Dominicans were
scholars
 Franciscans- order of friars founded
by Italian St. Francis of Assisi
o Son of rich merchant
o Francis gave up his wealth, and
turned to preaching around age of
20
o Less importance on scholarship
o Treated all creatures (like animals)
as spiritual brothers and sisters
E. Religious Orders for Women
 Women joined the Dominicans
 1212- Poor Clares founded
o Franciscan order for women
o Founded by Clare and her friend,
Francis of Assisi
 Germany- Hildegard of Bingen, mystic
and musician, founded a Benedictine
convent in 1147
 Women were not allowed to travel
from place to place as preachers
o Lived in poverty and worked to
help sick and poor
II. Cathedrals- Cities of God
 Cathedrals became symbols of the
Church’s wealth during the Middle
Ages
A. New Style of Church Architecture
 Between 800 and 1100- churches
were build in Romanesque style
o Round arches, heavy roof held up
by thick walls and pillars
o Thick walls, tiny windows with
little light
 Early 1100’s new style of architecture:
Gothic evolved
o Gothic from Germanic tribe called
the Goths
o Gothic cathedrals thrust upward
toward heaven
o Huge stained-glass windows
o Ex: Cathedral of Notre Dame in
Paris, France (vaulted ceiling 100
feet high)
 about 500 Gothic churches were built
between 1170 and 1270
 Also sculpture, woodcarvings, and
stained-glass windows
 Cathedral represented the City of God
o Richly decorated
III. The Crusades
 1093- Byzantine emperor Alexius
Comnenus send an appeal to Robert,
Count of Flanders, also read by Pope
Urban II
o emperor asked for help against the
Muslim Turks who were
threatening to conquer his capital
at Constantinople
o “And in your coming you will find
your reward in heaven, and if you
do not come, God will condemn
you.”- Alexius Comnenus
 Pope Urban II- issued a call for a “holy
war”, or Crusade, to gain control of the
Holy Land
 Series of Crusades were launched over
the next 200 years
o Goal: recover Jerusalem and the
Holy Land from the Muslim Turks
A. Causes of Crusading Spirit
 Crusades had economic goals and
religious motives
 Pope Urban II’s call- tremendous
outpouring of religious feeling and
support for the Crusade
 In 1096- between 50,000 and 60,000
knights became Crusaders
o Red crosses on tunics worn over
armor
o Battle cry= “God wills it!”
 Kings and the Church saw the
Crusades as an opportunity to get rid
of quarrelsome knights
 Also, many younger sons participated
(those marginalized by laws of
primogeniture)
 Knights and commoners were
inspired by religious zeal
 Pope Urban II
o Said if knights died on Crusade,
they were assured a place in
heaven
o Said Jesus had been misquoted in
the Bible, and it was only a sin to
kill Christians
 Later Crusades, merchants profited by
making cash loans to finance the
Crusade
o Also leased ships to transport
armies over the Mediterranean Sea
o Merchants of Pisa, Genoa, and
Venice wanted to win control of
key trade routes to India,
Southeast Asia, and China from
Muslim traders
A. First and Second Crusades
 By 1097, three armies of knights and
others had gathered outside of
Constantinople
o Most of Crusaders were French,
also Germans, English, Scots,
Italian, and Spanish
 Crusaders were ill-prepared for holy
war in First Crusade
o New nothing of geography,
climate, or culture of Holy Land
o Medieval maps showed Jerusalem
as center of world, distance was
much farther from Europe than
Crusaders had anticipated
 Crusaders did not have a strategy for
capturing Jerusalem
o Nobles argued among themselves
o Supply lines weren’t adequate
 army of 12,000 (1/4 of original army)
made it to Jerusalem and besieged the
city for a month
 July 15, 1099- captured city of
Jerusalem
o Set up Crusader States along 400
mile narrow strip of land between
Edessa and Jerusalem
 1144- Edessa reconquered by
Turks
 Second Crusade- organized to
recapture city of Edessa
o Armies were unsuccessful
 1187: city of Jerusalem fell to the
Muslim leader Saladin
B. The Third and Fourth Crusades
 Third Crusade
o Recapture Jerusalem
o Called “kings Crusade”
o Led by 3 most powerful monarchs:
 French king, Philip Augustus
 German emperor Frederick
Barbarossa
 English king, Richard the LionHearted
o Barbarossa drowned on the
journey
o Philip argued with Richard and
went home
o Richard left to regain Holy Land
from Saladin
o Richard and Saladin respected
each other
o Agreed to a truce in
1192…Jerusalem remained under
Muslim control, but unarmed
Christian pilgrims were allowed to
freely visit the holy city
 1198 Pope Innocent III appealed for
another Crusade to capture Jerusalem
 Fourth Crusade- entangled in Italian
and Byzantine politics
o Looted the city of Constantinople
in 1204 to gain loot for Venice
(persecuted Eastern Orthodox)
o Ended the Fourth Crusade
o Schism of 1054 between Eastern
Orthodox and Roman Catholic
churches became permanent
IV. Crusading Spirit Dwindles
 1200’s Crusades were increasingly
common but unsuccessful
 religious fervor of First Crusade
replaced by search for personal gain
(ex: Fourth)
A. The Later Crusades
 Armies also marched to North Africa
 Louis IX- French king who led last two
Crusades…respected in
Europe…declared a saint…but didn’t
conquer much land
 Children’s Crusade 1212
o Thousands of children set out for
the Holy Land
o Led by Stephen…believed Jesus
appeared to him as a pilgrim and
encouraged children to take back
the Holy Land because they were
pure in spirit
o Many children died of cold and
starvation…some turned
back…some drowned at sea due to
leaky ships loaned by
unscrupulous merchants…some
children were sold into slavery
C. A Spanish Crusade
 In Spain, Muslims (Moors) controlled
much of the country until the 1100’s
 Reconquista- effort to drive the
Muslims (and Jews) out of Spain
 By late 1400’s, Muslims held only the
tiny kingdom of Granada
 1492: Granada fell to the Christian
army of Ferdinand and Isabella, the
Spanish monarchs
 Spain had large Jewish population as
well
o Many Jews had high positions in
finance, government, and medicine
 Many Jews and Muslims converted to
Christianity during the late 1400’s
 Isabella and Ferdinand made use of
the Inquisition
o Tribunal court system, held by the
Church, to suppress heresy
o Ex: Iron Maiden
o “Nobody expects the Spanish
Inquisition!”
o Heretics- those accused of not
believing in the church’s doctrines
o Suspects were often tortured…if
they confessed, often burned at the
stake
 1492- Ferdinand and Isabella expelled
all practicing Jews and Muslims from
Spain
o Major motive in financing
Christopher Columbus the same
year, was to find alternative routes
to China/ India, without going
through Muslim controlled Middle
East
D. The Effects of the Crusades
 Failure of later Crusades lessened the
power of the pope
 Crusades weakened feudal nobility
 Thousands of knights lost their lives
and fortunes
 Crusades did stimulate trade between
Europe and Southwest Asia
o Spices, fruits, and cloth
 For Muslims, Crusades resulted in
animosity from intolerance and
prejudice displayed by Christians in
Holy Land
 Continue conflict between Christians,
Muslims, and Jews into the present
 European merchants continued
trading with Middle East