Unit - Chemistry:
2.A.3 – Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.
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Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.
o Carbon is used to build carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or nucleic acids, in storage compounds and cell
formation in all organisms
o Nitrogen is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.
o Phosphorus is used in nucleic acids.
o Living systems depend on the properties of water that result from polarity and hydrogen bonding.
 Ex. Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, solvent, heat of vaporization, heat of fusion,
thermal conductivity
4.A.1 – The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule.
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Structure and function of polymers are derived from the way their monomers are assembled
Nucleic acids, biological information is encoded in sequences of nucleotides.
o Nucleotide structure.
o DNA and RNA differ in structure, structural differences create different functions.
Proteins, the specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide is primary structure; Overall shape of the protein
also involves secondary, tertiary and quarternary structure. The R group of an amino acid determines tertiary
structure and can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and ionic), and the interactions
of these R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein.
Lipids are mostly nonpolar; Phospholipids have both polar regions that interact with other polar molecules
(water), and with nonpolar regions; differences in saturation of fatty acids also determines the structure and
function of lipids.
Carbohydrates are composed of sugar molecules whose structures and bonding with each other by dehydration
synthesis determines the properties and functions of the molecules. Ex. cellulose, vs starch vs chitin vs glycogen
Directionality influences structure and function of the polymer.
o Nucleic acids have ends, (the 3’ and 5’ carbons of the sugar) that determine the direction in which
complementary nucleotides are added during replication and the direction in which translation occurs (from
5’ to 3’).
o Proteins have amino (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) ends, and are a linear sequence of amino acids
connected by peptide bonds by dehydration synthesis between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent
monomers.
o The nature of the bonding between carbohydrate subunits determines their relative orientation in the
carbohydrate, which then determines the secondary structure of the carbohydrate.
4.B.1 – Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function
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Change in the structure of a molecule may result in a change in the function of the system.
The shape of enzymes’ active sites determines the function of the enzyme
o The substrate must fit into the enzyme’s active site.
The interaction of cofactors and coenzymes with some enzymes causes a structural change that alters the activity
rate of the enzyme. The enzyme may only become active when all the appropriate cofactors or coenzymes are
present and bind to the appropriate sites on the enzyme.
Other (inhibitor) molecules and the environment can enhance or inhibit enzyme activity.
Molecules can bind reversibly or irreversibly to the active or allosteric sites.
The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentration of product or
substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme’s activity,
the disappearance of substrate, and/or presence of a competitive inhibitor.
4.C.1 – Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions
 Variations within types of molecules provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions.
 Ex. Phospholipids, types of hemoglobin, MHC, chlorophylls, antibodies.