Basic Biology - End of Third Trimester Exam Review (Chapters 13 – 17)
Chapter 13 – Warmblooded Vertebrates
Concept Overview:

Birds and mammals are two classes of warmblooded vertebrates. They have a backbone
and their body temperature remains constant.

Birds are able to fly because of wings, strong breast muscles, hollow bones, and air sacs
inside their bodies. Birds’ feet and beaks are suited to where they live and what they eat.
Many birds migrate.

Mammals share five characteristics:
1. Mammals have hair on their bodies
2. Most mammals give birth to live young
3. Mammals feed their young with milk from their mother
4. Mammals care for their young until the young can care for themselves
5. Mammals have well-developed brains. Mammals are classified into three different
groups: monotremes, marsupials, and placentals.

People are classified into a placental group called primates. People are the most highlydeveloped mammals.

The digestive system of meat-eating mammals and plant-eating mammals are different.
Terms to Know:
Migration
Mammal
Monotremes
Marsupials
Placentals
Primates
Basic Biology - End of Third Trimester Exam Review (Chapters 13 – 17)
Chapter 14 – Support and Movement
Concept Overview:

There are 206 bones in the human skeletal system. These bones have five jobs:
1. They support the body and give it shape
2. They protect organs inside the body
3. They work with muscles to help the body move
4. Some bones help make blood cells
5. They store some minerals that the body needs

Bones are made of bone cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. They also contain minerals
that make bones hard. The structure of a bone includes the periosteum, compact bone,
spongy bone, and marrow.

The places where bones meet are called joints. Ligaments hold bones together at the joint.
The types of joints are immovable joints, pivotal joints, ball-and-socket joints, hinge
joints, and gliding joints.

Tendons connect muscles to bones and other muscles. There are three kinds of muscles:
skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles.

When a muscle moves, it contracts, or shortens. When a muscle relaxes, it lengthens.
Muscles can only pull. Skeletal muscles work in pairs.
Terms to Know:
Marrow
Fracture
Joint
Ligament
Tendon
Voluntary Muscle
Involuntary Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Basic Biology - End of Third Trimester Exam Review (Chapters 13 – 17)
Chapter 15 – Circulation, Respiration, and Excretion
Concept Overview:

The circulatory system moves blood throughout the body. It is made up of the heart,
blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood throughout the body. Veins, arteries,
and capillaries are the different types of blood vessels. Blood contains plasma, platelets,
red blood cells, and white blood cells.

The lymphatic system includes lymph, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes. Lymph contains
white blood cells that fight disease.

The respiratory system delivers oxygen to the blood. It is made up of the lungs, tubes,
and pathways that air moves through. Air enters through the nose or mouth and travels to
the air sacs in the lungs. Oxygen passes from the air sacs into the blood. Water vapor and
carbon dioxide pass from blood into the air sacs.

The excretory system removes wastes from the body. The lungs, kidneys, intestines, and
skin are part of the excretory system. The lungs remove carbon dioxide and water from
the body. Nephrons in kidneys remove wastes from the blood. Sweat glands in the skin
release perspiration, or sweat.
Terms to Know:
Circulatory System
Vein
Artery
Capillary
Plasma
Platelet
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Excretory System
Nephron
Basic Biology - End of Third Trimester Exam Review (Chapters 13 – 17)
Chapter 16 – Digestion
Concept Overview:

Digestion is carried out by many organs, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine.

There are two forms of digestion: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical digestion tears
and grinds food into smaller pieces. Chemical digestion changes the molecules of food
through chemical reactions.

The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder help the digestive process by making enzymes and
other digestive fluids.

Nutrients pass from the villi in the small intestine into the bloodstream.

Undigested food passes from the small intestine into the large intestine. The large
intestine absorbs water from the undigested food and forms waste. The waste then passes
out of the body.
Terms to Know:
Digestion
Enzyme
Saliva
Esophagus
Chyme
Pancreas
Liver
Bile
Gallbladder
Villi
Basic Biology - End of Third Trimester Exam Review (Chapters 13 – 17)
Chapter 17 – Regulating the Body
Concept Overview:

The nervous system is made up of neurons. Neurons carry impulses to and from the brain
and the spinal cord.

Neurons are cells made of a cell body with a nucleus, dendrites, and axons. Between each
neuron is a small gap called a synapse. A special chemical carries an electrical impulse
over this gap.

A reflex is an automatic and involuntary response to outside stimulation. Many reflex
messages are processed in the spinal cord rather than in the brain.

The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system. Other nerves make up
the peripheral nervous system. The brain has three main parts: the cerebrum, the
cerebellum, and the brainstem.

Hormones are a different kind of body messenger. Hormones are released by the
endocrine glands. Most hormones travel in the bloodstream. They control such things as
body growth and behavior.
Terms to Know:
Neuron
Dendrite
Axon
Gland
Synapse
Reflex
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla
Endocrine Gland
Hormone