European Organization
for Nuclear Research CERN, CH-1211
Genève 23, Switzerland
To the head of the department on operation
Big Hadronic Collider (BHC),
To the head of experiments
on the BHC to Roger Baileyand.
On the site «Elements» (www.eltmenty.ru) is stated the information that at carrying out
of experiments on the BAC there occurred some unforeseen and obscure effects:
- Disappearance of protons from the beam;
- Occurrence of «unidentified falling objects»;
- Unexplainable blowout of energy.
I offer the printing manuscript: «Big Hadronic Collider (BHC). Riddles of collider and their
solutions». The manuscript is stated in Russian and English languages. The reader can
receive additional explanations on a site: www.moss.ucoz.org.
Appendices:
1. The printing manuscript of the article in Russian on 10 sheets.
2. The printing manuscript of the article in English on __ sheets.
The author: _________ (Skamin M. S.)
The Big Hadronic Collider (BHC).
Riddles of the collider and their solutions.
Since the summer of 2010 in the collider recorded "unidentified falling objects”,
unexplained loss of protons in the beams, is accompanied by increasing of energy release. On this
website <<elements >>(www.elementy.ru) with reference to the report of one of the heads, held
at the BHC experiments, by Roger Bailey.
These sudden, unexpected results in the collider have led to confusion experimenters.
However, it should be noted that, this is the first positive results in the collider. Collider works
following the laws of Nature and cannot "obey" the thoughts and expectations of the
experimenters. If the BHC will not be able to present "surprise" to scientists, it is built in vain. On
the other hand, if the scientists "know" all the laws of Nature and from the collider scientists do
not receive "brain-teasers", then again it must be said that the collider is built in vain, for nothing.
Before we proceed to the analysis of the behavior of protons in the collider, let us set
our thinking, brains to solve the problem based on the analysis of electron behavior in different
vital situations. Such a decision caused by the fact that, the electron is also electrically charged
particles, for a long time "is exploited" by people in various vital positions are well studied, more
easily accessible in experiments. Analysis of electron behavior will help to understand the
behavior of protons in the collider.
The smith throws, puts the workpiece in the furnace to heat it and to start smithery, to
get a product conceived. The workpiece is heated in the furnace, its temperature rises and more,
being dark, it "radiates" heat. But here’s workpiece becomes red, splashes us with hot rays of red.
We clearly realize that, the workpiece is not only takes energy of the furnace, but also gives it,
radiating a red light. We recognize that workpiece takes the energy and gives the energy
simultaneously. It consistently changes the color becomes orange, then yellow, then pale yellow.
We understand that the electron shell of atoms of the workpiece is running, the electrons radiate
electromagnetic waves of suitable length or frequency, taking out energy from the workpiece.
Modern understanding of the work process of a particular electron in an atom told about,
electron consistently produces reception of energy and radiation of energy, works in a mode of
the reciprocating pump. The particle accepts a portion of energy, the quantum of energy, then
gives out, radiates a portion of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. Based on the
analysis of this process was born on the quantum mechanics of energy transmission.
It should be noted, with increasing temperature of workpiece changes its color,
electrons radiate shorter waves, higher frequency waves. Upon receipt a portion of the energy
electron moves to a new energy level in an atom, into an orbit closer to the nucleus of an atom,
the orbit of smaller radius. Conversely, when issuing the energy, the electron moves to the outer
orbit, the orbit of larger radius. From the size of the orbital radius of an electron in an atom
depends the frequency of electromagnetic waves emitted by the electron.
In the smallest radius, on the highest energy level is located just two electrons. In the
second radius of an atom, on the second energy level there are eight electrons, having lower
energy. On the third level are already 16-18 electrons, etc.
Electron, having received a portion of energy, should occupy a higher energy level, but
the quantity of places at each level is limited. Consequently, the electron to remain on the
occupied site, on the occupied level, he must get rid of adopted, the excess energy, to allocate
outside the quantum of energy in the form of an electromagnetic waves, or leave the atom.
An electron leaving the atom doesn’t lose its orbital motion. In this regard, based on the
nature of essence of an electric charge, there is a relation:
e = V*D – const
(1),
where:
e–
unit charge, electric charge of an electron (proton).
V – velocity of a particle in orbit,
D – diameter of the orbit,
const – the law of conservation of an electric charge.
Relation (1) says about nature, of essence of electric charge. Relation says, why the electron,
having received a portion of energy, i.e. increasing the velocity V in orbit, the electron must pass to an
orbit of smaller diameter or be free to leave the atom (if there is no place for a particle at a higher
energy level).
Consider the behavior of a free electron, an electron outside the atom.
I dispatch the reader to the textbook on the physics of the authors, A.A. Detlaph and B.M.
Yavorski «Course of Physics» for institutions of higher education, publishing house «Higher School»,
Moscow, 2002., Chapter 23, «Motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields», on page
279, paragraph 23.1, section 4. Section 4 of the paragraph 23.1 and figure to it (Figure 23.3) quote in
full.
«If a charged particle moving in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, the induction of which
grows in the direction of motion of a particle, then in the process of moving of a particle values of
and
r
h decrease. Consequently, the particle moves along a spiral torsion, which is circumferential to
the line of magnetic induction of the field. Magnetic focusing of beams of charged particles is based
on this principle (e.g., in electron optics)» .
r
B
h
Figure 23.3.
By the above-quoted passage should be added that as the motion of an electron in a
magnetic field, which induction increases, also occurs increase of the electron energy, of the
charged particle. It should be noted similarly behavior of electron in the atom and in a magnetic
field. The orbits of electrons, in an atom that formed a sphere in a magnetic field are stretched
into a spiral.
Due to the fact that the proton has an electric charge, it has an orbital motion, for it there is a
relation:
е = Vp*Dp – const (2),
where:
e
– electric charge of a proton,
Vp – velocity a proton in an orbit,
Dp – diameter of an orbit of a proton.
As the electric charge of an electron ee is equal to the electric charge of a proton ep, there is a
relation:
Ve*De = Vp*Dp - const (3),
where:
Vp – velocity a proton in an orbit,
Dp – diameter of an orbit of a proton.
Dp ≈ 2,4…2,72*10-13 cm. (r0=1,2*10-13).
The size of the proton rp ≈ 1,1*10-43 cm, the size of the electron re ≈ 2,56*10-51 cm.
Thus, I consider respected reader is prepared to accept the analysis of problems of the BHC.
If the above given figure 23.3. from a textbook on physics shows the motion of electrons in
the beam of an electron microscope and a spiral trajectory has a “right-hand screw thread”, then the
proton, which has a positive electric charge, the trajectory of its movement along the spiral must have
a “left-hand screw thread”.
В
r
h
Figure 1.
Beams of protons in the BHC accelerator are similar to the beams of electrons in the electron
microscope. As the acceleration of protons, increasing the energy of protons, decrease the values of r
and h in a spiral of protons.
A question comes into an impatient reader: «But what about the growth of centrifugal forces
in such a motion of an electron in orbit in the atom and in a spiral outside the atom, like an electron,
and of the proton? »
It should be told, that there is no centrifugal force in the electron nor in the proton, as in the
orbital plane and in the plane of the spiral. Centrifugal forces are absent, because there are no motions
in these planes of an electron and a proton, no inertial mass.
In the limit, if the proton is provided sufficient energy, the center of the orbit will reach the
particle itself. Particle as it will rotate relative to its own deflected center, the orbit of the proton
disappears, and the proton turns into a neutron, what happens at the BHC. In the transition of the BHC
to a higher energy level, the transition of protons into neutrons increases, increases the disappearance
of the proton in beams.
With the disappearance of the orbital motion of a particle disappears its electric charge,
disappears its electric field. Where the energy of electric field of a charge disappears. The energy of
the disappeared field turns into mass. In this regard, the neutron mass is always greater than the mass
of the proton.
Proton mass:
Мp = (1,67252±0.0003)*10-24г, Мp = (1,00727663±0.00000008) amu.
Neutron mass:
Мn = (1,0086654±0.00004) amu.
amu – atomic mass unit.
Mass difference of neutron and proton is Δm = Мn – Мp = (0,001338746) amu.
The electric charge of an electron (proton) is known, е=1,6*10-10 coulomb. We can calculate
the energy of the electric field Е produced by a unit electric charge е.
Curious reader, fan of mathematics, can study the famous formula of A. Einstein:
Е = m*c2.
All values in this formula are known, m= Δm, (Δm=Мn – Мp).
Let be continued the study of "riddles" of BHC. Thus, the transition of the BHC to a higher
energy level leads to a loss of protons in the beam. Moreover, this is not the only cause of the loss of
protons in the beam.
Appearance of neutrons in a beam leads to the formation of bonds of the proton-neutron.
This bond is schematically looks as shown in Figure 2.
proton (elementary particle)
proton orbit
r
r=1,2…1,36*10-13см
neutron
Figure 2.
The bond of the proton-neutron - is a very strong bond. They are "unidentified falling
objects" at the BHC.
The bond of the proton-neutron – is a building "brick" in the creation all nuclei of the atoms.
Of them are created all the nuclei of all chemical elements. The formation of this "union" of the
proton-neutron, leads to an additional collapse of protons in the beam.
The bond of the proton-neutron favorably effects on both the proton and a neutron. Union
leads to minimization of potential energy as a proton and a neutron. In this regard, we observe the
unauthorized energy release at the BHC. To destroy this "union" is necessary to spend a significant
amount of energy. Here it is necessary to mean that the efficiency of energy input, may be only a few
percent of the consumed energy. Proton, forming a sphere around the neutron from its successive
orbits, creates favorable conditions for the neutron. In this regard, a neutron in the nucleus has an
enviable stability. Without such a union, in free, life duration of the neutron is only 16 minutes. Proton
in the name of the neutron finds the center, around which proton orbits form a sphere. Sphere is
virtual, because at each instant in this sphere is only one orbit. The frequency of the proton orbit is so
large that the devices fix the sphere, which is fixed by devices as a proton (on this principle work all
TVs). For the first time the formation of proton-neutron form an "union", which has the property of
comparative quiescence. The bond of the proton-neutron, "union" comes to be a building brick for all
the nuclei of atoms. Figures 3 and 4 show the possible schemes for constructing the atomic nucleus.
proton orbit
neutron
Figure 3.
neutron of external
communication
neutron
proton orbit
Figure 4.
It should be noted that each and every elementary particle, being free, like a photon, has no
condition of comparative quiescence. Never and nowhere you cannot observe, study, investigate
quiescence electron, proton, neutron, photon, etc. when we talk about the speed of an electron or
proton, velocities approaching the speed of light, we measure and get the axial velocity spreading of
the spiral (see above, Fig. 23.3, Fig. 1). It approaches to the speed of light. The orbital motion of the
proton in a “union” and their interaction in the nucleus leads to a crystalline building nuclei of atoms.
Similarly, the construction of the solids, which is provided by the orbital motion of electrons in an
atom. Depending on the number of "bricks" in the nucleus of an atom form different crystal lattices.
The crystal structure of nuclei provides high durability of atomic nuclei. In this regard, there are
crystals of atomic nuclei with very high strength.
It should be noted, as shown by the scheme, neutrons in the nucleus of an atom have no
influence on the size of the atomic nucleus. The size of the nucleus of an atom depends only on the
number of protons.
In Nature, in the Universe "bricks" and the nuclei of atoms are formed from hydrogen at
formation of the stars. Our solar system is also formed from hydrogen by compression. Protosun,
being compressed, formed the nucleus of atoms. And it was a prerequisite to Protosun periodically to
leave the substance for the formation of planetary systems. The particle itself moves along the coil of a
spiral, path along which much tenfold, longer than the spiral step h. Consequently, the velocity of
elementary particles in a spiral, and in the atom the electron velocity along the orbit, much tenfold can
exceed the velocity of light.
It would seem that such speeds should arise enormous centrifugal forces. But they are not. At
such motion of an electron and a proton in orbit, they do not bear the inertial mass and, consequently,
there does not arise centrifugal force.
We may not argue extensively about the influence of gravitational forces (including the
"black holes") knowing nothing at the same time, both the nature of mass and the nature of electric
charge. The Universal law of gravitation of I. Newton F =
𝑚1∗𝑚2
𝑅
2
and the law of Coulomb F =
𝑞1∗𝑞2
𝑟2
say indirectly about that these laws are "birds of a feather."
Of all the above, we can draw the following conclusions:
- Orbital motion of an elementary particle is the Nature, the essence of electric charge;
- Orbital motion of electrons in an atom forms a electronic sphere in the atom;
- Orbital motion of the protons in the nucleus of an atom forms a sphere in the nucleus of an
atom;
- Frequency of the motion of one proton in the nucleus of an atom is several times larger
than the total frequency of motion of all electrons in an atom;
- In free form, outside of an atom, in a magnetic field, the orbital motion of elementary
particles is stretched into a spiral;
- Spiral is characterized by two parameters: r - the radius of the turn of the spiral, and h - step
of adjacent turns of the spiral;
- With increasing the tension of magnetic field in the direction of motion of a charged
particle, hence, increasing the energy of a charged particle, the parameters of the spiral: r and h
decreases;
- This happens with electrons in the electron microscope;
- With the protons that happens in the BHC;
- In the limit, what happens to the protons in the BHC, the center of the orbit of the proton
reaches the particle; as a result, a particle rotates comparatively of the displacing center, located on the
particle itself;
- Orbital motion of the particles disappears, disappears electric charge of the particle, a
proton becomes a neutron;
- The electric field of the proton disappears, the energy of the electric field turns into
additional mass of an elementary particle, the neutron;
- Neutron mass is always greater than the mass of the proton;
- Proton comes into interact with a neutron, forming a "union", the proton-neutron pair;
- Proton-neutron pair, the "union" has the property of comparative quiescence, "Union" and
is "unidentified falling object" in the BHC;
- "Union" leads to an energy release, as particles acquire a minimum potential energy, to the
loss of protons in the beam;
- The energy release of the "union" leads to durability and stability of the “union”, to destroy
the "union" is required to expend considerable energy (to return the released energy).
- "Union" is the "building blocks" from which is constructed (formed), the nuclei of all
chemical elements;
- A neutron in an "union" is within the orbit of the proton (within the sphere of the orbits of
the proton), which provides an enviable stability of the neutron in the nucleus of an atom;
- The birth of the "union" leads to the further disappearance of the protons in the beam;
- Neutrons in the nucleus of an atom does not affect on the size of the nucleus of an atom;
- Just as the electron shell builds a solid crystal lattice of atoms, proton, the sphere of the
orbits of the proton provides a crystal structure of the nuclei of the atoms;
- Depending on the number of "bricks" in the nucleus of an atom, occurs the formation of
various crystal lattices of the nucleus; there are such crystal structures, which provide high durability
of atomic nuclei;
- The above-described process constantly occurs in the Universe, in Space;
- Our Solar system formed from hydrogen, of the weak bond of a proton and an electron;
- As a result of the above-described process, which occurred on Protosun, in the Solar system
formed the entire set of chemical elements, the entire periodic table of Mendeleev;
- Without the formation of chemical elements on Protosun, there occurs no periodic process
of separation of matter from Protosun for the formation of planetary systems.
The author: _____________ (Skamin M. S.)
February, 2011, Cheboksary.