Define

Constructive waves
 Destructive waves
Define
 Erosion

Abrasion
 Attrition

Solution

Hydraulic action.

Long shore drift

Deposition
Explain the formation of
 Wave cut platform
 Caves, arches and stacks
 Beaches and spits
State the difference between hard and soft engineering in tackling coastal erosion.
Give examples of soft engineering solutions to tackle erosion

Beach nourishment
Give examples of hard engineering solutions to tackle erosion
 Sea walls
 Gabions
 Groynes


Classify the statement according to whether they would be associated with constructive or destructive waves.
Strong winds High energy Low energy
Weaker winds
Backwash
Long
stronger than fetch
Swash
Short fetch
Erosion greater
Swash stronger than Backwash
High waves Short
Deposition wave length greater
Long wave length
Wave frequency: 11-15 per minute.
Low waves
Wave frequency: 6-9 per minute.

Define these terms.
Erosion
Weathering
Abrasion
Attrition
Hydraulic Action
Solution
How do the deposits of erosion and weathering differ?
Erosion Weathering

High tide Low tide
Between high and low tide rocks are hurled at the base of the cliff- called abrasion .
This creates a wave cut notch , the cliff has been undercut .
The top of the cliff becomes unstable.
This overhang will collapse into sea providing more material for corrosion .
The cliff has now retreated . The process of abrasion will continue.
Because there can be no erosion below low tide a rock platform is left- called a wave cut platform- this is exposed at low tide.
Wave cut platform

Transport Solution Suspension Saltation
Traction Deposition Swash and Backwash Long shore Drift

Annotate this diagram to explain how a coastal stack forms.

Can you define these following terms?
Cover the term and try to define it. If you can’t, write it out.
THE DYNAMIC LANDSCAPE - COASTS
Abrasion / corrasion
Attrition
Backwash
Beach replenishment
Constructive wave
Corrosion / solution
A process of erosion – waves hit the coast and throw pebbles against the cliff face. These knock off small parts of the cliff causing undercutting
A process of erosion – transported particles hit against one another making the particles smaller and rounder
The movement back down the beach of water from a breaking wave, powered by gravity, at right angles to the shore
A hard engineering flood / erosion control whereby material is taken from somewhere and dumped on a beach to maintain it.
Material often dredged from off-shore
A wave with strong SWASH and weak BACKWASH which contributes deposition to a beach
The process by which water (river or sea) reacts chemically with soluble minerals in rock (eg chalk and limestone) and dissolves them
Deposition The dropping of material
Destructive wave A wave with a strong BACKWASH and a weak SWASH which erodes a coast
Differential erosion
Erosion
Gabion
Waves will erode hard rock less fast than softer rock, resulting in uneven cliff faces and coastlines (headlands and bays)
Wearing away of landscape by action of wind, water, ice
Cages of stones on a beach; a hard engineering solution to cliff
Groynes erosion, designed to absorb wave energy
Wooden or concrete walls, built perpendicular to shoreline down the beach, designed to trap material carried by long shore drift and thus maintain a wide beach. A hard engineering solution to cliff
Hydraulic action erosion and coastal flooding
Hard engineering A strategy to control a natural hazard (flooding) involving man made structures
A process of erosion – soft rocks are washed away by the sea; air trapped in cracks by the force of water expands as wave slips away.
Long-shore drift
Load
Revetements
Roll-back
Saltation
Sea walls
The resulting ‘mini explosion’ weakens the rocks over time, causing cracks to widen and sections of cliff to break away
Process whereby beach material moves along a coastline, caused by waves hitting the coast at an angle
Material transported by the sea (or a river)
Ladder structures built against cliff base. Hard engineering, designed to absorb wave energy and protect cliff from erosion.
A version of ‘managed retreat’ where rather than protect the coastline from erosion, installations such as caravan sites
(Holderness) are moved further inland
The hopping of medium sized load along the sea bed (or river bed)
A large, expensive concrete structure, built at the back of a beach, to protect high value land from floods. Usually recurved to direct
/ or x

waves downwards. A wider base than top gives firmer foundations.
They deflect wave energy, and thus tend to undermine their own foundations. Hard engineering.
Soft engineering A strategy to control a natural flood / cliff erosion hazard which uses and blends into the environment, thus making it often sustainable
Solution / corrosion
The process by which water (river or sea) reacts chemically with soluble minerals in rock (eg chalk and limestone) and dissolves them
Spit A tongue of deposited material, stretching out to sea parallel to the coastline and attached to it at one end. Formed due to long shore drift.
Stack
Sub-aerial erosion
/ weathering
Suspension
Sustainable
An isolated pillar of hard rock standing off a headland, surrounded by water. Was once part of the headland. Will eventually erode to form a stump. An erosion feature.
Processes of erosion and weathering taking place on cliff tops (eg freeze thaw, rain, wind)
Transportation of the smallest load eg fine clays and silts which is held up continuously within a river or seawater
A way of using resources so that they are not destroyed but remain available for others to use in the future. Sustainable flood protection should be EFFECTIVE, FAIR, AFFORDABLE and PROTECT
THE ENVIRONMENT
Swash
Traction
Transportation
Wave cut notch
Weathering
The movement of a breaking wave up the beach, powered by the momentum of the breaking wave. Direction dictated by prevailing wind / wave direction
The rolling of large rocks along a river or sea bed
The movement of material across the earth’s surface
Area of erosion at base of headland between HTL and LTL.
The BREAKDOWN of rocks IN SITU
Question- With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain the formation of a wave cut platform. (6)
Question- With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain the formation of a coastal stack. (6)
Question- With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain the formation of a coastal spit. (6)
Answer these questions and return them to your teacher for feedback.

Defence
Groyne
Gabion
Sea Wall
Managed retreat
Beach nourishment
Diagram Hard or soft?
Hard
How it works?
Power of waves reduced
Rocks eroded instead of coastline
Advantages
Beaches develop
Good for tourism
Also provide a flood defence
Long-term
Hard Also provide a flood defence
Long-term
Disadvantages
Unattractive
Prevents access to the beach
Health and safety hazard
Soft
Some areas of the coast allowed to be eroded or flooded
Economic loss potential farmland, homes, industry etc.
Looks natural
Access to beach maintained
Relatively cheap
Cost
£7000 each
£100/m
£4,000/m
?
£20/cu.m
Complete the table to help explain how these protection strategies work and their advantages and disadvantages.

Case study
Ventnor
Isle of Wight
Pevensey Bay
Sussex
Wallasea
Wetlands
Essex
SMMA
St Lucia
The Blue plan
The
Mediterranean
Subject
Hard engineering
Soft engineering
Managed retreat
Coastal zoning
Integrated coastal zone sustainable management
Content

Physical
Biological
Nature of the deposits n
Chemical
Nature of the deposits
Types
Definition
Definition
Types
Beach nourishment
Hydraulic action
Corrasion
Solution
Attrition
Hard
Sea Wall Rock armour
Groyne
Type
Types
Gabion
Suspension
Soft
Solution
Headland
Long Shore Drift
Stack
Wave Cut Plaform
Constructive
Swash
Mass movement
Destructive
Flow
Fall
Slide
Slump
Bay
Spit
Estuary
Make an A3 copy of this mindmap. Illustrate and annotate it.
Definition
Causes
Sustainable
Saltation
Factors influencing waves
Backwash
Strategies- Mappleton