Design of the First Fifth-Generation Academic Journal
Authors
Ying-Xue SUN, Ji-Wang CHEN, Ji-Ming CHEN
Author Affiliations
China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 210095, China (Ji-Ming CHEN, Ying-Xue SUN);
Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, USA (Ji-Wang CHEN).
Author Contribution
Conceived and designed the study: Ji-Ming CHEN, Ying-Xue SUN; performed the study: Ji-Ming CHEN,
Ying-Xue SUN, Ji-Wang CHEN; contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: Ji-Ming Chen; wrote the paper:
Ji-Ming CHEN, Ji-Wang CHEN. Ying-Xue SUN, Ji-Wang CHEN and Ji-Ming CHEN contributed equally to this
study.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Mr. Randong Li in Qingdao for his constructive comments.
Corresponding Author(s)
Ji-Ming CHEN (E-mail: chenjiming@cahec.cn; jmchen678@qq.com).
Citation
Sun YX, Chen JW, Chen JM. Design of the first fifth-generation academic journal. Newpubli. 2015; 1: e0001.
URL & DOI
Available before this article is formally published.
Article History
Received: 15-10-2015; accepted: 15-10-2015; preprint published: 15-10-2015
PR-Rank
Available before this article is formally published.
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Abstract
Academic journals have evolved into four generations in recent decades. The first-generation journals are printed
on paper and accessible only to subscribers. The second-generation journals are electronic and also accessible only
to subscribers. The third-generation journals are electronic and open access. The fourth-generation journals, such
as PLOS One, Peerj, Springerplus and F1000Research, are electronic and open access with post-publication rating,
having partially removed the negative effect of peer review. Nevertheless, the inherent struggle between authors
and journals, namely that authors are reluctant to publish their articles of great value in journals of low impact, and
journals of high impact are reluctant to publish articles with limited value, remains unchanged. This inherent
struggle has frustrated both authors and editors for centuries. To solve this problem, we have designed the first
fifth-generation academic journal, Newpubli. Newpubli harbors nine sub-journals (similar to sections of a journal)
which publish articles rated through solid peer review to be largely as valuable as the ones published in some
journals whose impact factors are 0–0.5, 0.5–1.5, 1.5–2.5, 2.5–3.5, 3.5–4.5, 4.5–5.5, 5.5–10.5, 10.5–20.5 and
20.5, respectively. Consequently, authors of most articles need not worry about that their articles may be rejected
or underestimated. Some other innovations, such as providing value ranks for each published article, setting five
stages of peer review, crediting all contributors, no charging for open access publication, have also been integrated
into the journal. With these innovations, the novel journal shall spark a revolution in academic publishing as it can
reform greatly the traditional slow, worrisome, expensive and prejudiced process for article publication.
Significance
Current academic journals were classified into four generations, and the first fifth-generation academic journal was
designed, for the first time in this report. The first fifth-generation academic journal, Newpubli, has nine
sub-journals which publish articles largely as valuable as the ones published in some journals whose impact factors
are 0–0.5, 0.5–1.5, 1.5–2.5, 2.5–3.5, 3.5–4.5, 4.5–5.5, 5.5–10.5, 10.5–20.5 and 20.5, respectively. Each article
submitted to Newpubli is rated through solid peer review and one of the nine sub-journals of Newpubli. Newpubli
has also inaugurated some other innovations, such as providing value ranks for each published article, setting five
stages of peer review, properly crediting all contributors, and no charging for open-access publication. Newpubli
shall remove the inherent struggle between authors and journals which has frustrated both authors and editors for
centuries. With these innovations, the journal shall spark a revolution in academic publishing as it can change the
traditional slow, worrisome, expensive and prejudiced process for article publication into a rapid, pleasant, free and
fair journey, and the revolution shall promote greatly the development of science and human society.
Keywords
academic journal; design; generation; impact factor; innovation; Newpubli; rank
Abbreviations
FY-Rank, the five-year rank; IF: impact factor; OY-Rank, the one-year rank; PR-Rank: the peer review rank;
TY-rank, the two-year rank
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Introduction
In 1665, the first two academic journals, Journal des Sçavans and Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society, were established in France and Britain, respectively. Thereafter, the number of academic journals has
increased steadily for centuries. In recent years, there are around 28,000 active academic journals in the world,
collectively publishing about 1.8–1.9 million articles per year [1-4]. Because these academic journals serve as the
predominant venue for recording, introducing, sharing and disseminating new data, techniques, views and theories
developed by researchers, they are paramount in furthering the progress of science and human society.
The standards that an academic journal uses to select articles for publication vary significantly. A prestigious
journal in a field usually set high standards to select articles for publication, and is usually highly ranked by the
impact factor (IF) which is calculated from the average number of citations to recent articles published in a journal
[5]. The selection leads to the inherent struggle between authors and journals, namely that authors wishes to publish
their articles in prestigious academic journals, while prestigious academic journals have to reject the articles below
their rigorous standards. This inherent struggle has frustrated authors for centuries, as authors are frequently
rejected by prestigious academic journals to publish their articles, and they have to spend much time to try their
luck in another academic journal which may also reject the articles. The inherent struggle has also frustrated
journals for centuries as it is quite difficult for them to judge whether a manuscript meets their publication
standards.
Technically, academic journals rely on peer review to determine whether a manuscript meets their publication
standards [6]. If the manuscript can meet the journal’s publication standards after revision, the peer reviewers
usually provide some advice on manuscript revision. Peer review functions well in many cases and plays a central
role in academic journals [7]. However, peer review comments are wrong for many other cases due to ignorance,
prejudice, or malice of peer reviewers [6, 8-10]. Additionally, peer reviewers are usually neither rationally paid nor
properly recognized for their contribution to academic journal publishing, and consequently peer reviewers are
usually reluctant to provide rapid and detailed comments for academic journals [6]. Although peer review is of
these flaws, it critical role in academic journals has not been outrun by any other methods [1, 6].
With these problems, publishing a research article in an academic journal is frequently a slow, tough,
worrisome and wrong-prone process, and the pities similar to the rejection of Edward Jenner's report on the first
vaccination against smallpox given by Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1796 have been
experienced by most researchers and journal editors worldwide.
To solve the problems listed above, we have designed a novel journal which is assumed to be the first
fifth-generation academic journal. Before we elaborate its design, we explain briefly below how we classify
academic journals into several generations.
As given in Table 1, the first-generation journals, such as those having existed before the internet era, are
costly printed and distributed using paper, and their published articles are accessible through a subscription business
model. The second-generation journals are also accessible only to subscribers, but they are electronic and so greatly
cut the cost in journal production and distribution. The third-generation journals are electronic and open-access
which not only cut the cost in journal production and distribution, but also remove the great financial burden of
readers and libraries in accessing published articles [11-12]. The fourth-generation journals, such as PLOS One,
Peerj, Springerplus and F1000Research, are electronic and open-access. Besides, they do not reject articles due to
limited value, and they provide a series of post-publication metrics, such as the viewed, downloaded and cited
times, to judge the value of an article [10, 13]. This post-publication rating model has partially removed the
negative effect of peer review [14].
Currently, the four generations of academic journals co-exist in the world, and some academic journals are the
hybrids of two or more generations. For example, those subscription journals providing open access only for those
individual articles for which their authors or their author's institutions or funders have paid an open access
publishing fee are the hybrids of the second and third generations of journals.
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Despite that academic journals have evolved into the four generations in recent years, the aforementioned
inherent struggle between authors and journals remains unchanged. This inherent struggle makes it slow and risky
for authors to publish their articles of great value in the first, second and third generations of prestigious academic
journals [15], and makes authors reluctant to submit their articles of great value to the fourth-generation journals
which are usually of low or no IFs [12].
The Design
The so-called first fifth-generation academic journal is Newpubli whose name is abbreviated from "New
Publication". Newpubli is published by the not-for-profit corporation, Newpubli Corporation, in Chicago, the USA.
Like some of the fourth-generation academic journals, Newpubli is electronic and open access, and it
publishes articles from many disciplines with a series of post-publication metrics. Besides, Newpubli is different
from other academic journals in the following nine respects.
Firstly, Newpubli uniquely provides publication service only for experienced researchers, as it requires that
each corresponding author should have published as the first or corresponding author three or more research articles
in some SCI-indexed journals whose IFs are 3.0. This requirement is helpful to ensure the quality of submitted
manuscripts. Moreover, all reviewers of Newpubli should also meet this requirement to ensure the quality of peer
review.
Secondly, Newpubli uniquely provides four value ranks for each articles published by the journal. When a
manuscript has been published as a preprint by Newpubli, at least five experts invited by a Newpubli editor shall
rate the preprint and give it the first rank which is designated as the peer review rank (abbreviated as the PR-Rank).
A total of nine categories of PR-Ranks (19) are set in Newpubli, and articles whose PR-Ranks are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8 or 9 are largely as valuable as those published in some journals whose IFs are 0–0.5, 0.5–1.5, 1.5–2.5, 2.5–3.5,
3.5–4.5, 4.5–5.5, 5.5–10.5, 10.5–20.5 or 20.5, respectively, as rated through the peer review. The median of the
ratings of peer reviewers is calculated to be the PR-Rank of an article. The PR-Rank can rate the value of an article
in a direct, fair, rapid and clear way. This is distinct from the post-publication metrics provided by the fourth
generation of journals reflecting article value in a late, unclear and complicated way. Additionally, if an article
published by Newpubli has been cited during the first, two and five years after publication, for example, for 2, 5
and 12 times, respectively, then the second, third and fourth ranks of this article will be 2 (=2/1), 2.5 (=5/2) and 2.4
(=12/5), respectively. These three ranks can provide additional data for reflecting the value of an article. For
example, if an article published by Newpubli is of a low PR-Rank, but its second, third and fourth ranks are all
high, this indicates that the article is likely of high value and its PR-Rank is likely an underestimation. The second,
third and fourth ranks are designated as the one-year rank (OY-Rank), the two-year rank (TY-Rank), the five-year
rank (FY-Rank), respectively.
Thirdly, Newpubli uniquely has nine sub-journals (similar to sections of a journal) which formally publish
articles whose PR-Ranks are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, respectively, namely those articles which have been rated
through peer review to be largely as valuable as the ones published in some journals whose IFs are 0–0.5, 0.5–1.5,
1.5–2.5, 2.5–3.5, 3.5–4.5, 4.5–5.5, 5.5–10.5, 10.5–20.5 and 20.5, respectively. We hope that Newpubli will appear
in the Journal Citation Reports and receive its impact factor (IF) in the future. Moreover, the IF of each sub-journal
of Newpubli shall be estimated using the standard method by Newpubli, so that articles published by each
sub-journal of Newpubli can be rated not only by the article-based PR-Rank, OY-Rank, TY-Rank and FY-Rank, but
also by the traditional method using IFs.
Fourthly, the peer review process is uniquely divided into five stages in Newpubli (Figure 1), which will be set
forth below.
Fifthly, Newpubli is unique in that it shall not reject a manuscript only because some reviewers commented
that it is of limited value or technical unreliability. This is because of multiple reasons: (1) the comments may be
wrong, especially if the suggestion of a manuscript is correct but too ahead of its time; (2) a manuscript of limited
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value or technical unreliability can also provide some interesting novel research data or opinions for readers, and
this is useful to solve the academia problem that useful information on many topics is deficient; (3) a manuscript of
limited value or technical unreliability shall likely be rated with a low PR-Rank, and the low PR-Rank shall help
readers to judge the value and reliability of the manuscript; (4) readers usually judge a view through multiple
channels of information rather than from a single manuscript.
Sixthly, because the three of the five stages of peer review in Newpubli are completed after a manuscript has
been accepted and published as a preprint by Newpubli, Newpubli can accept and publish manuscripts as rapidly as
within days after submission. As far as we know, only a few academic journals with solid peer review accepts and
publishes manuscripts so rapidly [15].
Seventhly, Newpubli will credit the contribution of all contributors of the journal. It will quantify and
document the contribution of all authors, editors and readers of Newpubli as well as all the reviewers invited by the
journal. Authors, readers and reviewers all have the opportunities to be awarded by Newpubli. Awarded authors and
reviewers shall have the opportunities to be academic editors of Newpubli. Besides, the journal will also properly
acknowledge donors who provide financial support for Newpubli through its worldwide and long-term impact.
Eighthly, authors need not pay any fee for open-access publication, because the publisher is not for profit and
of low cost in production partially owing to active participation of authors in peer review and editing. Moreover, we
believe that a good open access journal shall be able to obtain enough financial support through advertisement
revenue, donation and government budget. Although authors need not pay any fee for open-access publication, they
are hoped to actively participate in the peer review of the journal.
Ninthly, Newpubli uniquely takes a flexible open access policy in order to properly protect the copyright of
authors: the copyright of a preprint or an article completely belongs to its authors; authors of Newpubli should
agree with that their preprints or articles published by Newpubli can be fully viewed, downloaded, printed and
copied by anyone free of charge; authors of Newpubli can declare whether any parts of their preprints or articles
published by Newpubli cannot be used without their permission in any other ways for commercial use.
Additionally, all authors should allow the metadata of preprints and articles published by Newpubli related to index,
search and citation should be used without any restriction.
Peer Review
The peer review process is uniquely divided into five stages in Newpubli.
The first stage of peer review is optional, and it is insensitive and only for providing detailed advice on
manuscript revision by at least one expert invited by the authors. The invited experts can be the supervisor,
classmates or friends of the authors. They should have much experience in the relevant field and English
expression, and they can be properly rewarded by the author side in a rational way (e.g., through payment, some
service or authorship). Although this stage of peer review is optional, it is very useful to improve the value of
manuscripts, and so its significance should be well recognized by all authors, especially for those who are not good
at scientific writing. This stage of peer review should be done before manuscript submission.
The second stage of peer review is conducted by inner editors of Newpubli after a manuscript has been
submitted to Newpubli, to check whether the manuscript can be accepted by Newpubli according to the following
five criteria: the corresponding author is qualified as mentioned above; the manuscript is well written according to
the required format; the manuscript is mainly based on novel data and/or novel inferences; the manuscript has met
the ethical requirements of Newpubli; the manuscript has met the copyright requirements of Newpubli. Before a
manuscript is accepted through the second stage of peer review, the authors of the manuscript are usually required
to revise and proofread the manuscript carefully. Thereafter, the manuscript is published as a preprint of Newpubli,
and this is followed by the third stage of peer review.
The third stage of peer review is only for proofread in grammar and format. It is conducted by one editing
company which is selected by the corresponding author from those having been accredited by Newpubli. The
editing company will be paid, at a fixed rational price per correctly revised site, by the corresponding authors who
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are not from low-income countries or by Newpubli for those articles whose authors are from low-income countries.
The editing companies have not otherwise financial relationships with Newpubli and should be accredited by
Newpubli to ensure the quality and speed of the peer review. The stage of peer review can minimize the time to
ensure that each article is written well enough to be published. It can also minimize the time and cost for authors
and scientific editing companies to select each other.
The fourth stage of peer review is sensitive and mainly for value rating, as mentioned above, by experts
invited by journal editors after the preprint has been revised according to the comments of the third stage of peer
review. The ratings given by the peer reviewers are concealed in the online database and blind to authors and
editors of Newpubli, and also blind to any other people except the relevant database programmer who usually does
not have the password to access the database in use and does not have the interest in decoding the ratings when he
or she is allowed to access the database for maintaining the database. This ensures that the rating is a kind of secret
ballot to minimize prejudice of the peer review. Around twenty experts from different affiliations are invited by
journal editors to rate the value of a manuscript, and at least five of them accept the invitation and provide the
rating to further minimize prejudice of the peer review. The median of the ratings of experts shall be calculated
automatically by a software toll as the PR-Rank of the relevant preprint, which is also helpful to minimize prejudice
of the peer review.
The fifth stage of peer review is done after an article has been formally published by Newpubli, and the peer
review is given by any readers who want to make online comments on the article. Authors may be requested by
Newpubli editors to respond to some of the comments. These five stages of peer review are useful to minimize the
time between submission and publication, minimize the review burden of each reviewer, minimize prejudice of
reviewers in selecting and rating articles, ensure the peer review quality, and disseminate the relevant novel
research results among the most interested researchers.
Discussion
Integration is one of the core weapons of Newpubli, as Newpubli integrates the advantages and resources of
authors, editing companies, peer reviewers, readers, donors and a series of journals into one entity to minimize the
time and cost in communication among these partners for article publishing.
Authors shall be willing to publish their articles of great value in Newpubli, because these articles shall be
rapidly published with high PR-Ranks in some sub-journals of high impact. Meanwhile, articles of limited value
will not be rejected for publication as these articles can be published with low value ranks in some sub-journals of
low impact. Therefore, article ranking is another core weapon of Newpubli, and the inherent struggle between
authors and journals which has frustrated them for centuries shall be completely removed by article ranking.
Authors shall support Newpubli due to multiple reasons. Firstly, Newpubli recognizes their past publication
experience and gives them opportunities for rapid publication, and they need not worry about that their articles will
be rejected because of wrong comments of editors or reviewers, or rejected because their articles are assumed to be
of limited value or technical unreliability. Secondly, with the value ranking system inaugurated by Newpubli,
authors need not worry about that their articles will be underestimated, or rated in a late and unclear way after
publication. Thirdly, they need not pay any fee for open access publication. Fourthly, they can protect their
copyright in a rational way provided their articles can be accessed free of charge. Fifthly, authors have the
opportunities to be awarded as excellent authors and be selected as academic editors of the journal.
Readers shall also support Newpubli due to multiple reasons: they can access the full texts of all preprints and
articles free of charge; they can search and select some articles to read according to the value ranks of articles; they
can judge the merits and flaws of an article through the value ranks of the article, the comments of reviewers and
other readers, and their own experience. Additionally, readers can submit their own comments on an article
published by Newpubli.
Reviewers shall also support Newpubli due to multiple reasons: they shall know some new articles of their
interest through invitation of peer review; if they are invited by the authors for providing manuscript revision
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advice, they are likely rewarded by the authors; if they are invited by the journal, it is easy for them to complete the
peer review task (i.e., giving a value rank to a preprint), and their contribution shall be quantified and accumulated,
and they shall have the opportunities to be awarded as excellent reviewers and become academic editors of
Newpubli.
Because Newpubli shall not reject a manuscript which is assumed to be of limited value or technical
unreliability, and a manuscript of limited value or technical unreliability can also provide some interesting novel
research data or opinions for readers, this is useful to solve the academia problems that researchers hesitate to
propose pioneering views and useful information on many topics is deficient. On the other side, readers can search,
select and read only the articles of high PR-Ranks, and this is useful to solve another academia problem that
information on many other topics is too much.
Most researchers in the world have to meet the following three challenges through competition: applying for
enough research funds, obtaining good research data, and publishing research results in time with fair evaluation.
We think that Newpubli shall minimize the third challenge for most researchers in the world.
To realize the design of Newpubli, as the designers of Newpubli, we have determined to invest in Newpubli to
establish and maintain it for at least ten years using our own time and money, and shall solicit enough financial
support through donation and advertisement revenue to maintain it for long.
In the future, when Newpubli has accumulated enough authors, reviewers and academic editors, it may evolve
into one of the sixth generation of academic journals whose core feature is automation with little involvement of
humans.
In general, we report here that academic journals have evolved into four generations in recent years, and we
also report here the design of the first fifth-generation academic journal, Newpubli, which is of multiple
innovations. With these innovations, Newpubli shall remove the inherent struggle between authors and journals
which has frustrated them for centuries, and shall change the traditional slow, worrisome, expensive and prejudiced
process for article publication into a rapid, pleasant, free and fair journey. It is also helpful to solve the academia
problems that pioneering views and useful information on many topics are deficient and information on many other
topics is too much.
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Tables
Table 1. The features of five generations of academic journals.
Generation
Features
First
Purely printed on paper and subscriber-accessible; costly in printing and distribution; difficult in
content searching; expensive in accessing published articles
Second
Electronic and subscriber-accessible; cheap in printing and distribution; easy in content searching;
expensive in accessing published articles
Third
Electronic and open access; cheap in printing and distribution; easy in content searching; free of charge
in accessing published articles
Fourth
Electronic and open access with post-publication rating; cheap in printing and distribution; easy in
content searching; free of charge in accessing published articles; partially minimizing the negative
effect of wrong peer review comments
Fifth
Electronic and open access with post-publication rating; cheap in printing and distribution; easy in
content searching; free of charge in accessing published articles; providing value ranks for each
published article and publishing articles of different value ranks in different sub-journals or sections;
greatly minimizing the negative effect of wrong peer review comments; removing the inherent struggle
between authors and journals which has frustrated authors and journals for centuries
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Figures
Figure 1. The steps for a manuscript to be reviewed, rated and published in Newpubli. Steps 2, 4, 7, 9 and 11
constitute the five stages of peer review of Newpubli.
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Statements
Ethics
The authors declare herein that they have not conducted plagiarism, falsification or dual submission as for this
article, and that they have been aware of and comply with the ethical requirements of Newpubli on authorship,
human rights, animal welfare, biosecurity and dual use of research.
Competing Interests
The authors declare herein that no competing interests exist in this article, except that two of the authors are
the Editors-in-Chief of Newpubli. Newpubli has established the mechanism using software to keep the rating of
each peer reviewer on the value of each article blind to anyone and unable to be changed by anyone.
Data Sharing
The authors declare herein that all data underlying the findings or conclusions of this article and its preprint
are fully available without restriction.
Funding
This work has not been supported by any fund.
Copyright
The copyright of this article and its preprint completely belongs to its authors who allow anyone to read,
download, save, copy and print this article or its preprint, and use the metadata of this article related to index,
search and citation, without any restriction; the authors declare that any part of this article and its preprint cannot be
used for noncommercial use without appropriate citation; the authors also declare that any part of this article and its
preprint cannot be used for commercial use in academic publishing without their permission signed by the
corresponding author.
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