Semester 1 Learning Goals Test - Study Guide
1.
Label the layers of the earth: Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
2.
What are convection currents? Heat cells that transfer thermal energy in fluids.
3.
In which earth layer do convection currents occur? Mantle
4.
How do the convection currents affect the tectonic plates? They cause tectonic motion.
5.
Pangea= supercontinent proposed by Alfred Wegner
6.
Use Moh’s hardness scale (to the right).
ANSWER KEY
a. List a mineral that Quartz can scratch. Talc to Feldspar
b. Can a penny scratch Calcite or Fluorite? Calcite yes, fluorite no
i. Why? Calcite is less hard than a penny, but fluorite is harder according to the hardness scale.
7.
Define and draw a sketch of each rock type.
a.
Sedimentary Made from other rocks or organic material, compressed into rock
b.
Metamorphic Rock changed chemically by heat and pressure
c.
Igneous Rocks made from cooled magma
8.
Which rock type has sediments? Clastic Sedimentary Rock
9.
Which rock type is foliated? Metamorphic
Foliated means Grains arranged in a repeating pattern
10. Which rock type is based on its grain size: coarse or fine? Igneous Rock
11. Define deposition. Sediments filter out of wind or water
12. Define cementation. Sediments are “glued” in place as minerals crystalize
13. Define compaction. Sediments are pressed together
14. What’s the difference between intrusive and extrusive Igneous rock?
a.
Intrusive= Forms underground, large crystals due to slow cooling
b.
Extrusive= Forms above ground, small crystals due to fast cooling
15. What process occurs at each arrow?
16. What types of landforms are created by destructive forces? Lakes, caves, arches, canyons
17. What types of landforms are created by constructive forces? Mountains, volcanoes, Islands
18. On average, the plates move ____ cm every year. 5 cm
19. Explain the difference between the seismic waves:
a.
P waves = Fast; primary wave. Moves like an accordion and through liquids
b.
S waves = Slower waves, move only through solid rock
20. What is the significance of the image to the right?
The image shows the location of an Earthquake’s epicenter.
21. Label the magma chamber, pipe, vent, ash cloud, lava, and magma in the volcano below.
22. Where do volcanoes usually occur? At convergent plate boundaries and over hotspots.
23. Complete the chart below.
Fault Type
Stress that causes it
Plate Boundary
Normal Fault
Compression
Convergent
Reverse fault
Tension
Divergent
Strike-slip fault
Shearing
Transform
24. What is sea-floor spreading? Process where new ocean floor is added at Mid Ocean ridges
25. How do the ocean waters move? According to currents and convection cells
26. What is a barometer used for? Measuring Air Pressure
27. List & describe the three types of fronts.
1. Warm Front- Moist air, less dense
2. Cold Front- Cold air mass, more dense
3. Stationary Front- Warm and cold air masses of similar masses collide and do not move one another
28. Isobars connect areas with similar Air Pressure
29. List key info from the weather symbol. T storms, full cloud cover, dew point 64 degrees, air temp 66, Winds NW at 23-27 kts, downward trend -8, barometric pressure 001 and falling.
30. List at least 4 things that impact the air temperature in a given area.
Proximity of ocean currents (warm or cold)
Pollution levels
Warm/Cold Fronts
Distance from Equator
31. List some safety precautions for each of the following:
a.
Lightning: Get away from tall objects and seek shelter.
b.
Tornado: Go to a central room, preferably with pipes.
c.
Tsunami: Go to high ground