Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
1
Supporting Information
2
CHANGING CLIMATE CUES DIFFERENTIALLY ALTER ZOOPLANKTON DORMANCY
3
DYNAMICS ACROSS LATITUDES
4
Natalie T. Jonesa* and Benjamin Gilberta
5
a
6
Canada, M5S 3G5
7
*Corresponding author: Jones, N.T. (email: nat.jones@utoronto.ca; phone: 416-978-5221)
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
8
1
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
9
10
Figure S1. Latitudinal changes in six physical and chemical characteristics from the 25 lakes
11
that we collected sediment containing zooplankton egg banks from in July 2011. All chemical
12
characteristics were quantified at the same time as sediment collection. The measurements were
13
taken mid-lake using a YSI 6-series multiparameter water quality sonde (Integrated Systems &
14
Services, Yellow Spring, OH, USA). We used published estimates of lake size and depth from
2
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
15
the literature (Anderson 1974; Lindsey et al. 1981). No correlations were significant (all P
16
values > 0.15).
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
26
27
Figure S2. Schematic of experimental design. Sediment from 25 lakes was collected from across
28
a latitudinal gradient and exposed to four treatment combinations. Numbers indicate the degrees
29
latitude of each lake. See Table S1 for the corresponding lake names and the methods section in
30
the main text for a detailed description of the experimental approach.
4
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
2
R =0.20, p=0.002
31
32
Figure S3. Relationship between the crustacean zooplankton species richness of our 25
33
experimental lakes and latitude. Species richness was calculated by summing the unique species
34
identified in historical samples and the samples we collected in 2011.
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
5
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
45
46
Figure S4. The effect of temperature and day length on the hatching of three zooplankton
47
species that occurred across the latitudinal gradient (2 copepods, a & c, and 1 cladoceran, b). If
48
local adaptation causes greater relative hatching rates in ‘home’ conditions, we would expect to
49
see red points above blue points at low latitudes and blue points above red points at high
50
latitudes (i.e., there would be higher hatching rates for low latitude populations under warm,
51
short days or and relatively high hatching for northern populations under cool and long days).
52
For each of these species there was little evidence of higher hatching rates in typical ‘home’
53
conditions relative to away conditions Instead, at the species level the abundance of hatchlings
54
shows idiosyncratic patterns with respect across latitude. Points are jittered to reduce overlap.
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
6
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
62
Table S1. Summary of temperature and day length data during ice-off. If ice off occurred at the beginning of a month, an average was
63
taken between that month and the previous month. If ice off occurred at the end of a month, and average was taken between the
64
current month and the following month. If ice off happened during the middle of the month, the average of that month was calculated.
65
Ice off dates differ in precision and were obtained from the Polar Data Catalogue (polardata.ca) and The National Snow and Ice Data
66
Center (nsidc.org). Average temperatures were obtained from the Canadian Center for Climate Normals (climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca).
67
Photoperiod data was obtained from (ou.edu/research/electron/internet/solarjav.html).
Lake
Beaver
Cobb
Dezadeash
Frenchman
Heffley
Kentucky
Kluane
Lakelse
Little.Atlin
Maxan
McConnel
Meziadin
Minto
Ness
Pemberton
Pillar
Latitude
52.250
54.817
61.467
61.250
50.967
49.917
60.126
54.366
61.094
54.300
50.167
58.450
63.683
54.017
50.733
50.583
Ice-off
interval
No data
No data
1966-1985
1947-1966
1973-2011
No data
1966-1985
2008-2011
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
2005
No data
No data
Ice-off
average
Late April
mid-April
May 15th
May 31st
April 22nd
April 15th
May 15th
April 9th
Late May
mid-April
May
No data
No data
April 20th
early April
early April
temperature
Mean air
interval
temperature (°C)
1971-2000
11
1971-2000
4.4
1971-2000
6.1
1971-2000
9
1971-2000
9.7
1971-2000
9.7
1971-2000
1.7
1971-2000
6.2
1971-2000
10.25
1971-2000
3.5
1971-2000
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
1971-2000
3.9
1971-2000
7.3
1971-2000
7.25
7
Mean
photoperiod
(hrs)
No data
14.01
17:10
19:00
13.48
13.45
17:30
13.37
17:55
14:03
14.5
No data
No data
14.23
13:10
13.13
Jones & Gilbert
Lake
Pinantin
Pine
Seymour
Sullivan
Summit
Walloper
Watson
Wheeler
White
Latitude
50.740
60.254
54.750
50.967
50.833
50.483
60.117
60.117
50.883
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
Ice-off
interval
No data
1966-1985
2003
No data
No data
No data
1957-1991
1948-1988
2009-2011
Ice-off
average
mid-April
May 15th
April 17th
early May
mid-April
mid May
May 1st
May 12th
early April
temperature
Mean air
interval
temperature (°C)
No data
No data
1971-2000
6.1
1971-2000
4.8
1971-2000
12.05
1971-2000
4.4
1971-2000
14.4
1971-2000
3.7
1971-2000
6.4
1971-2000
7.8
68
69
70
71
72
8
Mean
photoperiod
(hrs)
13.48
17:10
14.14
15
14.03
15.27
16:01
16:50
12.55
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
73
Table S2. The treatment allocation and corresponding latitude of the 25 lakes that we collected
74
sediment from. See Figure S3 for a schematic of the experimental design and the methods
75
section in the main text for a detailed description of the experimental approach.
Lake
Bath
name
tank
Cobb
1
Maxan
1
Pemberton
1
Walloper
1
Summit
1
McConnel
2
Pinantin
2
Heffley
2
Wheeler
2
Kentucky
2
Summit
3
Seymour
3
Lakelse
3
Minto
3
Heffley
3
Maxan
4
Walloper
4
Pinantin
4
Ness
4
Pine
4
Pemberton
5
Sullivan
5
Meziadin
5
Beaver
5
Frenchman
5
Lakelse
6
Minto
6
Maxan
6
Little Atlin
6
Seymour
6
Sullivan
7
Minto
7
Lakelse
7
Watson
7
Rack Position Temperature(°C)
1
1
8
1
2
8
1
3
8
1
4
8
1
5
8
1
1
12
1
2
12
1
3
12
1
4
12
1
5
12
2
1
8
2
2
8
2
3
8
2
4
8
2
5
8
2
1
8
2
2
8
2
3
8
2
4
8
2
5
8
3
1
12
3
2
12
3
3
12
3
4
12
3
5
12
3
1
12
3
2
12
3
3
12
3
4
12
3
5
12
4
1
12
4
2
12
4
3
12
4
4
12
9
Photoperiod
(hours)
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
16
16
16
16
Latitude
53.95
54.30
50.78
50.48
54.25
50.52
50.74
50.83
59.69
49.90
54.25
54.75
54.37
63.68
50.83
54.30
50.48
50.74
54.02
60.13
50.78
50.97
56.07
52.25
62.17
54.37
63.68
54.30
60.25
54.75
50.97
63.68
54.37
60.12
Jones & Gilbert
Lake
Bath
name
tank
White
7
Cobb
8
Frenchman
8
Pillar
8
Pemberton
8
Ness
8
Watson
9
Pinantin
9
White
9
Kentucky
9
Kluane
9
McConnel
10
Little Atlin
10
Heffley
10
Wheeler
10
Dezadeash
10
Heffley
11
Dezadeash
11
White
11
Wheeler
11
Watson
11
Ness
12
Summit
12
Pine
12
Walloper
12
Pillar
12
Meziadin
13
Sullivan
13
Watson
13
Wheeler
13
Kentucky
13
McConnel
14
Pillar
14
Little Atlin
14
Dezadeash
14
Kluane
14
Pine
15
Frenchman
15
Beaver
15
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
Rack Position Temperature(°C)
4
5
12
4
1
12
4
2
12
4
3
12
4
4
12
4
5
12
5
1
8
5
2
8
5
3
8
5
4
8
5
5
8
5
1
8
5
2
8
5
3
8
5
4
8
5
5
8
6
1
12
6
2
12
6
3
12
6
4
12
6
5
12
6
1
12
6
2
12
6
3
12
6
4
12
6
5
12
7
1
8
7
2
8
7
3
8
7
4
8
7
5
8
7
1
8
7
2
8
7
3
8
7
4
8
7
5
8
8
1
8
8
2
8
8
3
8
10
Photoperiod
(hours)
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
16
16
16
Latitude
50.88
53.95
62.17
50.58
50.78
54.02
60.12
50.74
50.88
49.90
61.25
50.52
60.25
50.83
59.69
60.50
50.83
60.50
50.88
59.69
60.12
54.02
54.25
60.13
50.48
50.58
56.07
50.97
60.12
59.69
49.90
50.52
50.58
60.25
60.50
61.25
60.13
62.17
52.25
Jones & Gilbert
Lake
Bath
name
tank
Minto
15
Pillar
15
Beaver
16
Summit
16
Maxan
16
Dezadeash
16
Little Atlin
16
Pemberton
17
Cobb
17
Beaver
17
Frenchman
17
White
17
McConnel
18
Kentucky
18
Cobb
18
Kluane
18
Pinantin
18
Walloper
19
Seymour
19
Pine
19
Kluane
19
Meziadin
19
Meziadin
20
Sullivan
20
Lakelse
20
Seymour
20
Ness
20
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
Rack Position Temperature(°C)
8
4
8
8
5
8
8
1
12
8
2
12
8
3
12
8
4
12
8
5
12
9
1
8
9
2
8
9
3
8
9
4
8
9
5
8
9
1
12
9
2
12
9
3
12
9
4
12
9
5
12
10
1
12
10
2
12
10
3
12
10
4
12
10
5
12
10
1
8
10
2
8
10
3
8
10
4
8
10
5
8
76
77
78
79
80
81
11
Photoperiod
(hours)
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
Latitude
63.68
50.58
52.25
54.25
54.30
60.50
60.25
50.78
53.95
52.25
62.17
50.88
50.52
49.90
53.95
61.25
50.74
50.48
54.75
60.13
61.25
56.07
56.07
50.97
54.37
54.75
54.02
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
82
Table S3. Summary of final models, determining the effects of latitude, temperature and
83
photoperiod on zooplankton median hatching day, after removing non-significant higher-order
84
terms. Watson Lake, removed from the first analysis, had a single, large outlier that drove a 3-
85
way interaction.
Median hatching day
Not including Watson Lake
(Intercept)
taxon (copepod)
taxon (rotifer)
temperature (high)
latitude
copepod:temperature
rotifer:temperature
copepod:latitude
rotifer:latitude
Estimate
62.5
-55.3
-21.5
-7.3
-0.7
-1.9
5.2
1.0
0.7
Std. Error
15.95
18.60
16.22
2.01
0.29
2.65
2.30
0.34
0.30
df
121
143
149
138
122
138
137
143
149
Log Ratio Test
10.71
Pr(Chi)
0.005
Std. Error
24.8
28.6
26.3
32.3
0.5
42.4
35.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.6
df
154
146
149
142
154
143
141
146
149
142
143
141
t value
3.92
-2.97
-1.33
-3.64
-2.31
-0.70
2.28
2.92
2.34
Pr(>|t|)
0.0001
0.0035
0.1866
0.0004
0.0224
0.4867
0.0243
0.0041
0.0207
t value
1.84
-0.76
-0.24
0.64
-0.79
-2.74
-0.60
0.70
0.84
-0.87
2.76
0.76
Pr(>|t|)
0.068
0.447
0.813
0.524
0.430
0.007
0.548
0.486
0.400
0.386
0.007
0.451
Including Watson Lake
df
2
taxon:temperature:latitude
(Intercept)
taxon (copepod)
taxon (rotifer)
temperature (high)
latitude
copepod:temperature
rotifer:temperature
copepod:latitude
rotifer:latitude
temperature:latitude
copepod:temperature:latitude
rotifer:temperature:latitude
Estimate
45.7
-21.8
-6.2
20.6
-0.4
-116.0
-21.4
0.4
0.4
-0.5
2.1
0.5
86
87
Note: significant effects are bolded
88
12
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
89
Table S4. Summary of final models, determining the effects of latitude, temperature and
90
photoperiod on the number of days until the first individual of each taxon hatched per lake, after
91
removing non-significant higher-order terms. Watson Lake, removed from the first analysis, had
92
a single, large outlier that drove a 3-way interaction.
First day hatching was observed
Not including Watson Lake
(Intercept)
taxon (copepod)
taxon (rotifer)
temperature (high)
copepod:temperature
rotifer:temperature
Estimate
22.5
-1.9
-4.8
-10.0
2.2
7.8
Std. Error
1.41
1.58
1.45
1.91
2.37
2.04
df
114
131
134
100
132
130
t value
15.96
-1.20
-3.34
-5.21
0.92
3.80
Pr(>|t|)
<0.001
0.233
0.001
<0.001
0.3616
0.0002
t value
-0.23
1.59
1.04
0.38
1.23
-3.00
-0.54
-1.67
-1.25
-0.72
3.13
0.79
Pr(>|t|)
0.816
0.114
0.302
0.704
0.219
0.003
0.587
0.096
0.214
0.471
0.002
0.430
Including Watson Lake
df
2
taxon:temperature:latitude
(Intercept)
taxon (copepod)
taxon(rotifer)
temperature (high)
latitude
copepod:temperature
rotifer:temperature
copepod:latitude
rotifer:latitude
temperature:latitude
copepod:temperature:latitude
rotifer:temperature:latitude
Estimate
-5.3
41.5
24.9
11.2
0.5
-115.9
-17.6
-0.8
-0.5
-0.4
2.2
0.5
Log Ratio Test
12.98
Std. Error
22.63
26.12
24.03
29.51
0.42
38.65
32.36
0.48
0.44
0.54
0.70
0.59
93
94
Note: significant effects are bolded
95
96
13
Pr(Chi)
0.0015
df
163
155
158
152
163
150
150
156
158
152
150
150
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
97
Table S5. Summary of full models determining the effects of latitude, temperature and
98
photoperiod on zooplankton hatchling abundance. Higher-order terms were tested for
99
significance and subsequently removed if they did not improve model fit.
Cladocera hatching*
Latitude
Temperature
Photoperiod
Latitude*Temperature
Latitude*Photoperiod
Photoperiod*Temperature
Latitude*Photoperiod*Temperature
Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
-0.01
0.052
-0.14
0.893
-0.83
2.597
-0.32
0.749
0.18
3.000
0.06
0.951
0.02
0.047
0.49
0.623
-0.01
0.054
-0.13
0.901
11.58
3.917
2.96
0.003
-0.21
0.072
-2.86 <0.0001
Copepoda hatching
Latitude
Photoperiod
Temperature
Latitude2
Latitude*Photoperiod
Latitude*Temperature
Photoperiod*Temperature
Photoperiod*Latitude2
2
Temperature*Latitude
Latitude*Photoperiod*Temperature
Photoperiod*Temperature*Latitude2
Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
0.20
0.067
2.98
0.003
-0.06
0.329
-0.18
0.854
-0.07
0.326
-0.20
0.841
-0.04
-0.19
-0.14
0.88
0.016
0.058
0.064
0.449
-2.59
-3.23
-2.28
1.97
0.010
0.001
0.023
0.049
0.03
0.014
1.97
0.049
0.01
0.23
0.015
0.079
0.50
2.88
0.617
0.003
-0.06
0.020
-2.84
0.005
Rotifera hatching*
Latitude
Photoperiod
Temperature
Latitude*Photoperiod
Latitude*Temperature
Photoperiod*Temperature
Latitude*Photoperiod:*Temperature
Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
-0.08
0.026
-2.90 3.7E-03
-1.54
0.280
-5.49 4.1E-08
-1.29
0.120
-10.74 < 2e-16
0.04
0.002
17.25 < 2e-16
0.05
0.002
23.12 < 2e-16
0.64
0.302
2.13 3.3E-02
-0.03
0.003
-11.47 <0.0001
14
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
100
*We detected no evidence for non-linear patterns in Cladoceran or Rotifer hatching patterns
101
therefore we did not fit the Latitude2 term for those analyses.
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
15
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
123
Table S6. The crustacean zooplankton species that hatched from the sediment of 25 lakes in
124
western Canada (see Figure 1 for a map of lake locations).
125
Species
Bosmina longirostris
Bosmina longirostris
Ceriodaphnia lacustri
Ceriodaphnia lacustri
Ceriodaphnia lacustri
Ceriodaphnia lacustri
Ceriodaphnia lacustri
Ceriodaphnia lacustri
Ceriodaphnia quadrangula
Ceriodaphnia quadrangula
Ceriodaphnia quadrangula
Ceriodaphnia quadrangula
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
Ceriodaphnia sp.
Ceriodaphnia sp.
Chydoris sp.
Chydoris sp.
Chydoris sp.
Chydoris sp.
Chydoris sp.
Chydoris sp.
Cyclops phaleratus
Cyclops scutifer
Cyclops scutifer
Cyclops scutifer
Daphnia galeata complex
Daphnia galeata complex
Daphnia longiremus
Daphnia longispina
Daphnia longispina
Daphnia longispina
Daphnia pulex complex
Daphnia pulex complex
Daphnia pulex complex
Daphnia pulex complex
Lake
Cobb
Ness
Beaver
Kentucky
Kentucky
Seymour
Walloper
Wheeler
Beaver
Lakelse
Meziadin
Walloper
Walloper
Cobb
Ness
Cobb
Dezadeash
Meziadin
Ness
Seymour
Sullivan
Beaver
Maxan
Seymour
Wheeler
Cobb
Frenchman
Cobb
Beaver
Frenchman
Maxan
Cobb
Frenchman
Seymour
Wheeler
16
Jones & Gilbert
Species
Daphnia sp.
Daphnia sp.
Daphnia sp.
Diacyclops thomasi
Diacyclops thomasi
Diacyclops thomasi
Diacyclops thomasi
Diacyclops thomasi
Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum
Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum
Diaptomus dentricornis
Diaptomus nudus
Diaptomus pribliofensis
Diaptomus pribliofensis
Diaptomus pribliofensis
Diaptomus pribliofensis
Diaptomus pribliofensis
Diaptomus pribliofensis
Diaptomus pribliofensis
Diaptomus pribliofensis
Diaptomus pribliofensis
Diaptomus.sicilis
Diaptomus.sicilis
Diaptomus.sicilis
Diaptomus.sicilis
Diaptomus.sicilis
Epischura nevadensis
Heterocope septentrionalis
Heterocope septentrionalis
Heterocope septentrionalis
Heterocope septentrionalis
Heterocope septentrionalis
Heterocope septentrionalis
Heterocope septentrionalis
Heterocope septentrionalis
Heterocope septentrionalis
Heterocope septentrionalis
Unknown Calanoid
Unknown Calanoid
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
Lake
Lakelse
Little.Atlin
Pillar
Cobb
Heffley
Lakelse
Lakelse
Summit
Beaver
Frenchman
Seymour
Cobb
Beaver
Cobb
Lakelse
Maxan
Seymour
Sullivan
Summit
Watson
Wheeler
Beaver
Dezadeash
Lakelse
Ness
Wheeler
Ness
Dezadeash
Frenchman
Kentucky
Little.Atlin
Meziadin
Minto
Pemberton
Sullivan
Walloper
White
Beaver
Cobb
17
Jones & Gilbert
Species
Unknown Calanoid
Unknown Calanoid
Unknown Calanoid
Unknown Calanoid
Unknown Cyclopoid
Unknown Cyclopoid
Unknown Cyclopoid
Unknown Cyclopoid
Unknown Cyclopoid
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
Lake
Dezadeash
Frenchman
Lakelse
Ness
Dezadeash
Ness
Pillar
Sullivan
Watson
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
18
Jones & Gilbert
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
143
Table S7. Summary of full models, determining the effects of latitude, temperature and
144
photoperiod on zooplankton diversity. Higher-order terms were tested for significance and
145
subsequently removed if they did not improve model fit.
Copepods and Cladocerans
Latitude
Photoperiod
Temperature
Latitude2
Latitude*Photoperiod
Latitude*Temperature
Photoperiod*Temperature
Photoperiod*Latitude2
Temperature*Latitude2
Latitude*Photoperiod*Temperature
Photoperiod*Temperature*Latitude2
Estimate
0.25
-0.37
-0.11
Std. Error
0.101
0.457
0.425
z-value
2.50
-0.80
-0.26
Pr(>|z|)
0.013
0.424
0.798
-0.05
-0.30
-0.11
0.45
0.024
0.107
0.111
0.657
-2.32
-2.78
-0.96
0.69
0.019
0.002
0.339
0.493
0.04
0.02
0.19
0.026
0.026
0.145
1.47
0.85
1.29
0.141
0.394
0.199
-0.05
0.036
-1.46
0.145
Estimate
-0.03
0.37
0.65
-0.07
0.16
-0.47
-0.20
Std. Error
0.104
0.500
0.474
0.134
0.120
0.662
0.175
z-value
-0.24
0.74
1.38
-0.53
1.30
-0.71
-1.14
Pr(>|z|)
0.807
0.459
0.167
0.019
0.193
0.478
0.253
Estimate
0.51
-1.09
-0.39
Std. Error
0.182
0.586
0.568
z-value
2.79
-1.87
-0.68
Pr(>|z|)
0.005
0.062
0.494
-0.10
-0.58
-0.37
1.08
0.040
0.187
0.196
0.834
-2.47
-3.07
-1.88
1.29
0.013
0.002
0.060
0.197
0.10
0.042
2.43
0.015
Cladocera diversity*
Latitude
Photoperiod
Temperature
Latitude*Photoperiod
Latitude*Temperature
Photoperiod*Temperature
Latitude*Photoperiod*Temperature
Copepod diversity
Latitude
Photoperiod
Temperature
Latitude2
Latitude*Photoperiod
Latitude*Temperature
Photoperiod*Temperature
Photoperiod*Latitude2
19
Jones & Gilbert
Temperature*Latitude2
Latitude*Photoperiod *Temperature
Photoperiod *Temperature*Latitude2
Zooplankton climate cues vary with latitude
0.03
0.70
0.046
0.261
0.63
2.68
0.526
0.003
-0.12
0.062
-1.89
0.046
146
147
*We detected no evidence for non-linear patterns in Cladoceran diversity patterns therefore we
148
did not fit the Latitude2 term for that analysis.
149
150
References
151
Anderson, R.S. (1974) Crustacean plankton communities of 340 lakes and ponds in and near the
152
National Parks of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Journal of Fisheries Research of Board
153
Canada, 31, 855–869.
154
Lindsey, C.C., Patalas, K., Bodaly, R.A. & Archibald, C.P. (1981) Glaciation and the physical,
155
chemical, and biological limnology of Yukon lakes. Canadian Technical Report of
156
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 996, 1–37.
158
157
20