K L UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
II/IV B.TECH (Ist SEM) -- A.Y: 2013-2014
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS LAB REPORT
Student Name:
Roll No
:
Registered No:
Section
:
Faculty Incharge
Course Co-ordinator
CONTENTS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Generation of elementary signals.
Basic operations on Signals
Convolution and Correlation between two signals.
Fourier series and Fourier Transform of signals.
Laplace and Z transform of signals.
6. Sampling of a continuous time signal.
MINI PROJECT BASED ON SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
TITLE:
EXPERIMENT NO -1
GENERATION OF ELEMENTARY SIGNALS
Aim: Generate different types of signals both in Continuous and Discrete time.
Plot the graphs of all sequences thus generated.
Software used:
 MATLAB version 7.2.0.232(R2009a)
Algorithm:
1. Enter the length of the given signal.
2. Enter the equation of the selected signal.
3. Plot graph between X and Y data
Formulae:
Unit impulse: δ(n) =1 for n=0
=0 for n≠0
Unit Step:
u(n)= 1 for n>0
=0 for n<0
Unit Ramp
r(n)= n for n>=0
= 0 for n<0
MATLAB PROGRAMS:
%GENERATION OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS
% Unit Impulse signal
t=-1:0.001:1;
impulse=[zeros(1,1000),ones(1,1),zeros(1,1000)];
subplot(2,2,1);plot(t,impulse);
xlabel('time ----->');ylabel('Amplitude ----->');title('Unit Impulse signal');
axis([-1 1 0 1.5]);
% Unit Step signal
t=-5:0.01:5;
step=[zeros(1,500),ones(1,501)];
subplot(2,2,2);plot(t,step);
xlabel('time ----->');ylabel('Amplitude ----->'); title('Unit Step signal');
axis([-5 5 0 1.5]);
% Unit Ramp signal
t=0:0.01:6;
ramp=t;
subplot(2,2,3);plot(t,ramp);
xlabel('time ----->');ylabel('Amplitude ----->'); title('Unit Ramp signal');
% Unit Parabolic signal
t=0:0.01:6;
parabola=0.5*(t.^2);
subplot(2,2,4);plot(t,parabola);
xlabel('time ----->');ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
title('Unit Parabolic signal');
Output:
Unit Impulse signal
Unit Step signal
1.5
Amplitude ----->
Amplitude ----->
1.5
1
0.5
0
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
time ----->
Unit Ramp signal
0
time ----->
Unit Parabolic signal
5
2
4
time ----->
6
20
Amplitude ----->
Amplitude ----->
0.5
0
-5
1
6
4
2
0
1
0
2
4
time ----->
6
15
10
5
0
0
% Generation of Elementary signals in Discrete time
clc; close all; clear all;
% Unit Impulse sequence
n=-10:1:10;
impulse=[zeros(1,10),ones(1,1),zeros(1,10)];
subplot(2,2,1);stem(n,impulse);
xlabel('Discrete time n ----->');ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
title('Unit Impulse sequence'); axis([-10 10 0 1.2]);
% Unit Step sequence
n=-10:1:10;
step=[zeros(1,10),ones(1,11)];
subplot(2,2,2);stem(n,step);
xlabel(''Discrete time n ----->');ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
title('Unit Step sequence'); axis([-10 10 0 1.2]);
% Unit Ramp sequence
n=0:1:10;
ramp=n;
subplot(2,2,3);stem(n,ramp);
xlabel(''Discrete time n ----->');ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
title('Unit Ramp sequence');
% Unit Parabolic sequence
n=0:1:10;
parabola=0.5*(n.^2);
subplot(2,2,4);stem(n,parabola);
xlabel(''Discrete time n ----->');ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
title('Unit Parabolic sequence');
Output:
Unit Step signal
1
Amplitude ----->
Amplitude ----->
Unit Impulse sequence
0.5
0
-10
-5
0
5
time ----->
Unit Ramp sequence
-5
0
5
time ----->
Unit Parabolic sequence
10
5
time ----->
10
60
Amplitude ----->
Amplitude ----->
0.5
0
-10
10
10
5
0
1
0
5
time ----->
10
40
20
0
0
Result:
MATLAB Program for generation of signals is executed and corresponding graphs were plotted.
Experiment-2
Different operations on signals.
Aim: Perform multiplication, time shifting and time scaling operations on signals
Plot the graphs of all signals thus generated.
Software used:
 MATLAB version 7.2.0.232(R2009a)
Algorithm:
1 Enter the length of the given signal.
2 Enter the equations of the selected signals.
3 Perform the multiplication, time shifting and time scaling operations on signals
4 Plot graph between X and Y data
Formulae:
add=x+z;
scale=sin(a*t);
shift=exp(t-t0);
Matlab programs:
% Multiplication of two signals
t=-pi:0.1:pi;
n=0:1:10;
f=1;
y1=sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(3,1,1); plot(t,y1);
title('first signal'); grid on;
y2=sinc(2*t);
subplot(3,1,2); plot(t,y2);
title('second signal'); grid on;
y3=y1.*y2;
subplot(3,1,3); plot(t,y3);
title('multiplied signal')
multi=x.*y;
fold=sin(-(t));
Output:
first signal
1
0
-1
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
second signal
1
0
-1
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
multiplied signal
1
0
-1
-4
-3
-2
% Shifting and Scaling of signals
t=-10:0.1:10;
y1=sinc(t);
subplot(3,2,1);plot(t,y1)
title('sinc(t)')
y2=sinc(t-2);
subplot(3,2,2);plot(t,y2);
title('sinc(t-2)')
y3=sinc(2*t);
subplot(3,2,3);plot(t,y3)
title('sinc(2t)')
y4=sinc(4*t);
subplot(3,2,4);plot(t,y4)
title('sinc(2t)')
y5=sinc(0.25*t);
subplot(3,2,5);plot(t,y5)
title('sinc(0.25t)')
-1
0
y6=sinc(2*(t-3));
subplot(3,2,6);plot(t,y6)
title('sinc(2(t-3))')
Output:
sinc(t)
sinc(t-2)
1
1
0
0
-1
-10
-5
0
5
10
-1
-10
-5
sinc(2t)
1
1
0
0
-1
-10
-5
0
5
10
-1
-10
-5
sinc(0.25t)
1
0
0
-5
0
5
10
0
5
10
5
10
sinc(2(t-3))
1
-1
-10
0
sinc(2t)
5
10
-1
-10
-5
0
Result:
MATLAB Programs for different operations on signals are executed and corresponding graphs
were plotted.
EXPERIMENT NO-3
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EXPERIMENT NO-4
----------
EXPERIMENT NO-5
----------
EXPERIMENT NO-6
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---------------------------
MINI PROJECT
TITLE:
ABSTRACT:
(Minimum 25 lines, font 12 times new roman)
SOFTWARES USED:
INTRODUCTION:
(Minimum 25 lines, font 12 times new roman)
METHODOLOGY :
(Module 1:
Module 2.
Module 3.
Module 4.
Minimum 15 lines for each module, font 12 times new roman)
MATLAB CODE:
RESULTS:
REFERENCES:
(Where you are searched for mini project, you should mention links)