Q1.
A small torch uses a single cell to make the bulb light up.
(a)
The graphs show the voltage across two different types of cell as they transfer the
last bit of their stored energy through the torch bulb.
Describe the differences that the graphs show between the two types of cell.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
The diagram shows how bright the torch bulb is for different voltages.
From the point when the voltage of each cell starts to fall, how long will the bulb
stay lit:
(i)
with the ordinary cell?
...........................................................................................................................
Page 1
(ii)
with the nicad cell?
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(c)
When the voltage across the bulb falls to half, the current through the bulb falls by
less than half. Why is this?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q2.
A child goes out to visit a friend.
The graph shows the child’s journey.
(a)
Calculate the child’s average speed for the whole journey.
[Show your working and give the units in your answer.]
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 2
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
How many times faster is the child travelling in part A of the graph than in part C?
[You should show how you obtained your answer.]
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q3.
When atoms of uranium 238 (U234) decay they produce another radionuclide called
thorium 234 (Th234)
Thorium 234 (Th234) decays by emitting beta radiation.
(i)
What does beta radiation consist of?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Thorium 234 (Th238) decays to form protactinium 234 (Pa234).
What differences are there between the nucleus of a protactinium 234 (Pa234) atom
and the nucleus of a thorium 234 (Th234) atom?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Page 3
Q4.
The graph shows how the amount of radiation emitted by a sample of the radionuclide
uranium 238 (U238) changes as time passes.
(a)
What is the half-life of uranium 238 (U238)?
(You should show how you obtained your answer. You may do this on the graph
if you wish.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer .....................................
(3)
(b)
What fraction (or percentage) of the uranium 238 (U238) atoms will have decayed
after 9 billion years?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Uranium 238 (U238) decays through a long series of intermediate radionuclides to
stable atoms of the isotope lead 206 (Pb).
A sample of igneous rock contains 3 atoms of uranium 238 (U238) for every atom of
lead 206 (Pb206).
(i)
The intermediate radionuclides are not important when estimating the age of
the rock. Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
Page 4
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Estimate the age of the rock.
(You should explain how you obtained your answer.)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Answer ................................... billion years
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q5.
A small torch uses a single cell to make the bulb light up.
(a)
Label the symbol for a cell and the symbol for a bulb (lamp)
(2)
(b)
The graphs show the voltage across two different types of cell as they transfer the
last bit of their stored energy through the torch bulb.
Page 5
Describe the differences that the graphs show between the two types of cell.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The diagram shows how bright the torch bulb is for different voltages.
From the point when the voltage of each cell starts to fall, how long will the bulb
stay lit:
(i)
with the ordinary cell?
..........................................................................................................................
(ii)
with the nicad cell?
..........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
Q6.
The diagram shows a shuttlecock that is used for playing badminton.
Page 6
The shuttlecock weighs very little.
When you drop it from a height_ of a few metres, it accelerates at first but soon reaches a
steady speed.
Explain, as fully as you can:
(a)
why the shuttlecock accelerates at first,
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
why the shuttlecock reaches a steady speed.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q7.
To get a bobsleigh moving quickly, the crew push it hard for a few metres and then
jump in.
Page 7
(a)
Choose from the following words to complete the sentences below.
distance
energy
force
speed
time
You can calculate the work done by the bobsleigh crew like this:
work done = ............................ × .................................
The work done by the crew is transferred to the bobsleigh as kinetic ......................
(3)
(b)
Which of the following units is used for the amount of work done?
Underline the correct one.
joules
newtons
metres
metres per second
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q8.
The brick shown in the diagram is being pushed but it is not moving.
Page 8
(a)
The pushing force does not make the brick move. Explain why.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The weight of the brick does not make it move downwards. Explain why.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
A bigger pushing force does make the brick slide across the table.
Write down one thing that the sliding brick will do to the surface of the table.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q9.
The diagram shows what happens to the radiation from three radioactive substances
when different materials are put in the way.
Page 9
Choose types of radiation from this list to complete the table below.
α (alpha)
RADIOACTIVE
SUBSTANCE
β (beta)
γ (gamma)
UV (ultraviolet)
TYPE OF RADIATION IT
EMITS
A
B
C
(Total 3 marks)
Q10.
Describe, in as much detail as you can, the life history of a star like our Sun.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 6 marks)
Q11.
The graph shows the speed of a runner during an indoor 60 metres race.
(a)
Calculate the acceleration of the runner during the first four seconds.
(Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
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(b)
How far does the runner travel during the first four seconds?
(Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
At the finish, a thick wall of rubber foam slows the runner down at a rate of 25 m/s2.
The runner has a mass of 75kg.
Calculate the average force of the rubber foam on the runner.
(Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ......................... newtons (N)
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q12.
A cyclist accelerates from a set of traffic lights.
The driving force of the back tyre on the ground is 250 N.
(a)
How much work is done by this force when the cyclist travels 5 metres?
(Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ............................ joules (J)
(2)
(b)
What happens to the energy transferred by this force?
Page 12
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q13.
(a)
Sam and Kris are arguing about alpha and gamma radiation.
Sam says that alpha radiation is more dangerous.
Kris disagrees. He thinks that gamma radiation is more dangerous. What do you
think?
Explain your answer as fully as you can.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
Cancer cells in a particular organ of the body can be killed by injecting a radioactive
substance which is absorbed by that organ.
What other features must the radioactive substance have to make it suitable for this
job?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Radon is a radioactive gas with a half-life of 3.6 days.
It often seeps into buildings from the ground.
Estimate how long it takes for 99% of a sample of radon gas to decay.
Page 13
(Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q14.
The diagram shows an electrical circuit.
(a)
Complete the two labels on the diagram.
(2)
(b)
P and Q are meters.
What is meter P measuring? .......................................................................................
What is meter Q measuring? .......................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 14
Q15.
The graph shows the speed of a runner during an indoor 60 metres race.
(a)
Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.
moving at a steady speed
speeding up
slowing down
stopped
Part A of the graph shows that the runner is .............................................................
Part B of the graph shows that the runner is .............................................................
Part C of the graph shows that the runner is .............................................................
(3)
(b)
Calculate the acceleration of the runner during the first four seconds.
(Show your working.)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 15
Q16.
A cyclist accelerates from a set of traffic lights.
The driving force of the back tyre on the ground is 250 N.
(a)
How much work is done by this force when the cyclist travels 5 metres?
(Show your working.)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Answer ............................... joules (J)
(2)
(b)
What happens to the energy transferred by this force?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q17.
A small object falls out of a balloon.
Choose words from the list to complete the sentences below.
Page 16
friction
gravity
accelerates
falls at a steady speed
air pressure
slows down
•
The weight of an object is the force of ............................................ which acts on it.
•
When you drop something, first of all it ............................................... .
•
The faster it falls, the bigger the force of ........................................... which acts on
it.
•
Eventually the object ............................................. .
(Total 4 marks)
Q18.
The diagram shows an atom.
How many protons are there in the nucleus of the atom? .................................................
What is the mass number of the atom? ..............................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
Q19.
Doctors sometimes need to know how much blood a patient has.
They can find out by using a radioactive solution.
After measuring how radioactive a small syringe-full of the solution is they inject it into the
patient’s blood.
Page 17
They then wait for 30 minutes so that the solution has time to become completely mixed
into the blood.
Finally, they take a syringe-full of blood and measure how radioactive it is.
Example:
If the doctor injects 10 cm3 of the radioactive solution and this is diluted 500 times by the
blood there must be 10 × 500 = 5000 cm3 of blood.
(a)
After allowing for background radiation:
•
10 cm3 of the radioactive solution gives a reading of 7350 counts per minute;
•
a 10 cm3 sample of blood gives a reading of 15 counts per minute.
Calculate the volume of the patient’s blood.
(Show your working.)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Page 18
(4)
Radiation from radioactive substances can harm your body cells.
(b)
The doctor’s method of estimating blood volume will not be completely accurate.
Write down three reasons for this.
1 .................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The doctors use a radioactive substance which loses half of its radioactivity every
six hours. Explain why this is a suitable radioactive substance to use.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q20.
Some students want to find out how the current through component X changes with
the voltage they use.
The diagram shows their circuit. The graph shows their results.
Page 19
(a)
Describe, as fully as you can, what happens to the current through component X as
the students increase the voltage.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
The students want to find out whether component X allows the same current to
flow through it in the opposite direction.
(i)
How should they change the circuit to test this?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The graph shows the students’ extra results.
What do the extra results tell you?
Page 20
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q21.
A man’s car will not start, so two friends help him by pushing it.
By pushing as hard as they can for 12 seconds they make the car reach a speed of
3 metres per second.
(a)
Calculate the acceleration they give to the car.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................. Answer ................ m/s2
(2)
(b)
Whilst pushing the car the two friends together do a total of 2400 joules of
work. Calculate their total power.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................ Answer ................ watts
(2)
(c)
Another motorist has the same problem. The two friends push his car along the
Page 21
same stretch of road with the same force as before.
It takes them 18 seconds to get the second car up to a speed of 3 metres per
second.
What does this tell you about the mass of the second car?
(You can ignore forces of friction.)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
On a flat stretch of a motorway a lorry driver changes into top gear. He then
makes the lorry go as fast as he can.
The graph shows what happens to the speed of the lorry.
Explain why the speed of the lorry increases at first but then levels out.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q22.
(a)
Add the missing labels to the diagram.
Page 22
(3)
(b)
Some students use the circuit shown above.
They want to find out how the current through component X changes as they
change the voltage.
The graph shows their results.
Describe, as fully as you can, what happens to the current through component X as
the students increase the voltage.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 23
Q23.
When you slide a book across a table, there is a force of friction between the book
and the table.
(a)
Which arrow shows the force of friction that acts on the book? ...............................
(1)
(b)
The force of friction will slow the book down.
Write down one other effect that the force of friction will have on the book.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
Q24.
(a)
When an atom of thorium-232 decays, an alpha (α) particle is emitted from the
nucleus. An atom of radium is left behind.
An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons.
We can represent this radioactive decay in a special kind of equation:
Page 24
Thorium-228 is also radioactive.
Atoms of this isotope also decay by emitting an alpha particle and producing an
isotope of radium.
Complete the equation for this decay.
(4)
(b)
An atom of radium-228 decays by emitting a beta (β) particle from the nucleus.
A beta particle is in fact an electron (symbol
).
The effect of this is to change a neutron into a proton.
An atom of actinium remains.
This type of decay can also be represented by an equation:
This isotope of actinium is radioactive.
An atom of actinium-228 also decays by emitting a beta particle.
An isotope of thorium is left behind.
Complete the equation for this decay.
(4)
(c)
Thorium-232 eventually decays to the stable isotope lead-208.
All the steps in this process can be shown on a diagram.
Page 25
(i)
Complete the sentences:
During the decay from (A) to (B) a .................... particle is emitted.
During the decay from (B) to (C) a .................... particle is emitted.
During the decay from (E) to (F) a .................... particle is emitted.
During the decay from (I) to (J) a .................... particle is emitted.
(2)
(ii)
The table shows how long it takes for half of the atoms of each isotope
to decay.
Page 26
A rock sample contains:
•
many atoms of thorium‑232
•
even more atoms of lead‑208
•
hardly any atoms of any of the other isotopes shown on the diagram
Explain this as fully as you can.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 13 marks)
Page 27
Q25.
(a)
The amount of damage caused when a car collides with a wall depends on
the amount of energy transferred.
If the speed of a car doubles, the amount of energy transferred in a collision
increases four times.
Explain, as fully as you can, why this is so.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
The diagram shows a car and a lorry about to collide.
When they collide, the two vehicles become tightly locked together.
(i)
Calculate the speed of the vehicles immediately after the collision.
(Show your working. There is no need to change to standard units.)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Answer ....................................... km/h
(6)
(ii)
The collision between the car and the lorry is inelastic.
Explain, in terms of energy, what this means.
Page 28
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q26.
A sky-diver steps out of an aeroplane.
After 10 seconds she is falling at a steady speed of 50m/s.
She then opens her parachute.
After another 5 seconds she is once again falling at a steady speed.
This speed is now only 10m/s.
(a)
Calculate the sky-diver’s average acceleration during the time from when she opens
her parachute until she reaches her slower steady speed. (Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Explain, as fully as you can:
(i)
why the sky-diver eventually reaches a steady speed (with or without
her parachute).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Page 29
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
why the sky-diver’s steady speed is lower when her parachute is open.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
The sky‑diver and her equipment have a total mass of 75kg. Calculate the
gravitational force acting on this mass. (Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ........................................ N
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q27.
Label the parts of the electric circuit below.
(Total 3 marks)
Page 30
Q28.
Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.
balanced
joules
electricity
gravity
magnetism
newtons
When you drop something it falls.
This is because it is pulled to the Earth by
............................................................................
We measure forces in units called
.........................................................................................
When a falling object reaches the ground, it stops moving.
This means that the forces acting on it are now
....................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
Q29.
A computer is set up to produce a graph of the current through an electric lamp
during the first few milliseconds after it is switched on.
Page 31
The lamp is modified then tested in the same way.
(a)
Describe three differences in the way the lamp behaves after it has been modified.
1.
..........................................................................................................................
2.
..........................................................................................................................
3.
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
The current through the modified lamp depends on the total resistance of the
filament and component X.
The smaller this total resistance is, the greater the current.
The following graphs show how the resistance of the lamp filament and component
X change as the lamp heats up to its operating temperature.
Page 32
Use the information shown on the graphs to explain the behaviour of the modified
lamp.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q30.
The energy radiated by a main sequence star like the Sun is released by a nuclear
fusion reaction in its core.
Read the following information about this reaction then use it to answer the questions
below.
•
The net result of the nuclear fusion reaction is that four hydrogen nuclei produce
one helium nucleus. There is a loss of mass of 0.7%.
•
For nuclear fusion to occur nuclei must collide at very high speeds.
Page 33
•
The energy released during the reaction can be calculated as shown:
energy released [J] = loss of mass [kg]
×
(speed of light [m/s²])
(The speed of light is 3 × 108 m/s)
(a)
Calculate the energy released when 1g of hydrogen fuses to form helium.
(Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
The table shows the lifetimes and surface temperatures of main sequence stars
with different masses.
MASS OF
STAR
[SUN = 1]
LIFETIME ON MAIN
SEQUENCE
[MILLION OF YEARS]
SURFACE TEMPERATURE *
[KELVIN]
0.5
200 000
4000
1
10 000
6000
3
500
11 000
15
15
30 000
[* The higher the surface temperature of a star, the higher the temperature and
pressure in its core.]
(i)
Describe the relationship between the lifetime of a main sequence star and its
mass.
...........................................................................................................................
Page 34
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest an explanation for this relationship.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q31.
When a gun is fired, a very large force acts on the bullet for a very short time.
The change in momentum of the bullet is given by the following relationship:
force (N) × time(s) = change in momentum (kg m/s)
(a)
An average force of 4000 newton acts for 0.01 seconds on a bullet of mass 50g.
Calculate the speed of the bullet. (Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ............................................... m/s
(4)
(b)
The bullet is fired horizontally. In the short time it takes for the bullet to reach its
target, its horizontal speed has fallen to 80% of its initial speed.
Page 35
(i)
Explain why the speed of the bullet decreases so quickly.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the percentage of its original kinetic energy the bullet still has when
it reaches its target.
(Show your working.)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q32.
A crane is used to lift a steel girder to the top of a high building.
When it is lifted by the crane:
•
the girder accelerates from rest to a speed of 0.6 m/s in the first 3 seconds;
•
it then rises at a steady speed.
Page 36
(a)
Calculate the acceleration of the girder.
(Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
(i)
What is the weight of the steel girder?
Answer ............................................. N
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the power of the crane motor as it lifts the girder at a steady speed
of 0.6 m/s.
(Show your working. You can ignore the weight of the cable and hook which is
small compared to the weight of the girder.)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Answer .......................................... W
(2)
(c)
A new motor is fitted to the crane. This motor accelerates the girder at 0.3 m/s2.
Calculate the force which the crane applies to the girder to produce this
acceleration.
(Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 37
Answer ........................................... N
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q33.
A car travels along a level road at 20 metres per second.
(a)
Calculate the distance travelled by the car in 4 seconds.
(Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
When the brake pedal of the car is pushed, brake pads press against very hard
steel discs.
Page 38
The force of friction between the brake pads and the steel discs gradually stops the
car.
What two effects does using the brakes have on the brake pads and wheel
discs?
1
..........................................................................................................................
2
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q34.
Some rocks contain the radioactive isotope uranium–235 (235U).
235U
has a half-life of 700 million years and, as it decays, lead–207 (207Pb) is
eventually formed.
(a)
Draw a decay curve for 235U on the graph below.
Page 39
(4)
(b)
Samples of an igneous rock gave an average ratio of 70 atoms of 235U to 30 atoms
of 207 Pb.
Use the decay curve you have drawn to estimate the age of the igneous rock.
Answer ..................................... million years.
(1)
(c)
A sandstone rock which lies above the igneous rock contains traces of uranium-235
and of lead-207.
Why might it be unsatisfactory to use this uranium for dating the sandstone?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 40
Q35.
At the very high temperatures in the sun, hydrogen is converted into helium. It takes
four hydrogen nuclei to produce one helium nucleus.
The table shows the relative masses of hydrogen and helium nuclei.
(a)
Use these figures to calculate what happens to the mass of the sun as hydrogen is
converted to helium.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Use your answer to part (a) to explain how the sun has been able to radiate huge
amounts of energy for billions of years.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 41
Q36.
A book weighs 6 newtons.
A librarian picks up the book from one shelf and puts it on a shelf 2 metres higher.
(a)
Calculate the work done on the book. [Show your working].
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
The next person to take the book from the shelf accidentally drops it.
The book accelerates at 9.8m/s².
Use this information to calculate the mass of the book. [Show your working].
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ................................. kg.
(3)
Page 42
(c)
If the book was dropped from an aeroplane high in the sky, it would accelerate to
begin with. Eventually it would fall at a steady speed.
Explain, in as much detail as you can, why this happens.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q37.
Some students measure the level of radiation from a radioactive source during the
same lesson each week over a period of six weeks.
Here are the results. (They have been corrected for background radiation.)
Time (weeks)
start
Level of radiation (average counts per minute)
(a)
66
1
2
3
4
6
44 34 29 16 12 8
Using the graph paper below, display these results in the most appropriate way.
Page 43
5
(5)
(b)
What overall pattern is there in the students’ results?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q38.
The diagram shows an electronic circuit.
Page 44
(a)
Write down the names of the components in the list below.
A
=
.................................................................................................
B
=
.................................................................................................
C
=
.................................................................................................
D
=
.................................................................................................
E, F and G
=
.................................................................................................
(5)
(b)
The graph shows how the resistance of component B depends on its temperature.
Describe, in as much detail as you can, how the resistance of component B
changes as its temperature rises from 0ºC to 80ºC.
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 45
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(c)
At what temperature does component B have a resistance of 1000 ohms?
Answer ......................................... °C .
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Q39.
In a science lesson, some children float an apple on some water.
One of the children says:
“The apple is not moving. That means that there cannot be any forces acting on it.”
Do you agree?
Explain your answer as fully as you can.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
Page 46
Q40.
Complete the following sentences.
When you drop a ball, it falls to the ground.
This happens because the .................................. pulls the ball
towards it with a force called ...................................................... .
Forces are measured in units called ............................................ .
(Total 3 marks)
Q41.
Carefully read the following extract from a safety leaflet. Then answer the questions.
An RCD adaptor is an automatic safety switch. It should be used when there is a particular risk of
electric shock. For example, it is recommended that it is used with an electric lawnmower.
Inside one make of RCD is an electromagnet that holds the switch closed so that the RCD is
switched on. An electronic circuit in the RCD monitors the difference between the current in the live
wire and the current in the neutral wire.
If something goes wrong and this difference is greater than 30 milliamps then the RCD will trip (=
switch off) within 40 milliseconds.
Page 47
(a)
Suggest two reasons why there is a particular risk of an electric shock when using
an electric lawnmower.
1. ................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Why will there be a difference between the current in the live wire and the current in
the neutral wire if something goes wrong?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(i)
Use the words charge, current and time to write an equation which shows the
relationship between them.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate how much charge flows when a current of 30 milliamps passes
for 40 milliseconds.
Clearly show how you get to your answer and give the unit.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Charge = .....................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 48
Q42.
The drawing shows a food processor. It has an electric motor. Inside is a blade
which spins round and cuts up the food.
The food processor is designed to transfer electrical energy to kinetic energy. However
some of the energy is wasted as heat and sound.
The power input to the food processor is 1150 W. The power of the spinning blade is 900
W.
(i)
Calculate how much energy is wasted when the food processor is used for two
minutes.
Show clearly how you get to your answer and give the unit.
power =
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Energy = .........................................................
(3)
(ii)
Why does the food processor produce sound when it is switched on?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 49
##
A combination oven can cook food by using three methods; a microwave generator, a
grill and a heating element.
voltage
microwave power (max)
grill power
convection heater power
(a)
230 V
900 W
1300 W
1200 W
What is the current when the oven is operating using full microwave power? Give
the equation and show your working.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Current = ................................................... A
(3)
(b)
It is possible to cook using infrared radiation, from the grill, and microwaves. What
is the maximum current in the oven when using both together?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Current = ................................................... A
(2)
(c)
For baking and roasting, the microwave is used at 450 W and the convection
heating element is on fully at 1200 W. A thawed or fresh medium-sized chicken
takes
30 minutes to cook.
Calculate the energy transferred in kilowatt-hours.
Use:
Page 50
units (kWh) = power (kW) × time (h)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Energy = .................................................... kWh
(2)
(d)
Why is a combination oven of this sort more economical than a convection-only
oven?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q44.
The diagram shows the inside of a mains plug.
(a)
Label the earth, live and neutral pins.
(3)
(b)
(i)
Explain how the earth wire and the fuse protect a person from an electric
shock when there is a short circuit to the metal case of an appliance.
..........................................................................................................................
Page 51
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
What is the most appropriate size fuse rating for a fuse in a television?
Circle the correct answer.
3A
5A
13 A
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q45.
The circuit contains two cells, an ammeter and a lamp. The reading on the ammeter
is 0.2 A.
(a)
What will be the reading on the ammeters in each of the circuits below?
Page 52
(i)
Current is ................... A
(ii)
Current is ................... A
(2)
(b)
An ammeter was in a series circuit with two cells and a variable resistor.
The ammeter showed a reading of 0.3 A.
(i)
Draw a circuit diagram for the circuit.
(2)
(ii)
What will happen to the reading on the ammeter if the resistance of the
variable resistor is increased?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q46.
Mira and Susan are rock climbing. They are using a nylon climbing rope. Mira has
fastened herself to the rock face and to one end of the rope. The other end of the rope is
fastened to Susan. This means that, if Susan falls, the rope will hold her. Susan weighs
540 N.
Page 53
(a)
(i)
Use the words distance, force and work to write an equation which shows the
relationship between them
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
What vertical distance up the rock face does Susan climb when she does
2000 J of work against gravity? Show your working and give your answer to
the nearest 0.1 m.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Distance = ......................................... metres
(2)
Page 54
(iii)
How much gravitational energy will Susan gain when she does 2000 J of work
against gravity?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The climbers dislodge a 3 kg stone which falls down the rock face.
What is the speed of the stone when its kinetic energy is 600 J?
kinetic energy =
mass × speed2
Show clearly how you get to your answer and give the unit.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Speed = ............................................................
(3)
(c)
The climbing rope is made of nylon. Nylon is very strong. Another advantage is that
it stretches. This means that, if Susan falls, it transfers some of her kinetic energy to
elastic (or strain) energy at the end of the fall.
Explain, in terms of force and deceleration, what would happen if Susan fell and the
climbing rope did not transfer any of her kinetic energy to elastic energy.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 55
Q47.
The diagram shows a type of electric immersion heater in a hot water tank. These
hot water tanks are normally found in airing cupboards.
Information on the immersion heater states:
230 V
10 A
(a)
(i)
What is the equation which shows the relationship between power, current
and voltage?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the power of the heater. Show clearly how you get to your answer
and give the units.
..........................................................................................................................
Power = ......................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
What rating of fuse should be in the immersion heater circuit?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 56
(ii)
There are three wires in the cable to the immersion heater. Two of the wires
are connected to the immersion heater. The third wire is connected to the
copper tank.
Explain the function of this third wire and the fuse in the circuit.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
(i)
What is the equation which shows the relationship between resistance,
current and voltage?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the resistance of the heater. Show clearly how you get to your
answer and give the units.
..........................................................................................................................
Resistance = ....................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q48.
A 1 N weight is tied to a 30 cm long piece of elastic. The other end is fixed to the
edge of a laboratory bench. The weight is pushed off the bench and bounces up and
down on the elastic.
Page 57
The graph shows the height_ of the weight above the floor plotted against time, as it
bounces up and down and quickly comes to rest.
(a)
Mark on the graph a point labelled F, where the weight stops falling freely.
(1)
(b)
Mark on the graph a point labelled S, where the weight finally comes to rest.
(1)
Page 58
(c)
Mark two points on the graph each labelled M, where the weight is momentarily
stationary.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q49.
The drawing shows a 230 V electric light bulb.
The filament is made of high-resistance wire. The connecting wires in the light bulb have
a low resistance.
(a)
The light bulb is switched on. Explain what happens when there is current in the
filament.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 59
(b)
Why must the connecting wires have a low resistance?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
State two properties of glass that make it a good material to support the connecting
wires.
Choose your answers from the words in the box.
conductor
strong
insulator
opaque
transparent
soft
weak
............................................................... and .............................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q50.
A simple spark counter can be used to detect charged particles. It is made by having
two wires close together with a large voltage across them. When a charged particle
passes through the gap between the wires a spark is seen.
(a)
Give the names and symbols of two particles which will cause a spark.
(i)
Name ............................................
Symbol ...............................................
(2)
(ii)
Name ............................................
Symbol ...............................................
(2)
(b)
A radioactive source was placed within 2 cm of the spark counter and lots of sparks
were seen. A piece of paper was slid between the source and the counter. The
sparking stopped.
(i)
What type of radiation was being given off?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 60
(ii)
The paper was removed and the source slowly moved away from the spark
counter. Describe what will happen to the sparking.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
A radioactive source gave a high reading using a Geiger-Müller tube and counter,
but did not cause sparking when brought near to the spark counter. Why?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q51.
In a hairdryer circuit there is a heater and a motor. It is important that the motor is
always running when the heater is switched on.
(a)
Using the symbols shown below only once each, draw a circuit for a hairdryer.
(2)
(b)
Modern hairdryers are described as double insulated.
Explain what this term means.
Page 61
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
On a modern hairdryer handle it states:
1600 W
(i)
[A]
230 V
50 Hz
Write an equation which shows the relationship between current, power
and voltage.
................................................................................................................
(1)
[B]
Calculate the current in the hairdryer when it is on full power.
Show clearly how you get your answer.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
Current = ........................... A
(2)
(ii)
[A]
Write an equation which shows the relationship between current,
resistance and voltage.
................................................................................................................
(1)
[B]
The resistance of the heater is 20 ohms. Calculate the resistance of the
motor.
Show clearly how you get your answer.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
Resistance = ............... ohms
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 62
Q52.
The circuit contains three identical lamps.
(a)
Complete each of the sentences about the circuit, using one of the phrases in the
box.
more than
(i)
less than
the same as
The current at A is ........................................................... .the current at B.
(1)
(ii)
The current at A is ........................................................... .the current at D.
(1)
(iii)
The current at F is ............................................................. .the current at E.
(1)
(iv)
The current at F is ............................................................ .the current at D.
(1)
(b)
In the circuit, which lamp is brightest?.............................
Give a reason for your answer.
Page 63
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q53.
The drawing shows an experiment using a low voltage supply, a joulemeter, a small
immersion heater and a container filled with water.
The voltage was set at 6 V d.c. The reading on the joulemeter at the start of the
experiment was 78 882 and 5 minutes later it was 80 142.
(i)
Use the equation:
voltage =
to work out the total charge which flowed through the immersion heater in five
minutes. Clearly show how you get to your answer and give the unit.
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 64
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Charge = ............................................
(3)
(ii)
Calculate the current through the immersion heater during the 5 minutes. Write the
equation you are going to use, show clearly how you get to your answer and give
the unit.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Current = .........................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q54.
The drawing shows an investigation using a model steam engine to lift a load.
Page 65
In part of the investigation, a metal block with a weight of 4.5 N was lifted from the floor to
a height_ of 90 cm.
(a)
Explain what causes the weight of the metal block.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
What is the tension in the string when the block is lifted at a steady speed?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 66
(ii)
Explain your answer to part (b) (i).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(i)
Calculate the work done in lifting this load. Write the equation you are going
to use, show clearly how you get to your answer and give the unit.
Equation ...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Work = ..............................................
(3)
(ii)
How much useful energy is transferred to do the work in part (c) (i)?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
In another part of the investigation, 250J of work is done in one minute. Use the
equation:
power =
to work out the useful power output. Give the unit.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Power = ...............................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q55.
People who work in places where radiation is present, for example in X-ray
departments in hospitals, have to wear a “film badge”. These badges are sent away
regularly to check on the amount of radiation to which the person has been exposed.
Page 67
Simply described, the badge is some photographic film in a suitable holder.
(a)
(i)
Why is the “film badge” of little use in detecting alpha particles?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
How does the “film badge” show radiation has reached it?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Radioactivity can cause harm. It also has a number of valuable uses.
(i)
How can radioactivity harm our bodies?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give two medical uses of radioactive isotopes.
1. ......................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 68
(c)
A radioactive isotope of lead has a half-life of 10.6 hours.
A small sample of lead containing this isotope has a count rate of 8000 counts per
minute.
How long will it be before the count rate is 1000 counts per minute?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Time = ................................................ hours
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q56.
A student did an experiment with two strips of polythene. She held the strips
together at one end. She rubbed down one strip with a dry cloth. Then she rubbed down
the other strip with the dry cloth. Still holding the top ends together, she held up the strips.
(a)
(i)
What movement would you expect to see?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Page 69
(1)
(ii)
Why do the strips move in this way?
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Complete the four spaces in the passage.
Each strip has a negative charge. The cloth is left with a............................................
charge. This is because particles called .................................. have been transferred
from the .................................... to the ........................................ .
(4)
(c)
The student tried the experiment using two strips of aluminium. The strips did not
move.
Complete each of the sentences.
(i)
Materials, such as aluminium, which electricity will pass through easily, are
called ........................................ .
(1)
(ii)
Materials, such as polythene which electricity will not pass through easily, are
called ......................................... .
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q57.
A circuit was set up as shown in the diagram.
Page 70
(a)
The table gives the current through three of the ammeters. Complete the table to
show the current through the other two ammeters.
Ammeter
Reading on ammeter in amps
Al
0.2
A2
0.6
A3
0.3
A4
A5
(2)
(b)
The reading on the voltmeter is 12 V.
What is the resistance of R2?
Show your working and include the correct unit.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 71
.....................................................................................................................................
Resistance = .......................................
(3)
(c)
In the circuit above, the resistor R2 burned out and current stopped flowing in it.
There was no other change to the circuit.
Complete the table below to show the readings on the ammeters after this took
place.
Ammeter
Reading on ammeter in amps
Al
0.2
A2
0.0
A3
A4
A5
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q58.
The graph shows the distance a person walked on a short journey.
Page 72
(a)
Choose from the phrases listed to complete the statements which follow. You may
use each statement once, more than once or not at all.
standing still
walking at constant speed
walking with an increasing speed
walking with a decreasing speed
(i)
Between points A and B the person is
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Between points B and C the person is
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Complete the sentence.
You can tell that the speed of the person between points A and B is ........................
than the speed between points C and D because .......................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Write the equation which relates distance, speed and time.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 73
Q59.
The flowchart shows four stages thought to occur in the evolution of a star such as
our Sun.
At a particular time a star might have reached one of these stages or be between stages
or be at a further stage. What period in its evolution has our star, the Sun, reached?
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 mark)
##
The isotope of sodium with a mass number of 24 is radioactive. The following data were
obtained in an experiment to find the half-life of sodium-24.
Time in hours
Count rate in counts per minute
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1600
1000
600
400
300
150
100
Page 74
(a)
Draw a graph of the results and find the half-life for the isotope. On the graph show
how you obtain the half-life.
Half-life = ............................... hours
(4)
(b)
Sodium-24 decays by beta emission. The G.M. tube used in the experiment is
shown in the diagram. Each beta particle which gets through the glass causes a tiny
electric current to pass in the circuit connected to the counter.
Page 75
(i)
Why must the glass wall of the G.M. tube be very thin?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Why is this type of arrangement of no use if the radioactive decay is by alpha
emission?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Sodium chloride solution is known as saline. It is the liquid used in ‘drips’ for
seriously-ill patients. Radioactive sodium chloride, containing the isotope sodium-24,
can be used as a tracer to follow the movement of sodium ions through living
organisms.
Give one advantage of using a sodium isotope with a half-life of a few hours
compared to using an isotope with a half-life of:
(i)
five years; ........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
five seconds. ....................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 76
Q61.
The following specification is taken from the instruction booklet of a combination
microwave oven.
AC voltage
Power required
Microwave
Dual (Roast/Bake)
Dual (Grill)
Convection
Grill
Output power
Microwave
Convection heater
Grill heater
Microwave frequency
(a)
(i)
240 V 50 Hz
1.5 kW
2.8 kW
2.5 kW
1.35 kW
2.3 kW
850 W
1350 W
1000 W
2450 MHz
What is the current when the oven is being used to cook in the dual
(roast/bake) mode? Show clearly how you work out your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Current = ................................. A
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the resistance of this combination microwave oven when it is being
used in the dual (roast/bake) mode. Show clearly how you work out your
answer and give the units.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Page 77
Resistance = ................................
(3)
(b)
What is the percentage efficiency of the oven when it is working in the microwave
mode?
Efficiency =
× 100%
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Percentage efficiency = .................................. %
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q62.
A bouncy ball is dropped vertically from a height_ of 2.00 m onto the floor. The
graph shows the height_ of the ball above the floor at different times during its fall until it
hits the floor after 0.64 s.
Page 78
(a)
What is the average speed of the ball over the first 0.64 s? Show clearly how you
work out your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Average speed = ....................................... m/s
(1)
(b)
After it hits the floor the ball bounces back to a height_ of 1.25 m. It reaches this
height_ 1. 16 s after it was dropped. Plot this point on the grid above and sketch a
graph to show the height_ of the ball above the floor between 0. 64 s and 1.16 s.
(3)
(c)
(i)
The ball bounces on the floor 0.64 s after being dropped. How long after
being dropped will it be before it bounces a second time?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 79
(ii)
What distance will the ball travel between its first and second bounce?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
The ball was held stationary before being dropped. On the graph and your sketch
mark two other points X1 and X2, where the ball is stationary, and in each case
explain why the ball is not moving.
X1 ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
X2 ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q63.
(i)
Write the equation which shows the relationship between the electric current,
the power and the voltage.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the power if the current is 5 A and the voltage is 400 000 V. Show clearly
how you work out your answer and give the unit.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Power = .............................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Page 80
Q64.
(a)
A driver may have to make an emergency stop.
Stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance.
Give three different factors which affect the thinking distance or the braking
distance. In your answer you should explain what effect each factor has on the
stopping distance.
1. ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Page 81
(6)
(b)
Complete the following sentences by writing in the two missing words.
Acceleration is the rate of change of .............................................................. .
The acceleration of a car depends on the force applied by the engine and the
........................................... of the car.
(2)
(c)
A car moves because of the force applied by the engine.
Name two other forces which act on the car when it is moving. Give the direction in
which each of these factors acts.
1. Name of force ........................................................................................................
Direction of this force ...........................................................................................
2. Name of force ........................................................................................................
Direction of this force ...........................................................................................
(4)
(d)
Complete the following sentence by writing in the missing word.
The velocity of a car is its speed in a particular .......................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
Q65.
(a)
The diagram shows a simple circuit. Add an ammeter and a voltmeter to the
circuit to show how to measure the current through the fixed resistor and the voltage
across it.
Page 82
(2)
(b)
An experiment using a circuit like the one above was set up. The following results
were obtained when the resistance of the variable resistor was decreased.
(i)
Draw a graph of the results below.
Voltage across fixed resistor
in volts
Current in amps
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
(2)
Page 83
(ii)
Use the graph to find the voltage when the current is 0.05 A.
Voltage =....................................... V
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q66.
The diagram shows the fuel gauge assembly in a car.
•
The sliding contact touches a coil of wire and moves over it.
•
The sliding contact and the coil form a variable resistor.
•
The sliding contact is connected to a float via a pivot.
•
The fuel gauge indicator is an ammeter.
•
When the petrol level changes, the resistance of the circuit changes.
•
This causes the pointer in the fuel gauge indicator to move.
(a)
Use standard symbols to draw a circuit diagram for the fuel gauge assembly.
Page 84
(3)
(b)
How will the current in the circuit change as the level of petrol in the tank falls?
.....................................................................................................................................
Explain the reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q67.
The Sun at the centre of our solar system is a star.
Page 85
(a)
The Sun contains nuclei of the heaviest elements. Atoms of these heaviest
elements are also present in the planets of the solar system. What does this suggest
about the material from which the solar system is formed?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Stars form from gas (mostly hydrogen) and dust.
Describe, in as much detail as you can, what forces allow a stable star to exist and
how the star may eventually form a black hole.
To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put
them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 86
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 7 marks)
Q68.
A car which is moving has kinetic energy.
The faster a car goes, the more kinetic energy it has. The kinetic energy of this car was
472 500 J when travelling at 30 m/s.
Calculate the total mass of the car.
Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Page 87
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Mass of the car = ............................................................
(Total 5 marks)
Q69.
(technetium) is produced by the radioactive decay of
(molybdenum).
What change occurs in the nucleus of a molybdenum atom when this happens?
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 mark)
Q70.
The table gives the properties of some radionuclides (radioactive isotopes).
Radionuclide
Half life
Main type of radiation emitted
Radon-220
54.5 seconds
Alpha
Americium-241
433 years
Alpha
Phosphorus-32
14 days
Beta
Strontium-90
28 years
Beta
Technetium-99
6 hours
Gamma
Cobalt-60
5 years
Gamma
(i)
Which radionuclide would be best for monitoring the thickness of aluminium foil?
Page 88
........................................................................
Explain the reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Which radionuclide would be best for acting as a tracer inside the human body?
........................................................................
Explain the reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q71.
The current through component X is measured when different voltages are applied
across it.
Page 89
(a)
Name the component labelled Y in the circuit.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
What type of meter is Z?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
The table shows the measurements obtained in this experiment.
Voltage in V
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Current in mA
0
0
50
100
150
Draw a graph of the measurements.
(2)
(d)
Use the shape of the graph to name component X.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 90
Q72.
The graph shows changes in the velocity of a racing car.
(a)
Describe the motion of the racing car during:
(i)
the period labelled W; ......................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
the period labelled Y. .......................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Calculate the acceleration of the racing car during the period labelled X.
Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 91
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Acceleration = .............................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q73.
(a)
The model bus is being pushed on a table.
(i)
At first the pushing force does not make the model bus move. Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Write down two things that happen as the pushing force increases.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Complete the formula by choosing the correct words from the box.
Page 92
acceleration
distance moved
speed
Work done on
the model bus
=
......................................
force applied
time taken
......................................
×
(2)
(b)
In this situation, the car driver needs to stop the car in the shortest possible
distance.
(i)
Complete the table by putting ticks ( ) to show which factors would make the
stopping distance greater. The first one has been done for you.
Tick (
) makes stopping
distance greater
Factor
brakes are old and worn
car is travelling fast
driver has been drinking alcohol
four new tyres are fitted
hot, dry, sunny weather
ice on the road
(3)
Page 93
(ii)
Complete the sentence by writing the correct words in the spaces.
The car will skid if the braking force is too big compared with the friction
between
the car’s .................................... and the .................................... .
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q74.
A teacher measured the amount of radiation from a radioactive source, during the
same lesson each week, over a period of six weeks.
The results are shown on the graph.
How long does it take for the radiation to fall from 68 counts per minute to half that value?
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
...............................................................................................................................................
Page 94
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Time taken for radiation to halve .........................................................
(Total 3 marks)
Q75.
A teacher measured the amount of radiation from a radioactive source, during the
same lesson each week, over a period of six weeks.
The results are shown on the graph.
How long does it take for the radiation to fall from 68 counts per minute to half that value?
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Time taken for radiation to halve .........................................................
Page 95
(Total 3 marks)
Page 96
M1.
(a)
ordinary cell has higher voltage (normally / at start)
or
ordinary cell 1.3V nicad 1.2V (normally / at start)
for 1 mark
voltage of ordinary cell falls more slowly
gains 1 mark
(accept ordinary cell lasts longer)
but
as above with relevant quantification e.g. falls to zero in 60 seconds
compared to 6 seconds
or
nicad falls to zero 10 times as fast
gains 2 marks
3
(b)
(i)
answer in range 32-34 (seconds) (inclusive)
gains 1 mark
but
answer in range 22-24 (seconds) (inclusive)
gains 2 marks
(ii)
12 (seconds)
gains 1 mark
but
2 (seconds)
gains 2 marks
4
(c)
resistance of the lamp / filament changes / increases
gains 1 mark
but
resistance of the lamp / filament decreases
gains 2 marks
because the temperature of the filament falls / filament cools
for 1 mark
3
[10]
Page 97
M2.
(a)
evidence of
speed =
(travelled)
or
or
gains 1 mark
but or any correct calculation of gradient
(except when zero) gains 2 marks
or 2
gains 1 mark
units metres per second or m/s or ms-1
(not mps)
for 1 mark
3
(b)
evidence of calculating the two speeds
(
and
or
5 and 2)
(evidence of this may be in (a))
or
noting distances travelled in same time (20 secs) i.e. 100m and 40m but 2.5
gains 2 marks
2
[5]
M3.
(i)
(fast moving) electrons (from the nucleus)
(allow negatively charged particles)
for 1 mark
1
Page 98
(ii)
protactinium has one neutron fewer
protactinium has one proton more
(credit has different numbers of neutrons / protons with one mark)
for 1 mark each
2
[3]
M4.
(a)
indication (in writing or on graph) of finding point where radiation
is halved (e.g. to 24 [from an initial 48]) and relating to the time
difference between the two points
gains 1 mark
but
4.2-4.8*
(*i.e. in this range, including extremes)
gains 2 marks
units billions of years
for 1 mark
3
(b)
¾
or
75%
[allow ecf from (a)]
for 1 mark
1
(c)
(i)
idea that the intermediate nuclides are relatively short-lived
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
idea that ¼ has decayed or ¾ remains
gains 1 mark
but
read graph for radiation level of 36 (stated or shown on graph itself)
gains 2 marks
but
1.6-1.8* (billion years)
(* i.e. in this range, including extremes)
gains 3 marks
3
[8]
Page 99
M5.
(a)
cell and bulb / light correctly labelled
for 1 mark each
2
(b)
ordinary cell has higher voltage (normally / at start)
for 1 mark
or
ordinary cell 1.3V
nicad 1.2V (normally / at start)
voltage of ordinary cell falls more slowly (accept lasts longer)
gains 1 mark
but
as above with relevant quantification e.g. falls to zero in 60 seconds
compared to 6 seconds e.g. falls to zero in 70 seconds compared to
16 seconds – from time zero
or
nicad falls to zero 10 times as fast
gains 2 marks
3
(c)
(i)
answer in range 32-34 (seconds) (inclusive)
gains 1 mark
but
answer in range 22-24 (seconds) (inclusive)
gains 2 marks
(ii)
12 (seconds)
gains 1 mark
but
2 (seconds)
units not required in (c)
gains 2 marks
4
[9]
Page 100
M6.
(a)
reference to
•
weight / force of gravity / acting downwards
•
unbalanced (by any upwards force)
for 1 mark each
2
(b)
ideas that forces balance(d)
gains 1 mark
but
weight / force of gravity / downwards force balanced by friction / air
resistance / drag / upwards force
gains 2 marks
latter increases with speed
(accept arrows or relevant length and direction if clearly labelled,
as answers to parts (a) and (b))
for 1 further mark
3
[5]
M7.
(a)
force
distance
energy
for 1 mark each
(either way round)
3
(b)
joules
for 1 mark
1
[4]
Page 101
M8.
(a)
idea that
balanced by friction force* / pushing force equals
friction force (*note “balanced” by unspecified force)
or
specification of relevant force but no reference to balancing
in both 1(a) and 1(b) gains 1 mark overall
for 1 mark
1
(b)
balanced by upwards force of table*
for 1 mark
1
(c)
makes it (slightly) warm / hot
or
wears it away (slightly) / damages surface
for 1 mark
1
[3]
M9.
B
C
A β / beta
γ / gamma
α / alpha
for 1 mark each
[3]
M10.
ideas that
•
formed from dust/gases
•
pulled together by gravity
•
massive so very large gravitational forces (pulling inwards)
Page 102
•
hydrogen → helium / fusion releases energy [not fission or just ‘nuclear’]
•
high temperature creates high pressure (pushing outwards)
•
long period when forces balance
•
then expands → red giant / red star
•
then contracts to (dense) white dwarf / white star
[credit if massive enough / more massive than sun, red giant → supernova →
(very dense) neutron star but do not accept w.r.t. Sun itself]
[The whole of the (non bracketed part of) each idea must be present in some
appropriate for in of words for each mark to be credited. To gain more than a single
mark ideas must also be in correct sequence and/or appropriately related.]
any six 1 mark each
[6]
M11.
(a)
acceleration =
or
gains 1 mark
do not penalise if both of these present
but ‘change in’ omitted from formula
but
2.5
gains 2 marks
unit m/s2 or metres per second squared
or metres per second per second
or ms–*
for 1 mark
3
(b)
evidence of using area under graph or distance average speed × time
or
Page 103
10 × 4 ×
gains 1 mark
but
20
gains 2 marks
units metres / m–2*
for 1 mark
3
(c)
force = mass × acceleration or 75 × 25
gains 1 mark
but
1875
gains 2 marks
*NB Correct unit to be credited even if numerical answer wrong or absent.
2
[8]
M12.
(a)
[NB e.c.f not allowed from incorrect formula]
work done = force × distance or 250 × 5
gains 1 mark
but
1250
gains 2 marks
2
(b)
•
(mainly) transferred as kinetic / movement energy
[not makes bike move]
•
(some) lost / wasted / transferred as heat / sound
or
used to overcome friction / air resistance
each  for 1 mark
2
[4]
Page 104
M13.
(a)
/gamma
•
because more penetrating
•
so can reach/damage cells from outside body/through skin
but
/alpha
•
does more damage/more likely to cause cancer
•
can only do this if inside the body/cells
each • for 1 mark
[credit same ideas expressed conversely]
4
(b)
•
must emit alpha /  radiation
•
idea that half-life must be just long enough to kill cancer cells
each for 1 mark
[do not credit simply short half-life]
(allow ‘must be liquid / in solution)
2
(c)
evidence of repeated halving then
n  3.6
gains 1 mark
but
answer in range
22 – 25.2 days
(ie >6 and up to 7 half lives)
gains 2 marks
2
[8]
Page 105
M14.
(a)
(i)
diode
[Do not accept ‘rectifier’ or LED]
(ii)
lamp / bulb / light
each for 1 mark
2
(b)
•
P = voltage / potential difference / p.d. / volts / V
[Allow ‘Voltmeter]
•
Q = current / amperes / amps / A
[Allow ‘ammeter]
each for 1 mark
2
[4]
M15.
(a)
A = speeding up
[Accept ‘accelerating / acceleration / going faster]
B =moving at a steady speed
[Accept ‘constant speed’]
C = slowing down
[Accept ‘going slower’ / decelerating]
each for 1 mark
3
(b)
acceleration =
NB if formula given must be correct
or
gains 1 mark
but 2.5
gains 2 marks
Page 106
unit m/s2 or metres per second squared
or metres per second per second
for 1 mark
or m/s–2
[Credit even if no / an incorrect numerical answer is given]
3
[6]
M16.
(a)
work done = force × distance or 250 × 5 NB if formula given must
be correct
gains 1 mark
but
1250
gains 2 marks
[In this and similar examples, a correct answer only gets full marks.
From an incorrect formula, do not allow marks for ‘error carried forward’
2
(b)
•
(mainly) (transferred as) it is kinetic / movement energy (not ‘mechanical’)
•
(some) lost / wasted / transferred as heat / sound
[Answers must refer to ‘energy’. Do not allow ‘it drives the
bike’]
or
used to overcome friction / air resistance
each for 1 mark
2
[4]
M17.
•
gravity
Page 107
•
accelerates
•
friction
•
falls at a steady speed
each for 1 mark
[4]
M18.
•
4
•
9
each for 1 mark
[2]
M19.
(a)
evidence of
gains 1 mark
but
490
gains 2 marks
but
4900
gains 3 marks
units cm3
for 1 further mark
4
(b)
some of radioactive solution gets into cells/body organs
some of radioactive solution gets into urine (in the kidney)
the radioactive solution becomes less radioactive during the test
Page 108
variability in readings
in any order for 1 mark each
3
(c)
ideas that
•
won’t lose (too) much radioactivity during the test
•
won’t stay radioactive/harm cells for too long after test is over
for 1 mark each
2
[9]
M20.
(a)
idea that
it/current increases (with voltage)
gains 1 mark
but
current increases steadily (with voltage)
(allow in proportion)
gains 2 marks
4
no current at first
gains 1 mark
but
no current until voltage is more than 0.3 (volts)
gains 2 marks
(b)
(i)
reverse component X/power supply/change battery round
for 1 mark
(ii)
idea that
X doesn’t conduct in opposite/let current through/no current
(in opposite direction)
(credit X is a diode)
for 1 mark
Page 109
2
[6]
M21.
(a)
evidence of
or
gains 1 mark
but 0.25 or ¼
gains 2 marks
2
(b)
evidence of
or
gains 1 mark
but 200
gains 2 marks
2
(c)
idea that
second car has a bigger mass
(allow bigger weight/heavier)
gains 1 mark
but
second car has 1.5 times bigger mass
or
second car has mass of 1200 kg
gains 2 marks
2
(d)
friction/resistance increases with speed
gains 1 marks
Page 110
but
friction with/resistance of air increases with speed
gains 2 marks
•
increase in speed because driving force greater than friction
•
steady speed when friction = driving force
or
increases in speed until friction = driving force
each for 1 further mark to maximum of 3
3
[9]
M22.
(a)
•
•
voltmeter
•
ammeter
for 1 mark each
diode
3
(b)
idea that
•
current increases or goes up (with voltage)
gains 1 mark
•
‘It’ refers to current
but current increases steadily (with voltage)
gains 2 marks
•
(allow in proportion) – but not simply a description of the shape
of the graph
gains 1 mark
•
no current at first
but no current until voltage is more than 0.3 (volts)
gains 2 marks
4
[7]
Page 111
M23.
(a)
D
for 1 mark
1
(b)
wear it away or make it warmer
for 1 mark do not accept ‘stops it’
1
[2]
##
(a)
[Accept He2+ for α]
each
for 1 mark
4
(b)
[Accept β for e]
each
for 1 mark
4
Page 112
(c)
(i)
beta/ β
alpha/ α
alpha/ α
beta/ β
beta/ β but
alpha/ α
alpha/ α
beta/ β
[i.e. consistent for 1; consistent and correct for 2]
gains 2 marks
2
(ii)
ideas that
• many thorium atoms because they take so long to decay*
• (many lead atoms because) the thorium has been decaying for
so long/for billions of years
or (because) the rock is so/very/billions of years of years old
• many lead atoms because this is the stable end product [of the decay series]
• few atoms of other isotopes because they decay so quickly*
[*N.B. credit answers in terms of half-life]
any three for 1 mark each
3
[13]
##
(a)
ideas that greater speed means more kinetic energy
gains 1 mark
but any evidence of the formula ½ mv2
but making the case that kinetic energy depends on the speed squared
gains 3 marks
or that 22 = 4
3
(b)
(i)
any evidence of concept of momentum or mass × speed
(or velocity) in words or figures e.g. 9.5 × 20 or 0.5 × 40
gains 1 mark
but correct values for momentum of lorry and car
i.e. 190 and 20 [ignore units]
gains 2 marks
but initial momentum correctly calculated
170 or 190 – 20
Page 113
gains 3 marks
THEN
evidence when calculating final speed of
idea that momentum is conserved
use of combined mass
each gain 1 mark
but
17 [or 0.1 × figure for initial momentum]
(NB direction not required)
gains 3 marks
6
(ii)
kinetic energy is lost
for 1 mark
[credit (some kinetic) energy transferred as heat/sound]
[NB Accept only answers in terms of energy as required by the question]
1
[10]
##
(a)
evidence of
or
gains 1 mark
(credit 50/10 or 5 with 1 mark) NOT 40/10 or
50/5
but 8 [N.B. negative not required]
gains 2 marks
units metres per second per second or (metres per second squared or m/s²)
for 1 mark
3
(b)
(i)
idea that
accelerates at first due to gravity
Page 114
air/wind resistance
friction/resistance/drag with air increases with speed
eventually gravity and friction cancel balance
or (no net/accelerating force) [NOT terminal velocity]
each for 1 mark
3
(ii)
idea
a bigger resistance/friction/drag at any given speed (credit a bigger drag (factor))
for 1 mark
1
(c)
evidence of × 10 / × 9.8 / × 9.81 or 750/735(75)
for 1 mark
1
[8]
##
(a)
motor
1
(b)
fuse or circuit breaker
1
(c)
voltmeter
each for 1 mark
1
[3]
M28.
gravity
newtons
balanced
each for 1 mark
[3]
Page 115
M29.
(a)
current rises/starts lower/starts from zero
for 1 mark
ideas that: *
smaller/only 0.45 (A) change in current
quicker/only 2 (ms) for current to settle
slightly lower/0.45 (A) final current
maximum only 0.45 (A) rather than 1.5 (A)
(*must compare e.g. “only...” or state figure from first graph)
any 2 for 1 further mark each
3
(b)
resistance of filament rises as temperature rises/higher at operating temperature
resistance of X falls as temperature rises/low(er) at operating temperature
total resistance stays roughly the same as temperature rises
so current stays roughly the same as temperature rises
(must be related to previous point)
resistance of X falls faster at first than resistance of filament rises
so current rises (must be related to previous point)
operating resistance slightly increased
so operating current slightly reduced
(must be related to previous point)
resistance of X high at start
so current zero/low
each gains 1 mark
(must be related to previous point)
(to a maximum of 4)
4
[7]
M30.
(a)
it use E = mc2
Page 116
mass in kg i.e. 0.001 ×
each gains 1 mark
but 000007
gains 2 marks
2.1 × 103
gains 3 marks
evidence of 0.000007
mass in kg (i.e. 0.0007 or 0.7/100000)
each gains 1 mark
squaring the speed of light
but 6.3 × 1011 (credit alternative ways of stating this)
gains 3 marks
units J/joule
for 1 further mark
(N.B credit kJ, MJ, GJ but check power of 10 for full credit)
4
(b)
(i)
idea that the bigger the mass the shorter the life
gains 1 mark
but idea that decrease in life is much more than
proportional to increase in mass
or more than proportional to mass2
gains 2 marks
2
(ii)
ideas that:
greater mass means greater core temperature/pressure
greater core temperature/pressure means greater rate of fusion
increase in mass produces a proportionally much greater
increase in the rate of fusion
each for 1 mark
3
[9]
Page 117
M31.
(a)
any evidence of: momentum = mass × velocity (words, symbols or numbers)
appropriate re-arrangement mass as 0.05kg
each gains 1 mark
but 800
gains 4 marks
4
(b)
(i)
any reference to friction with air/air resistance
gains 1 mark
but idea that friction with air/air resistance is high (at high speed)
gains 2 marks
2
(ii)
any evidence of: k.e. v2 or k.e. = ½ mv2
final k.e.
initial k.e.
either initial or final k.e. correctly calculated (i.e. 16000; 10240)
each gains 1 mark
but (0.8)2
gains 3 marks
but 64%(credit 0.64)
gains 4 marks (also credit e.c.f)
4
[10]
M32.
(a)
*evidence of acceleration =
gains 1 mark
but 0.2
gains 2 marks
Page 118
or
units m/s2
for 1 mark
3
(b)
(i)
2000 or 1960
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
evidence of power =
or weight × speed (credit figures)/
(iii)
gains 1 mark
but 1200/1176 or figure consistent with (b)(i)
gains 2 marks
2
(c)
evidence of force = mass × acceleration or 200 × 0.3
gains 1 mark
but 60
gains 2 marks
but 60 + weight of girder (2060/2020*) (or figure consistent with (b)(i))
gains 3 marks
3
[9]
M33.
(a)
evidence of distance = speed × time or 4 × 20
gains 1 mark
but
80
gains 2 marks
units m
for 1 mark
3
Page 119
(b)
idea that (both) become warm/hot
for 1 mark
idea of wearing (away/down)/becoming scratched
gains 1 mark
but
(brake) pads wear more (than wheel discs)
gains 2 marks
3
[6]
M34.
(a)
one relevant point correctly plotted
gains 1 mark
but two relevant points correctly plotted
gains 2 marks
but three relevant points correctly plotted
gains 3 marks
curved line drawn accurately through the points
for 1 further mark
4
(b)
age of igneous rock = 400 ± 100 million years
1
(c)
sandstone is a sedimentary rock
for 1 mark
there is likely to be some lead–207 present
or from the rocks from which the sandstone was formed
for 1 mark
(allow 207 Pb may not have come from this 235U)
2
[7]
Page 120
M35.
(a)
evidence of conclusion 4 × 1.007825 or 4.0313
each gain 1 mark
based on use of data that there is a (very small) loss of mass
or 0.0276 but a loss of mass of 0.0276 for every helium atom or 0.69%/0.7%
gains 3 marks
3
(b)
idea that loss of mass results in release of energy
gains 1 mark
but small loss of mass results in huge energy release
gains 2 marks
2
[5]
M36.
(a)
WD = force × distance or 6 × 2
gains 1 mark
but 12 gains 2 marks
units J/joules [credit Nn]
for 1 mark
3
(b)
0.6 (i.e. using the recalled 10N/kg)
gains 1 mark
but evidence of force = mass × acceleration
or of correct substitution e.g. 6/9.8
gains 2 marks
but 0.61 (2...)
gains 3 marks
3
Page 121
(c)
any reference to
initial acceleration due to gravity
(force due to) friction/air resistance
each for 1 mark
ideas that
this increases as speed increases
forces eventually balance
each for 1 further mark
9
[9]
M37.
(a)
at least 6 points correctly plotted
gains 1 mark
(to better than half a square) but all points correctly plotted
gains 2 marks
2
any line graph related to plotted points;
point (3,29) discounted;
best fit smooth curve
each for 1 mark
3
(b)
radiation decreases with time
gains 1 mark
but decreases quickly at first then more slowly
gains 2 marks
but idea that it (about) halves every 2 weeks or half-life is (about) 2 weeks
gains 3 marks
3
[8]
##
(a)
A = battery (of cells)/cells/cell
Page 122
B = thermistor/temperature dependent resistor
C = transistor
D = LED/light emitting diode
E, F, G = resistors
each for 1 mark
5
(b)
ideas that (resistance) falls from 3000 to 200 units – ohms/Ω – referred to
at least once
each for 1 mark
(credit quickly at first then more slowly with 2 marks) (max 4 for part (b))
4
(c)
any figure in the range 22 – 26 (inclusive)
gains 1 mark
but 24
gains 2 marks
2
[11]
##
ideas that
gravity/weight (downwards)
upwards/opposite force of water or upthrust
forces are balanced
any three for 1 mark each
(N.B. All these ideas may be included in a short response)
(If no marks gained but candidate makes reference to forces, award 1 mark)
[3]
##
(centre of the) Earth [not ground]
gravity
newtons (allow N)
each for 1 mark
Page 123
[3]
M41.
(a)
any two from
(risk of) cutting (through the) cable
accept cutting the wire
grass may be wet
or it may rain
wires may be loose (because cable experiences a lot of movement)
accept cable may be loose
(risk of) touching exposed part(s)
2
(b)
some current will go through (the rest of) the lawnmower / the user / to earth
do not credit any reference to the electromagnet
1
(c)
(i)
charge = current × time
or any transposed version
accept Q = I × t
or any transposed version
accept C = A × s
or coulombs = amperes × seconds
or any transposed version
or
but only if subsequently used correctly
1
(ii)
EITHER
1200 microcoulombs / μC
or 1.2 millicoulombs / mC
or 0.0012 coulombs /C
3
Page 124
OR
correct arithmetic
either
converting milliamps to amps
and milliseconds to seconds
or correct multiplication
unit given as coulombs /C
or millicoulombs / mC
or microcoulombs / μC
example : charge = 30 × 40 = 1200 millicoulombs should be
credited with 2 marks
1
[7]
M42.
(i)
EITHER
30000 (2) joules/J (1)
or 30 kilojoules/kj
3
OR
power × time = energy
1
time = 120 (seconds)
1
(ii)
vibration (of the food processor / some part of the food processor / the food)
1
[4]
M43.
(a)
Formula mark
P=V×I
accept P = VI or W = V 5 A or any transformation
1
Substitution mark I = 900 ÷ 230
1
Page 125
Calculation mark 3.9
accept 3.9 or 3.91 or 4 for three marks with no working
1
(b)
900 + 1300 = 2200 ÷ 230 = 9.6
accept 9.57 to 9.6 or 10 for both marks with no working
2
(c)
1.2 + 0.45 = 1.65
1
× 0.5 = 0.825
accept 0.8 or 0.83 for both marks with no working
1
(d)
any one from
use less energy (to cook something)
accept fewer energy losses or use less electricity
cook faster
do not credit a cost argument about buying two different
ovens
1
[8]
M44.
(a)
earth at top
1
neutral on left
1
live on right
1
(b)
(i)
(when a short occurs to the metal case) electricity flows to earth
a logical sequence of events is required
which address each of the key aspects
1
Page 126
electricity or current flows to earth
accept flows to ground or down the earth wire
1
(a surge of current) blows the fuse
this breaks the (live) circuit
do not accept a short circuit
1
stops electricity flowing (through person or appliance)
do not accept it stops an electric shock
1
(ii)
3A
accept 5A
1
[8]
M45.
(a)
(i)
0.2
1
(ii)
0.2
1
(b)
(i)
a series circuit must contain two cells the correct way round and an ammeter
accept the components in any order in
the series circuit but there must be no
obvious gaps in the wires at corners
or joins
1
the symbol for a variable resistor a rectangle with a diagonal arrow drawn
through it
accept a diagram for a ‘slide resistor’
1
(ii)
decrease
1
Page 127
[5]
M46.
(a)
(i)
work = force × distance
or any correctly transposed version e.g.
force =
or in correct units throughout e.g.
J=N×m
or in acceptable abbreviations e.g.
W=f×d
do not credit W = Nm or any other
ambiguous or unclear response
do not credit
unless subsequent calculation shows understanding
1
(ii)
EITHER
3.7 (m)
2
OR
(distance =)
1
(iii)
2000 J
unit required
1
(b)
EITHER
20
3
OR
Page 128
speed 2 = 600 ÷ 1.5
or speed2 = 600 ×
or speed2 = 400
or speed2 = KE ÷
mass
1
metres per second
or m/s
1
(c)
any three from
deceleration (would be) (very) great
or rate of change of speed / velocity would be (very) great
(because) F = ma
or (because) force is proportional to deceleration / (negative)
acceleration
(so the) force (on Susan / the rope) would be (very) great
do not credit she would be hurt
do not credit just the rope could snap
the rope may exceed its elastic limit
3
[10]
M47.
(a)
(i)
P=V×1
or equivalent
credit a triangle if part (ii) correctly uses the relationship
credit power = volts × amps or watts V × A
do not accept C for current
1
(ii)
(P = 230 × 10 =) 2300
credit 2.3
1
Page 129
W or J/s
kW
1
(b)
(i)
15 A
credit 13 A or amps
1
(ii)
any three from
earth
any short (to the metal tank) causes fuse to blow
fuse is in the live wire
to prevent damage to the heater
credit to stop the current
3
(c)
(i)
V=I×R
or equivalent
credit a triangle if part (ii) correctly uses the relationship
1
(ii)
(230 = 10 × R =) 23
ohms or Ω
2
[10]
M48.
(a)
F 50 cm on first part of graph
tolerance + or – 3cm
1
(b)
S at the far right
credit anywhere to right of last trough
1
(c)
M on any two tops of peaks or bottoms of troughs
both are required for the mark M needs to be central to the
trough or peak, except if F is in the way in one case
1
Page 130
[3]
M49.
(a)
wire gets hot
1
and gives out light or glows
1
(b)
to get the maximum electricity or power to the filament or to not waste energy
credit not to get hot or not to melt credit so that current can
flow easier
1
(c)
any two from
insulator
transparent
strong
2
[5]
M50.
(a)
(i) and (ii) in any order
1
(i)
alpha
accept Greek symbol (α)
1
He2+
or
He
1
(ii)
beta
accept Greek symbol (β) or electron
1
e–
or
mass and automatic numbers are not required
Page 131
accept e
1
(b)
(i)
alpha
accept symbol
1
(ii)
decreases
then stops (entirely) or after a few cm
accept stops because α can only travel a few cm in air
1
(c)
it’s gamma
accept its not ionising or it is not charged or it’s not  or β
because a spark counter only measures α or β
1
[8]
M51.
(a)
series circuit
all four components must be included
if a battery included the neatness mark may still be awarded
1
circuit fully functional or properly connected
this is the neatness mark
do not credit a parallel circuit with one switch controlling both
components
1
(b)
case or outer parts are made of plastic or insulator or non-metallic
1
there is no electrical pathway between inner and outer insulation
accept no connection between inner and outer part
do not credit two layers of insulation
1
Page 132
(c)
(i)
[A]
power = voltage × current
accept P = V I or
W=V×A
or any transformation
1
[B]
1600 ÷ 230 =current
1
6.96 or 7
accept with no working for two marks
accept 6.95
in [A] award a mark for a triangle if calculation correctly
performed
1
(ii)
[A]
voltage = current × resistance
accept V = I R or any transformation
1
[B]
230 ÷ 7 = overall R = 33
accept 230 ÷ 6.96 = overall R = 33
1
resistance of motor = 33 – 20 = 13
accept with no working for two marks
do not credit negative answer
accept consequential errors from c(i)
in [A] award a mark for a triangle if calculation correctly
performed
1
[10]
M52.
(a)
(i)
the same as
1
(ii)
less than
1
(iii)
the same as
1
(iv)
more than
1
Page 133
(b)
3
accept D
because there is more or twice the current in this part of the circuit
or the resistance is less
accept only one lamp to go through, (not two) or on its own
not sharing the voltage or energy with another
do not credit one lamp to go through or sharing current
2
[6]
M53.
(i)
either
210 C
3
or
1260 (joules of energy transferred)
unit not required
1
210
1
coulomb(s) C
allow J/V
1
(ii)
either
0.7 A
3
or
charge = current × time
or 210* = current × 300
1
or Q = It
or* same as candidate’s answer to
part (a)(I) provided correct unit given in part (a)(i)
or* as follows from above
1
current = 0.7*
amp(s) or A
1
Page 134
[6]
M54.
(a)
either
gravity
1
due to mass of the Earth
or
(the) interaction / attraction between the (1)
mass of the block
and the mass of the Earth (1)
1
(b)
(i)
4.5 N
unit required accept equal to weight (lifted)
do not credit ..mass..
1
(ii)
the forces are balanced
accept because the block is not accelerating
accept because the block is moving at a steady speed (in a
straight line) accept because the block’s velocity is
constant
1
(c)
(i)
either
4.05 J
3
or
work (done)
= force (applied)
× distance (moved in the
direction of the force)
or work =4.5 ×0.9
note ‘= 4.5 × 0.9’ is not an equation
1
= 4.05
Page 135
1
joules or J or newton metres
405 J will be a common answer
it gets (1) (for the unit) if correct equation is not shown but
(2) otherwise
4.5 ÷ 0.9, or variations on this theme, get (1) (for the unit) at
most
1
(ii)
4.05 J
or same as the answer to (c) (i) provided that the same unit
for energy is shown in both cases
1
(d)
4.16
accept 4, 4.2, 4.17, 4.16
1
[10]
M55.
(a)
(i)
alpha particles cannot penetrate covering
do not credit any answer not relating to film badge or its case
1
(ii)
film gets fogged or blackened
accept film gets exposed
do not credit film changes colour or goes white or blotchy
1
(b)
(i)
any one from
may cause cancer may damage cells or cell nucleii causes mutations
changes DNA
accept (causes) burns or kills cells
1
(ii)
any two from
treating cancers
Page 136
tracers in body
sterilising instruments or bandages
accept two descriptions of named treatments, eg thyroid
check and circulation monitoring
accept is a source of X-rays, eg for dentistry or taking X-rays
of bones
2
(c)
calculation that 1000 is 3 half lives on
8000 → 4000 → 2000 →1000
1
time elapsed is 3 × half life = 31.8 hr
award both marks for 31.8 hr or 1 day 7.8 hr with no working shown
1
[7]
M56.
(a)
(i)
(bottom or other ends) move apart or
repel
accept they move apart
1
(ii)
have same charge
accept both have negative charge
(from part (b) do not credit both have positive charge
same or like charges repel
not just opposite charges attract
2
(b)
positive
1
electrons
1
cloth
1
polythene
accept strips
1
Page 137
(c)
(i)
conductors
accept metals
1
(ii)
insulators
accept non-conductors/poor conductors do not credit
non-metals
1
[9]
M57.
(a)
0.9
1
1.1
accept the value of A4 + 0.2
1
(b)
V = I R or 12 = 0.6 R or
accept V = A R
V = I × ohm’s sign
do not credit Ohm’s law triangle
2
R = 20
correct numerical answer earns both marks
ohms
1
(c)
A3 = 0.3
A4 = 0.3
accept the same numeric value as A3
A5 = 0.5
accept the value of A4 + 0.2
Page 138
3
[8]
M58.
(a)
(i)
walking at constant speed
1
(ii)
standing still
1
(b)
is higher or faster
accept less time to walk more distance (both time and
distance must be mentioned)
1
the slope of graph is steeper
accept slope is more
1
(c)
speed =
accept suitable symbols used in correct formula
do not accept a triangle
1
[5]
M59.
any one of
* between (stage) 2 and (stage) 3
* (in) the main sequence
* (in) the main stable period
* (it is a) yellow dwarf
[1]
Page 139
M60.
(a)
sensible scales
full use of y axis
1
completely accurate plotting
1
a smooth curve going through all bar one of the points
do not accept a dot-to-dot graph if two parts shown for
curves accept the more correct
1
at least one line or a clear mark showing how to obtain the half life
from the graph and obtaining between 13 and 15
at the bottom of the page cross or ticks in the order of the
mark scheme
1
(b)
(i)
to let the beta particles get through
accept must be there to let the radiation through or if thick
they may be stopped
1
(ii)
alpha particles would be stopped by the glass or cannot penetrate glass
do not accept alphas are weak
1
(c)
(i)
it will give more counts per minute for a small quantity or it does not last
so long so may not be as dangerous
accept answers in terms of 5 years assume it refers
appropriately
1
(ii)
it will not be there long enough to act as a tracer or it could cause
radiation damage as all its activity will be in the first place it enters the system
accept answer in terms of 5 seconds
accept not there long enough to work assume it refers
appropriately
Page 140
1
[8]
M61.
(a)
(i)
power ÷ voltage = current or
2800 ÷ 240 = 11.6 – 11.7 or 12
2 marks for correct answer 1 mark for 2.8 ÷ 240
2
(ii)
resistance = voltage ÷ current
240 ÷ 11.7
(efc here)
1
20.5 or 20.57 or 20.6 or 21
2 marks for correct answer
1
ohms or Ω
do not credit R
1
(b)
850 ÷ 1500 × 100
marks only available for division of power
1
= 56.7
2 marks for correct answer
for 1 mark accept 5670
1
[7]
M62.
(a)
3.125
accept 3.1 or 3.12
1
Page 141
(b)
plotted at 1. 15 – 1.17, 1.24 – 1.28
across on the second from 1.2, up between first and second
line
1
sketch curve steeper near 0.64 s fairly smooth curve bending
1
to become pretty well horizontal at 1.16, 1.25
1
(c)
(i)
(ii)
1.68 or 1.7
working is 2(l.16 – 0.64) + 0.64 =
2.5 m unit required
consequential marking applies here
1
(d)
X1 at 0.64 s, 0 m
it is in contact with the floor or the
ball changes direction or the
downward force is balanced by the
reaction of the floor
accept the ball is hitting the floor
do not credit it has hit the floor
1
X2 at 1.16 s, 1.25m it is at the top of its bounce
accept the ball changes direction or has run out of KE
2
[8]
M63.
(i)
power = current × voltage
or any correctly transposed version
accept watts = amps × volts
accept P = IV
do not credit P = CV
accept p.d. for voltage triangle acceptable only if used
Page 142
correctly in (ii)
1
(ii)
2 000 000 (1)
2000 kilowatts/kW (2)
accept KW
watts/W (1)
2 megawatts/MW (2)
do not credit mW (1) if correct method is clearly shown but
answer is numerically incorrect or unit is absent or incorrect
do not credit any working from an incorrect equation in (d)(i)
but an appropriate unit should be credited
2
[3]
M64.
(a)
Any three factors from any of the
groups of factors below (1) each a clear and correct statement of the
effect of the particular factor on the stopping distance (1) each
do not credit mobile phones do not credit other distractions
2
examples: (factors relating to the driver)
* (driver’s) reaction time or time for the driver to apply the brakes
the longer the reaction time the longer the s.d.
which may be related to age, experience, sobriety, effect of
drugs, mental capacity, physical capacity, driver fatigue,
confusion and panic
does not depend on the driver’s eyesight as this affects the
occurrence of the ‘need-to-stop’ realisation rather than the
stopping distance
examples: (factors relating to the car)
4
* force applied by the brakes the greater the force the shorter the s.d.
* speed (of the car) the greater the speed the longer the s.d.
* mass or weight (of the car) the greater the mass or weight the longer the s.d.
* ABS answers
Page 143
examples: (factors relating to the road or tyres)
* tread on the tyres or friction the more tread or friction the shorter the s.d.
* slipperiness of the road the greater the slipperiness the longer the s.d.
* it is raining
does not depend on the visibility as this affects the
occurance of the ‘need-to-stop’ realisation rather than the
stopping distance
(b)
velocity
accept speed
1
mass
accept weight or shape or aerodynamics
do not credit size
1
(c)
any two ((1) + (1)) each of
do not credit a description
* friction (between the tyres and the road) backwards or opposite to the direction of
motion
do not credit the direction if the force not specified
* air resistance or drag or wind resistance backwards or opposite to the direction of
motion
do not credit wind
* weight or gravity down (wards) or towards the centre of the Earth
do not credit mass or inertia
* reaction (of or from the road) upwards
4
(d)
direction
allow bearing(s)
do not credit orientation
1
[13]
Page 144
M65.
(a)
ammeter anywhere in series in the circuit
accept just letter A or box with A
voltmeter across or in parallel with the fixed resistor only
accept just letter V or box with V
2
(b)
(i)
four correct plots
deduct one for any incorrect plot
a straight line through the points
no requirement to extrapolate through origin
do not credit bar charts unless correct line drawn or correct
points
2
(ii)
0.25
ecf rule applies if graph is wrongly plotted
1
[5]
M66.
(a)
3
one mark for each symbol
allow more than 2 cells joined
max. 2 marks if symbols incorrectly allow rheostat arrow in
either direction
(b)
current will decrease
1
since resistance greater
Page 145
1
[5]
M67.
(a)
materials produced when earlier stars
exploded
accept the Sun is a second generation star
accept formed from nebulae
1
(b)
Quality of written communication:
1 mark for correct sequencing balanced forces → expansion → contraction /
explosion
1
any five from
gravity pulling matter together
accept idea that a star is very massive so its force of gravity
is very strong
high temperatures that create expansion forces
nuclear fusion releases energy that causes the very high
temperatures
these forces balance
star expands greatly
since expansion is greater than gravity
accept fuel runs out
forms a red giant
give no further marks if red giant → white dwarf, red dwarf
etc
collapses inwards and explodes outwards
called a supernova
neutron star may form
leaves a small, dense object (a black hole)
accept nothing can escape from it
5
[7]
Page 146
M68.
1050
4
kg
if answer incorrect then kinetic energy =
mv2 or
accept indication by correct substitution for 1 mark
accept 900 for 1 mark
accept m =
mark
or indication by correct substitution for 1
1
[5]
M69.
neutron becomes proton / neutron emits electron / neutron emits beta particle
gains proton neutral
[1]
M70.
(i)
(strontium-90)
beta rays partly absorbed by aluminium
accept gamma rays not absorbed and alpha all absorbed
if phosphorus -32 then one mark max for beta ray
explanation
1
long half life means it can be used for a long time
1
Page 147
(ii)
(technetium-99)
(gamma) rays will pass out of body / less likely to be absorbed
accept (gamma) less damaging or alpha / beta will damage
cells if cobalt -60 then one mark max for gamma ray
explanation
1
short half life means it will not affect body over a long period
1
[4]
M71.
(a)
variable resistor
accept rheostat
1
(b)
voltmeter
1
(c)
straight line correct between 0.2 and 0.8
if line incorrect, or no line, and correct plots 0.2 to 0.8 award
1 mark
2
(d)
diode / rectifier
1
[5]
M72.
(a)
(i)
acceleration / speeding up
do not accept acceleration increases
1
(ii)
constant / steady velocity
accept constant / steady speed
1
Page 148
(b)
10
3
m/s2 or ms‫־‬2
reject ms2
if answer not correct then allow 1 mark for
acceleration =
and allow 1 mark for
1
[6]
M73.
(a)
(i)
the pushing force balanced by the friction
accept the pushing force equals friction or pushing force is
too small or frictional force is too great
1
(ii)
any two from
an unbalanced force acts on the model bus
the model bus moves
in same direction as pushing force
accept forwards
and will speed up
2
(iii)
force (applied)
any order
1
distance ( moved)
1
Page 149
(b)
(i)
car is travelling fast
1
driver has been drinking alcohol
1
ice on the road
1
(ii)
tyres and road / ground
1
[9]
M74.
2 weeks
if answer is incorrect 2 gains two marks weeks gains one
mark
half of 68 or 34 gains one mark / allow working shown on
graph
[3]
M75.
2 weeks
if answer is incorrect 2 gains two marks weeks gains one
mark
half of 68 or 34 gains one mark / allow working shown on
graph
[3]
Page 150
Page 151