AAMR &ME INC
Working Document
SMS MODULE 3
Structural Gauge, Rail Infrastructure, Vehicles
&
Rail Track Specifications
FOR 7 ¼ INCH GAUGE MINIATURE RAILWAYS
FOR THE INFORMATION AND OBSERVANCE
OF ALL
Miniature Railway Staff
TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE
RAILWAYS SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS)
WHICH SETS OUT THE PROCEDURES AND PRACTICES
TO
ENSURE THE RAILWAY OPERATES SAFELY AT ALL TIMES
Working Draft Issued xxxx 2008
SPECIAL NOTE RE OTHER GAUGES UP TO 15 INCH
This document currently relates specifically to 71/4” gauge requirements however as part of the
review of the draft it is intended it be modified in future to provide for separate tables of specific
date for each gauge from 71/4” to 15” inclusive. AAMR Members operating gauges other than
71/4” are encourage to contribute to the development process.
2
KEY TRACK & STRUCTURAL SPECIFICATIONS
TRACK GAUGE, CURVES AND GRADES

Nominal Reference Track Gauge
7.25 inches

Gauge Widening
2mm to 4mm
(on curves tighter than 20m)

Nominal Minimum Curve Radius in Sidings
45 ft +-
13.00m +-

Recommended Minimum Main Line Radius
60 ft +-
19.00m +-

Recommended Average Mainline Radius
80 ft +-
22.00m+-

Recommended Maximum Grade on Main Line
1 in 50 or 2%

Recommended Ruling Grade on Main Line
1 in 100 or 1%

Recommended Minimum Width between Running Lines
1,200mm

Recommended Minimum Width between Sidings
1,000mm
184.15mm
STRUCTURAL GAUGE FOR SIGNALS POSTS, GANTRIES, & TUNNELS
1. Posts and Uprights (Minimum Distances)
1,200mm from c/line of track
2. Minimum height of trusses or under-slung signal heads
2,200mm above railhead
3. Minimum Tunnel Bore 1.8m (Speed restricted to 8kph),
2.4 m Bore (Normal speed).
KEY SPECIFICATIONS OF EMBANKMENTS

Width of Top of Embankments
2.00m +-

Batter of Bank
5 horizontal to 4 units vertical

Composition
Compacted under Engineers Directions
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KEY SPECIFICATIONS OF BRIDGES
Miniature Railway bridges must be constructed in accordance with the requirements of the
Building Code of Australia. Working within that Code:
Bridges over 1.00m above natural ground level must be constructed with footways and hand
rails 1.00m above the floor of the bridge.

Hand rails shall be set 2.00m apart to allow adequate walk space at the side of a train.

The bridge shall be constructed in accordance with specifications as approved by a
consulting engineer and approved by the relevant municipal council or approval authority.
Where a bridge is below one metre in height, it may be constructed without foot boards or hand
rails subject to a Hazard and Risk assessment having regard to the operating speed over the
structure, the installation of safety guide rails between the running lines and the safety features of
rolling stock operated on the railway including installation of chains and coupling bars to a
minimum shank thickness of 12mm to ensure vehicle couplings cannot twist in a derailment.
Details are provided in the section on Bridges regarding this guideline.
CARRIAGE DIMENSIONS
See separate diagram and explanatory notes for key dimensions
STORAGE DIMENSIONS
Minimum dimensions for carriage storage roads
Width 700mm x Height 900mm
Minimum dimensions for loco shed roads
Width 750mm x Height 1,200mm
Clubs should check the height of larger narrow gauge steamlocomotives built to American outline
with spark arrestor funnels as they may be in excess of 1,200mm high. In addition, loco roads may
be spaced at up to 1.5 to 2.00m track centres to allow for access for inspection and light
maintenance activities.
TUNNEL SPECIFICATIONS
Tunnels may be made up from structural members covered with mesh, fabric or other material to
create an enclosed space. They may also be constructed out of concrete drainage sections or
cylindrical cast concrete pipes.
The essential criteria is that they should be at least 2m wide at a height of 1m above rail and be
2.2m high at the lowest point of the signal heads to reduce the possibility of a rider standing up in a
carriage and striking their head on the underside of the structure.
Normal line speed is permitted through a 2.2m diameter tunnel. Where pipes of 1.8m diameter are
used, a restricted speed of 8 kph should be applied to all trains passing through the structure.
Under no circumstances should a tunnel be less than 1.8m in diameter.
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MINIATURE RAILWAY TRACK, WHEEL & CARRIAGE STANDARDS
Reference Description
Reference
Letter
Imperial
Measure
Metric
Measure
G
7 ¼”
184.150 mm
CG
7”
177.825 mm
Check Rail
CR
6 5/8”
168.500 mm
Width of Flangeway
W
3/8”
9.325 mm
Gauge Clearance (G-BB-2 x FT)
GC
5/64”
2.150 mm
Gauge Widening (Curves and Frogs)
GW
1/8”
1 to 3 mm
Railhead Radius
(This is a critical dimension to reduce excessive wear of
the root radius of wheels)
HR
0.08” to
0.12”
2 to 3 mm
Depth of Flangeway
DF
5/16 to
3/8”
8-9.5 mm
Check Clearance (CR+W-BB-BT)
CC
-
1.825 mm
CC – Comparing the two STDs
CC
Super Elevation of Outer Rail on Curves
(Note: Depends on Curve Radius and Allowed Speed of
Trains. Super Elevation in excess of 6mm may be
dangerous as it can make passengers stock unstable)
SE
TRACK DIMENSIONS
Reference Track Gauge
(Historic Standard from which all other measurements
are referenced)
Check Gauge
(CR W G –W +CW)
1.6125 mm
1/8 to 1/4
Recommended Size of Sleepers
(Preferred Plastic or redgum)
Attached with ¼ hex headed fasteners
Maximum Drop at Joints
AAMR & ME SMS Module 3, Infrastructure, Vehicle, Wheel & Track Specifications 040708
3 to 6 mm
50 x 50 x
477 mm
JD
1/16th
1 to 2 mm
5
WHEEL DIMENSIONS
Back to Back
BB
6 11/16”
170.0 mm
Flange Depth
FD
0.2 – 0.3”
5 -7.5 mm
Flange Thickness
FT
0.236”
5 mm to 6mm
Flange Angle – Front (degrees) [20 degrees for
aluminium]
FF
15 - 20
20 Degrees
Flange Angle – Rear (degrees)
(Commencing from 1/3 up from the bottom of the flange)
FR
2 Degrees
8 Degrees
Wheel Check
(BB + FT)
WC
6 15/16”
176 mm
Wheel Gauge
(BB + (2 x FT) )
WG
7 3/16”
182.0 mm
Wheel Root Radius
(Should be more than the Rail Head radius)
WR
1/8”
Wheel Tyre Taper
(degrees)
WT
1 in 20
2 Degrees
Wheel Tyre Width
(minimum)
WW
1”
20 mm to
25 mm
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3.0 mm
6
SPECIFIC VEHICLE DIMENSIONS
Centre-line of Coupler Height Above Rail
CH
6”
Dimensions of Standard Coupling Pocket
CP
CPR
2” x 3” or
2” x 4”
1 ¼”
Coupler Pin Diameter
CP
½”
Drawbar Cross Section
DB
1” x ½”
Safety Chain – Dist off Centreline
SC
6”
150.0mm
7”
5mm
link chain
175.0mm
Coupler Pin Recess Distance from End Face of housing
Specifications of Safety Chains
Air Line Couplings – Dist off Centreline
AC
Specifications of Stored Air Line (1/4 BSP M or F
connection)
Specifications of Brake Line
connection)
152.0mm
50 x 75 or
50 x 100mm
30.00mm
12.00mm
25 x 12.0mm
Ryco Type
201 fitting
( ¼ BSP M or F
Jamac Type
310 fitting
Recommended Distance between Vehicle Buffer Beams
250.00mm
Recommended Max Height of Seat (crush height) above
rail.
SH
16”
400.00mm
Recommended Minimum Width of Seat
SW
5”
125.00mm
Recommended Minimum Foot Well Width
FW
5.5”
135.00mm
Recommended Min Internal Width of Car
CW
18”
450.00mm
Recommended Min Height of Car Sides above Floor
CS
4”
100.00mm
Recommended Max Height of Car Sides above Rail
MCR
24”
650.00mm
Recommended Max Width of all Carbodies
CW
24”
600.00mm
Recommended Maximum Fixed Wheel Base of bogies or
coupled wheels.
FWB
32”
800.00mm
VH
40”
1,000.00mm
Recommended Maximum Height of Vehicle
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Equipment (Locomotives Carriages and unspecified Rolling Stock)
The equipment used on miniature railways has evolved over many years to suit operating
conditions, the ergonomic of passengers, legislative requirements and the experience gained
through careful analysis of incidents that suggest modifications to design criteria to reduce
operational risk.
Notwithstanding the best intentions of clubs and associations to define operating and constructional
standards, the reliability and inherent stability of equipment is ultimately reliant on the training and
common sense of the operator to ensure an item of equipment is safe to operate within its design
parameters.
The specifications for passenger carriages will be influenced by the following design, operational
and safety issues. However these notes are not meant to represent all the criteria to be considered in
the design and operation of a passenger carriage;-
Body Length:
Generally a maximum of 4,500mm due to the need to design coupling
pockets to accommodate a long travel swing of couplers on 50 foot and
smaller radius curves in sidings and workshops.
Body Width:
Carriages may be built to a scale outline and outside width will depend on the
scale adopted. However if the prime requisite is to make the carriages
ergonomically comfortable, the scale of choice will be 2 inch scale and the
outside width will vary between 480 and 580mm with inside dimensions 30
to 50mm narrower. The benefit of adopting these dimensions will make it
easier for passengers to become seated and to alight from carriages.
Body Side Height:
Generally speaking, the maximum side height above rail should be no more
than 650mm. This situation will also be compounded by whether the club
has ground level or high level platforms. Where ground level platforms
apply, it is desirable that carriage side height be 50 to 100mm lower.
As a minimum, and to comply with an independent Insurance Consultants
Report on acceptable foot attire, the minimum side height of a carriage
should not be less than 300mm above rail including a minimum of 100mm
over the bogies. This set of dimensions is accepted by independent Insurers
as providing a safe environment for any form of foot attire including sandals,
slip-ons and thongs.
Seat Height:
As a general rule, the crush seat height should be kept as low as possible to
reduce the centre of gravity of the car. Operating experience has shown that
for a given unladen carriage mass of about 150 to 200 kg including heavy
bogies of about 30 to 50 kg each, the seat should be no more than 400mm
above rail. Where lighter carriages are used the seating height should be
further reduced to between 300mm and 400mm.
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Carriage Ends:
To discourage passengers from putting legs over the ends of the carriage
body the end sheet of the carriage should be 50mm above the crush height of
the seat. This also provides passengers with an identifiable location to hold
on to during the journey which in turn makes for a more settled rider.
Coupling Pockets:
The adoption of a standard coupling pocket is even more important than
deciding on which coupler is to be adopted by a club. Adopting the 28mm
square shank type auto couplers and setting the centre line of the coupler at
152mm when positioned in a rectangular coupling pocket (50 x 100 or 50 x
75mm) allows virtually any type of coupler (Bar, Hobby Auto or Castledare
Chopper) to be installed.
Coupling Space:
In order to minimize arms or legs being caught between cars on points or
tight curves, it is desirable for the length of coupling bars, or couplers to be
drilled such that the buffer beams are no less than 200 - 250mm apart when
vehicles are coupled. This distance also facilitates persons to step between
carriages as required.
Safety Objective:
To take advantage of risk analysis undertaken and approved by an Insurer for
the rider to be able to safely wear any type of footwear, it is essential that the
minimum side height of the standard carriage be not less than 300mm above
rail and the upper edge of the carriage side sheet be not less than 100mm
above the highest section of the floor which is usually over the bogies. This
is to actively discourage riders from lifting out their feet and dragging them
along the track whilst the train is in motion.
Special types of carriages modeled on double stack container cars joined by
permanent drawbars having a rail clearance of 25mm – 50mm have quite
different operating attributes and are safe to operate provided the side panels
along the foot-well section of the car are of a minimum height of 100mm so
as to also discourage feet from being lifted out whilst the train is in motion.
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AAMR& ME Inc
Specifications
MINIATURE RAILWAY BRIDGES
Background
Generally all miniature railway bridges must comply with the following provisions;1. Issue of a Planning Permit and Building Permit by the Local Council or registered Building
Professional for its use as a miniature railway bridge,
2. Compliance with relevant provisions of the Building Code of Australia,
3. Compliance with appropriate OH&S hazard and risk assessment protocols that consider the
design of rolling stock and regulations for the operation of trains over the structure.
4. Annual certification by a structural engineer that it is fit to operate over for miniature
railway purposes,
Emergency Evacuation of a Train Immobilized on the Bridge.
An evacuation process may arise where a train could lose power whilst on the bridge.
Options would then be;Move the train to solid ground by an external means of power, since apart from loss of power, the
train is still capable of motion by either pushing/pulling the entire train using another train or by
pulling the train in either direction by external means.
Alternatively this may be effected by provision of walkways and handrails, or alternatively by way
of a moveable platform that can be positioned adjacent to any carriage immobilized on the bridge.
Concurrent with this evacuation process is the need to mark out an evacuation route to facilitate
egress of passengers to a safe area and for all staff to be trained in the implementation of an
evacuation.
Operating Guidelines over a Low level Bridge under 1m in Height
Low level Bridges are defined as;
The rail bridge is less than 1m above ground,

The rail bridge is a rail bridge and no pedestrian access is permitted,

The rail bridge is in an area restricted to operating staff only,

The rail bridge is currently fitted with a guide rail,

The rail bridge is subject to a 8 kph speed limit,
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Operating Arrangements & Procedures over Bridges
Where bridges do not have foot ways or guide rails because of their low height, reducing the level
of a potential hazard (Minimization of Risk of Derailment and or Overturning) to where it becomes
a genuinely negligible risk may be achieved by incorporating the following design and operating
procedures
1. All rolling stock is equipped with automatic couplers which virtually eliminates excessive
inclination of a vehicle which ensures that individual carriages (and the train) remains upright if
derailed,
2. All drivers and Guards are equipped with radios or appropriate forms of communication to
immediately summon additional operating staff and the Operations Officer to the scene to take
appropriate action as may be required,
3. In the event of an engine failure on the bridge, the following train is authorized to enter the
section and under the direction of the train crew and or Operations Officer on the day, push the
stopped train clear. Alternatively if possible a train may be re routed onto the stopped train and
the combined train hauled clear depending on the circumstances,
4. If a locomotive or carriage becomes derailed and as a result is disabled to the extent that it
cannot be moved, then individual carriages will be uncoupled and manually positioned to clear
the section and unloaded the passengers removed by an approved appliance where applicable,
5. Measure the risks by reference to the operating statistics since completion of the bridge
including the number of passengers and trains passing over it without incident,
6
Examine the operating speed over the bridge to assess the level of risk, i.e., a curve of say 60
feet radius has a theoretical maximum speed of about 20 kph and as the track speed on the
Railway maybe say in the order of 10kph, we would have, with the 5 kph permanent speed
restriction applying to operation over the bridge, an actual track speed of 50% of normal track
speed and 25% of the theoretical curve speed,
7. At the posted speed of 5 kph, the trains braking effect should be tested such that it may be
braked to a complete stop within 1.5m in the event of an incident. Rollovers are therefore
measured as being remote and speculative, with the safety of patrons well protected by all of the
above checks and balances,
8. In the event of an incident, test for response time and with the aid of radio communications if
available members with approved appliances, should be able to be on the scene within 2-3
minutes, apart from immediate attendance by the train crew.
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General Provisions for Operating over Miniature Railway Bridges
The above operating guidelines relate to Miniature Railway bridges that do not have foot ways or
guide rails because of their low height and that have the following characteristics;1. Keep speed to 5kph or less,
2. Use 25mm x 12mm shank or hobby cast automatic couplers to materially reduce the
likelihood of tipping over if a derailment occurs,
3. Relay track with good quality rail to ensure the profile is to an optimum standard.
4. Fit a guide rail between the running rails so that there are in effect 2 sets of guide rails to
guide and control trains whilst crossing the bridge.- Where two adjacent gauges are provided
a check rail may not be practicable.
5. Fix additional planking outside of the existing running rails no more than 25 mm below the
existing running surface of the rails so that any displaced wheel would receive additional
support and guidance to minimize tilt and ensure that the carriage is kept captive in a
virtually upright orientation.
6. Installation of a moveable set of stairs with handrails, placed on a concrete path with spring
loaded feet which set themselves positively when loaded or an approved appliance to ensure
safety of passengers.
7. Extension of the guide rails where possible about 2 metres past the ends of any bridge to
ensure they guide the carriages clear and that both ends of the guide rails are chamfered at
about 30 degrees so they don’t present a blunt end to oncoming trains
Operation over a low level bridge under these conditions may be a safe practice and any risk
associated with various incident scenarios is measured having regard to the circumstance of each
case and assessing whether it is a very low level of risk. If not, it may be appropriate for the
Railway to vary operating procedures to contain any hazards associated with a site specific
operating regime.
If in doubt, and having regard to your duty of care, it would be prudent to discuss the issue
with your insurer, risk consultant or engineer to ensure that all areas of risk are identified
and mitigated and that there is full disclosure as required under the insurance policy.
The term “approved” where used means approved by the inspecting consulting engineer or
Public Liability insurer.
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Appendix
Background information on Miniature Railway Bridges
If the bridge has a deck height in excess of 1 metre above average ground level then it will have to
incorporate hand rails and walkways in accordance with the relevant building standards.
If the bridge deck is less than 1 metre above average ground level it does not necessarily require
provision of hand rails and decking. Each low level bridge must be treated on its merits and in the
context of its Hazard & Risk profile including operating conditions at each railway and the design
of carriages and couplings. The design of the bridge will take into account the operating
environment, the history of incidents on bridges at the Railway and any other known incident in
Australia and overseas and the OH&S reasonably practicable test of health and safety as delineated
in the applicable legislation. Any hazard and risk analysis should also have regard to whether the
likelihood of an incident is reasonably foreseeable (ie, it must be determined whether a postulated
worst case risk scenario is reasonably likely or is remote or speculative in all the circumstances).
However the risk of operation over a low level rail bridge with or without walk-way boards or hand
rails will depend on the identification of hazards and the elimination of identifiable risk. The level
of risk will also depends on a host of other considerations including its height and the operating and
equipment specification of the railway including structural design considerations and the design and
operation of rail equipment to ensure any hazards are minimized. It cannot be emphasized enough
that under the OH&S legislation, clubs are required to ensure that they have reasonably assessed all
risk and adopted a bridge design, which, together with appropriate equipment specifications and
operating practices will ensure that the operation of trains over the bridge is to a safe, reasonable
and practical standard and takes account of the risk that a train could become disabled whilst on the
bridge structure and passengers may have to be de-trained by members.
General Health & Safety Considerations and the Clubs Legal Obligations
Uniform legislation and their subordinate regulations in all Australian States affecting the
construction and use of rail bridges for miniature railways are almost entirely “performance based”
– that is, compliance with duties under legislation is achieved by producing safe outcomes and not
by strict compliance with any particular form of written prescription, whether contained in a
published technical Standard, such as an Australian one or any other recognized Standard from
another jurisdiction.
From a legislative viewpoint therefore, a club is not obliged to comply strictly with AS 3533
requirements nor is a club obliged to observe any requirements as set out in any bodies operating
standards. In fact, if a club were to be prosecuted by a State WorkCover Authority in the event of a
serious accident, strict compliance with any Association operating codes would not be necessarily a
viable defence at all as the primary guideline will be the relevant State Worksafe Code of Practice
for Plant, or its equivalent. .
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In relation to any and all hazards or risks, a club must; Identify all hazards
 Assess all risks
 Eliminate or control all risks (as far as reasonably practicable) which could affect the
health and safety of all employees, patrons, contractors, visitors and volunteers.
Contractual Obligations with your Insurer
Clubs must distinguish clearly between their legal obligations under State Law and their contractual
obligations with their insurer. If in doubt as to the application of this requirement, consult your
Insurer.
Bridge Certification
Existing bridges must have “Certification” as to their structural adequacy, integrity and current
condition in the context of the intended use as at the date of construction.
The Building Code of Australia allows existing bridges to continue in service, (or even if built
today as a completely new structure), without any walkway or handrails, simply on the basis that
the bridge deck is less than 1 (one) metre high measured from solid ground.
Australian Standard AS 1657, “Fixed Platforms, Ladders and Walkways”, cannot be invoked as a
“stand alone” requirement and applied to any bridge structure. The prescriptions in AS1657 only
apply if and when such walkways, ladders and platforms are called up by another instrument such
as a provision of the BCA, a particular clause of a contract or by specific legislation requiring such
platforms.
This means that not every bridge must have walkways, ladders and platforms fitted to it. For
example, some structures intended to be accessed by the public are fitted with such platforms and
walkways whilst others, like escalators in public places, are clearly not fitted out the same way.
Adding such additions to an existing bridge would render all existing certifications, approvals, and
endorsements “VOID” and would involve considerable trouble and expense to re-establish the same
endorsements for an existing bridge structure which would have to be extensively modified.
In addition, any change to an existing structure would require re-computation of the design
specifications to ensure that the existing foundations and the bridge longitudinal beams are designed
to allow for say, a significant cantilevering effect of a 2.0m plus deck when passengers walk on one
side of an extended bridge deck and to also carry the displaced weight of a derailed locomotive or
train.
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Carriage Design to allow all types of Footwear in Sided Cars
Having regard to recommendations made by an insurance consultant engaged in 2005 to report on
acceptable footwear in sided cars, the AAMR Shoe Code specifies three categories of carriage and
the type of footwear approved for each type.

The first category is the traditional open straddle,

The second is a fully sided car running on 7 ¼ inch gauge and above Railways

The third category is the drop-well container type car which is characterized by the bogies
being generally outside of the passenger compartment.
These Shoe standards codify a sensible and safe operating framework that understands the needs of
the hobby whilst maintaining necessary safety standards so as to minimize risk during public
running.
In the interests of public safety, Clubs shall self-regulate all patrons who enter the premises to ride
the trains to ensure that passengers;1. who exhibit signs of being ill,
2. who may be suspected to be under the influence of drugs and / or alcohol,
3. have unsuitable footwear having regard to the type of rolling-stock used on the railway and
the risk profile of operating practices.
shall not be permitted to ride any trains.
Members and the public shall not ride on trains with bare feet or unsuitable footwear and or loose
and flowing clothing subject to the following requirements;a) Straddle type carriages in any gauge with low level open foot-boards without sides.
Fully enclosed footwear is required.
ie, Child & adult footwear having exposed toes and or heels including but not restricted to
beach and fashion thongs, scuffs with bare heels, strap shoes and sandals, are not permitted.
b) Fully sided carriages in any gauge that have sides at least 300mm above rail with a
minimum height of 100mm over the bogie sections.
Any type of footwear but not bare feet are permitted subject to;The club Safety Officer preparing and having adopted by the clubs committee of
management a Hazard identification & risk analysis in respect to such footwear having
regard to the type of fixed and moveable operating equipment used at the railway, trackside
access and evacuation procedures along the line of the railway.
c) Drop-well Container Type Carriages.
Container type drop-well carriages that have the bogies outboard of the body structure and a
railhead clearance of 25-50mm shall have side boards to a minimum of 100mm above the
floor of the car. The side boards may be incorporated in the side RHS member which forms
part of the structure of the vehicle.
As for b) above.
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d) Hazard minimization procedures shall be undertaken by Clubs by;1. Placing suitable signs around grounds, specifying the type of footwear and clothing that is
acceptable. This is to be a condition of entry and riding of trains.
2. Regularly advertise in local newspapers and other media outlets of the shoe requirements.
3. Review and minimize hazards along trackside access ways to defined evacuation points
giving access to internal tracks and public roadways in the event that a train becomes
completely inoperative and passengers are required to walk to evacuation assembly points.
4. Roster members to patrol the entry concourse advising intending passengers of the shoe
requirement.
5. Considering having available throw-a-way socks and a selection of different sized preowned shoes for passengers to wear so that the intending passenger has a choice –
confrontation between members and the public is therefore minimized.
6. Require ticket staff to again remind passengers buying tickets of the rules of the railway.
7. Station staff politely and firmly directing passengers who still have inappropriate footwear
to change their shoes as otherwise they will not be able to ride the trains unless the host Club
operates fully sided cars. It is necessary to stress that the rule is for the safety of the
intending passengers.
8. Where the host club operated both straddle and sided cars, members of the public who have
open footwear may be directed to ride in sided cars where that is approved by the clubs
insurers.
AAMR & ME SMS Module 3, Infrastructure, Vehicle, Wheel & Track Specifications 040708