Name KEY Date Period
XBIO: Chapter 22 Study Guide
The Effect of Human Activity
1.
What three human activities have transformed the biosphere? agriculture, development, and industrial growth
2.
Complete the table to show some consequences of human activities on global ecology.
Activity
Consequences of Some Human Activities
Positive Consequences Negative Consequences
Agriculture
Development
Industrial Growth
Efficient, high-yield food production
Facilities for homes and businesses
Conveniences and luxuries of modern life
Consumption of fossil fuesl and fertile soil; pollution of air and water
Pollution from waste production; burning fossil fuels
Waste production; burning fossil fuels; pollution of air, water, and soil
Sustainable Development
3.
Complete the Venn diagram to compare renewable and nonrenewable resources. replaceable; ex. fresh water, clean air, wood, etc.
Raw materials for building, manufacturing, fuels, and food will be used up; ex. fossil fuels, minerals, etc.
Renewable Resources Nonrenewable Resources
4.
How can development be sustainable?
Development that is sustainable preserves ecosystems that provide renewable resources, while it also provides for human needs.

5.
The human population (currently around 7 billion) may reach 9 billion by 2100. Most of those people will live in cities. Predict the impact of city growth on natural ecosystems and farmland.
What will happen if sustainable development is not achieved?
Increasing amounts of land will be needed to produce enough food. And increasing amounts of resources will be needed to transport goods to cities.
Without sustainable development, air and water pollution will increase.
Using Resources Wisely - Soil Resources
6.
How does plowing land increase the rate of soil erosion?
It removes the roots of plants that hold soil in place.
7.
What happens to farmland during desertification?
A combination of farming, overgrazing, drought, and climate change can turn farmland into a desert.
8.
Are mature forests a renewable resource? Why or why not?
No. They will not grow back in a reasonable amount of time.
9.
Complete the graphic organizer to give examples of sustainable uses of soil.
Sustainable
Soil Use
Examples
Selectively harvesting mature trees crop rotation
Tree farms leave roots
& stems.
Contour plowing and terracing

Freshwater Resources
The diagram shows the typical impact of a chemical pollutant in an aquatic ecosystem.
10.
Name and describe the process that this diagram is illustrating.
The diagram is illustrating biological magnification.
Primary producers pick up the pollutant from the environment and, as the pollutant moves up the food chain, it becomes more and more concentrated at each trophic level.
Atmospheric Resources
For Questions 10–13, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at
the left.
11.
Which is the name for the mixture of chemicals that forms as a graybrown haze in the atmosphere?
A. dust
B. smog
C. ozone
D. radiation
12.
Which component of acid rain kills plants and harms soil?
A. carbon dioxide and water
B. CFCs and fossil fuels
C. nitric and sulfuric acids
D. ozone and particulates
13.
Which is the name for the bits of ash and dust put into the air by certain kinds of diesel engines?
A.
particulates
B. precipitation
C. ozone layer
D. greenhouse gases
14.
Which is a pollutant of soil and water that is now dropping steadily due to laws that affected the automobile industry?
A. carbon
B. lead
C. nitrogen
D. ozone
15.
The citizens of Ecotown want to protect the quality of their soil, fresh water, and air. Suggest a plan for Ecotown that includes steps for achieving sustainable use of each of those three categories of resources.
Steps for soil including leaving stems and roots of crops in place, crop rotation, contour plowing, terracing, selective harvesting of mature trees, and tree farms.
Steps for fresh water include conservation, pollution control, and watershed protection. One step for air is controlling emissions from automobiles.
The Value of Biodiversity
16.
What is biodiversity?
Total of all the genetically based variation in all organisms in the biosphere.
17.
Why is biodiversity one of Earth’s greatest natural resources?
Species of many kinds provide us with foods, industrial products, and medicines.
Diverse species play vital roles in the delivery of ecological goods and services.

18.
Complete the table to define the types of biodiversity.
Diversity in the Biosphere
Type of Diversity Definition
Ecosystem diversity
Species diversity
The variety of habitats, communities and ecological processes in the biosphere.
The number of different species in an area or in the biosphere.
Genetic diversity The total of all the genetic information carried in living things.
19.
What are five ways that human activity reduces biodiversity?
Altering habitats, hunting, introducing invasive species, releasing pollution into food webs, contributing to climate change.
20.
Why is preserving entire ecosystems a better idea than protecting single species from extinction?
Maintains the genetic diversity of all the organisms in that system and ensures that the ecosystem will continue to provide ecological goods and services. Such benefits cannot be achieved by protecting species one at a time.
Meeting Ecological Challenges - Ecological Footprints
For Questions 1–2, refer to the Visual Analogy that shows examples of factors that contribute to a population’s ecological footprint.
21.
Why do you think ecologists use the term footprint to describe the total resources a population uses and its wastes that must be absorbed?
A footprint is a mark that an organism leaves behind. As a human population consumes resources and produces wastes, it leaves a mark on ecosystems.
22.
Explain this statement: The average American has an ecological footprint more than four times larger than the global average.
The average American uses more than 4 times the amount of resources to live and process waste than the average global citizen uses.

23. Complete the table to summarize how the basic principles of ecology can lead to positive impacts on the environment.
Environmental Change
Hole in the ozone layer
Declining numbers of fish in the oceans
Examples of Ecology in Action
Cause Behavior Change Needed
CFCs
Overfishing
Regulation of CFCs
Regulation of fishing industry and aquaculture
Global warming and climate change
Increasing amounts of greenhouse gases
Use the graph to answer Questions 11–12.
Reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases
23.
How does the change in global temperature between 1850 and 2000 compare with the change that occurred between
1850 and 1880?
Change between 1850 and 1880 was 0.3 degrees.
The change between 1850 and 2000 was close to
0.6 degrees. The change is nearly twice as large.
24.
List three factors that may have contributed to the trends shown in the graph.
Natural variation, burning fossil fuels, and cutting and burning forests.
25.
Suggest three possible effects of global warming on the future of the biosphere.
Floods, droughts, changes in local weather.
26.
Explain why populations with the largest ecological footprints change the biosphere the most.
They use the most resources (land and water) to meet their needs and more resources (land and water) are required to process their wastes. Land and freshwater resources are easy to pollute but difficult to clean up. Other organisms also need these resources, which broadens the effect on the biosphere.