Supplementary Information
For
320-fold Luminescence Enhancement of [Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 Dispersed on PMMA
Opal Photonic Crystals and Highly Improved Oxygen Sensing Performance
Pingwei Zhou,† Donglei Zhou,† Li Tao,† Yongsheng Zhu,†‡ Wen Xu,† Sai Xu,† Shaobo
Cui,†‡ Lin Xu,† and Hongwei Song*†
†State
Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin
University, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China;
‡College
of Physics, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China.
Fax:86-431-85155129; Tel:86-431-85155129; E-mail: songhw@jlu.edu.cn.
1 The relative amount of [Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 molecules on the PhC/glass
samples
In order to ensure the same density of the dye molecules on the PhC and the glass,
the same 6 μl solution of dye molecules (0.4 mg/ml) was taken and spin-coated on the
PhC and the glass, respectively. Because the amount of solution was little and the
rotate speed of spin coater was slower, after spin-coating the thin film of dye
molecules was distributed within a circle area and no solution was spin-coated outside
of the samples. The areas of the two samples were determined to be 1.33 cm2 and 1.54
cm2, respectively. To check the homogeneity of the two samples, 5 points were
randomly chosen from the circles (see Fig. S1) of the two samples, respectively, and
the luminescence intensity of each point was measured. It can be seen that the
luminescence intensity rarely changed, implying that the [Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 molecules
distributed uniformly. The area of the circle on the PhC and the glass was nearly same,
implying that the amount of [Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 molecules at each point was similar.
Fig. S1 the luminescence intensity of each point (randomly choose five points) on the PhC sample
and glass sample.
2 [Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 Molecule Distribution in PhCs
In order to determine the distribution of the molecules in the PhCs, the
depth-dependent luminescence intensity was measured by the confocal laser scanning
microscope. Figure S2 shows the depth-dependent luminescence intensity of
[Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 infiltrated in PhC (red dots) and spin-coated on PhC (black dots). As
shown in Fig. S2, when [Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 molecules were infiltrated in PhC, the
luminescence intensity rarely changed with depth. However, when [Ru(dpp)3]Cl2
molecules were spin-coated on PhC (the sample we used to perform the luminescent
enhancement and bio-sensing), the luminescence intensity decreased gradually with
the increase of depth. Therefore, it can be concluded that more [Ru(dpp)3]Cl2
molecules distributed on or near the surface of PhC. This can be attributed to the
larger contribution of transverse force through spin-coating and this could be helpful
to luminescence.
Fig. S2 the depth-dependent luminescence intensity of [Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 molecules infiltrated in PhC
(red dots) and spin-coated on PhC (black dots).
3 The simulation of electric field distribution in PhC by FDTD
method
To support our result, we performed FDTD algorithm to calculate the field intensity in
PhC. We simulated the following scenario: a plane wave impinges on an opal
photonic crystal alone its 111 direction; the opal has 40 layers alone 111 direction. We
varied the wavelength (frequency) of incident light and calculated the field strength
│E│2 integrated over the dielectric region. At the time order zero, there is no incident
field; at time order 46, the plane wave reaches the first layer of opal; at time order 242,
the plane wave reaches the second layer. The lower figure in Fig. S3 shows the
integrated field strength at some particular layer within the opal PhC of dielectric
constant 2.22 (PMMA) under different excitation wavelength (represented as points
per wavelength). The shaded green area represents the PSB in the 111 direction. From
Fig. S3, when the excitation light coupled with the PSB of PhC, the field intensity
enhanced ~2 times. This can be well anastomosed with our experiment results (see
Fig. 5).
Fig. S3 (upper) Field profile with in the first layers out of the 40 layers at different time steps
(lower) integrated field intensity at different depth of opal photonic crystal along 111 direction as
a function of incident field wavelength, with the shaded region specifying stop band of opal.
4 Photostability
The time for the measurement of each spectrum was about 90 s and the total exposure
time for the measurement of temperature-dependent luminescence (see Fig. 6(a)) and
the oxygen sensing (Fig. 7(a)) was about12 min, and 15 min, respectively. In order to
exclude the influence of the photobleaching, the photostability of [Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 was
measured in the same conditions. Figure S4 (left) shows the photostability of
[Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 at 300 K in vacuum and Fig. S4 (right) shows the photostability of
[Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 at 300 K in air. The time interval of each measurement was 15 min and
in that time period the excitation light was turned off. As shown in Fig. S4, both plots
display a variation less than 5%, which was negligible compared to the experimental
data.
Fig. S4 the photostability of [Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 at 300 K in vacuum (left) and at 300 K in
air (right).