Q1.
In some areas of the U.K. people are worried because their houses are built on rocks
that release radon.
Read the information about radon.
•
It is a gas.
•
It is formed by the breakdown of radium.
•
It emits alpha radiation.
•
Each radon atom has 86 protons.
•
Each radon atom has 136 neutrons.
(i)
How many electrons has each atom of radon? ....................
(ii)
What is the mass (nucleon) number of radon? ....................
(Total 2 marks)
Q2.
The diagrams below represent three atoms, A, B and C.
(a)
Two of these atoms are from the same element.
(i)
Which of A, B and C is an atom of a different element? ................................
(ii)
Give one reason for your answer.
Page 1
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Two of these atoms are isotopes of the same element.
(i)
Which two are isotopes of the same element? .................... and ....................
(ii)
Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Which of the particles
,
and X, shown in the diagrams:
(i)
has a positive charge; ....................
(ii)
has no charge; ....................
(iii)
has the smallest mass? ....................
(3)
(d)
Using the same symbols as those in the atom diagrams, draw an alpha particle.
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 2
Q3.
The diagram shows a film badge worn by people who work with radioactive materials.
The badge has been opened. The badge is used to measure the amount of radiation to
which the workers have been exposed.
(a)
The detector is a piece of photographic film wrapped in paper inside part B of the
badge.
Part A has “windows” as shown.
Complete the sentences below.
When the badge is closed
(i)
........................ radiation and ........................ radiation can pass through the
open
window and affect the film.
(1)
(ii)
Most of the ........................ radiation will pass through the lead window and
affect the film.
(1)
(b)
Other detectors of radiation use a gas which is ionised by the radiation.
(i)
Explain what is meant by ionised.
...........................................................................................................................
Page 3
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Write down one use of ionising radiation.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Uranium-238 has a very long half-life. It decays via a series of short-lived
radioisotopes to produce the stable isotope lead-204.
Explain, in detail, what is meant by:
(i)
half-life,
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
radioisotopes.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The relative proportions of uranium-238 and lead-204 in a sample of igneous rock
can be used to date the rock.
A rock sample contains three times as many lead atoms as uranium atoms.
(i)
What fraction of the original uranium is left in the rock?
(Assume that there was no lead in the original rock.)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The half-life of uranium-238 is 4500 million years.
Calculate the age of the rock.
Page 4
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Age .................... million years
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q4.
A student investigates how the current flowing through a filament lamp changes with
the voltage across it.
She is given a filament lamp and connecting wires.
She decides to use a 15V power supply, a variable resistor, an ammeter, a voltmeter and
a switch.
(a)
Complete the circuit diagram to show how she should set up the circuit.
(4)
(b)
The student obtains the following results.
VOLTAGE 0.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0
(V)
CURRENT 0.0 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.1
(A)
Page 5
(i)
Plot a graph of current against voltage.
(3)
(ii)
Use your graph to find the current when the voltage is 10V.
Current .................... A
(1)
(iii)
Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the resistance of the lamp when the
voltage is 10V.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Resistance .................... Ω
(2)
(c)
(i)
What happens to the resistance of the lamp as the current through it
increases?
Page 6
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Q5.
(a)
The van shown above has a fault and leaks one drop of oil every second.
The diagram below shows the oil drops left on the road as the van moves from W
to Z.
Describe the motion of the van as it moves from:
W to X .......................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
X to Y ........................................................................................................................
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....................................................................................................................................
Y to Z ........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
The van was driven for 20 seconds at a speed of 30m/s.
Calculate the distance travelled.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Distance .................... m
(2)
(c)
The van was travelling at 30m/s. It slowed to a stop in 12 seconds.
Calculate the van’s acceleration.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Acceleration .................... m/s²
(3)
(d)
The driver and passenger wear seatbelts. Seatbelts reduce the risk of injury.
Explain how seatbelts reduce the risk of injury.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 8
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
Q6.
The diagrams below represent three atoms, A, B and C.
(a)
Two of the atoms are from the same element.
(i)
Which of A, B and C is an atom of a different element? .................................
(ii)
Give one reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Two of these atoms are isotopes of the same element.
(i)
Which two are isotopes of the same element? .................. and ........................
(ii)
Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
Page 9
(Total 5 marks)
Q7.
Five forces, A, B, C, D and E act on the van.
(a)
Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct forces from A to E.
Force ................ is the forward force from the engine.
Force ................ is the force resisting the van’s motion.
(1)
(b)
The size of forces A and E can change.
Complete the table to show how big force A is compared to force E for each motion
of the van.
Do this by placing a tick in the correct box.
The first one has been done for you.
MOTION OF VAN
FORCE A FORCE A FORCE A
SMALLER EQUAL BIGGER
THAN
TO
THAN
FORCE E FORCE E FORCE E
Not moving
Speeding up
Page 10
Constant speed
Slowing down
(3)
(c)
When is force E zero?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
The van has a fault and leaks one drop of oil every second.
The diagram below shows the oil drops left on the road as the van moves from W to
Z.
Describe the motion of the van as it moves from:
W to X ........................................................................................................................
X to Y .........................................................................................................................
Y to Z ..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(e)
The driver and passengers wear seatbelts.
Seatbelts reduce the risk of injury if the van stops suddenly.
backwards
downwards
force
forwards
mass
weight
Complete the following sentences, using words from the list above, to explain why
the risk of injury is reduced if the van stops suddenly.
A large ........................................ is needed to stop the van suddenly.
The driver and passengers would continue to move ............................................... .
The seatbelts supply a ........................................ force to keep the driver and
passengers
in their seats.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 11
Q8.
The diagram shows the inside of a 3-pin plug.
(a)
What colour wire should be connected to each terminal?
Terminal E .........................................................................
Terminal N .........................................................................
Terminal L .........................................................................
(3)
(b)
Name two parts inside the 3-pin plug which help to make it safe.
1 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q9.
Use the Data Sheet to help you answer this question.
Page 12
This question is about elements and atoms.
(a)
About how many different elements are found on Earth?
Draw a ring around the correct number.
40
50
60
70
80
90
(1)
(b)
The following are parts of an atom:
electron
neutron
nucleus
proton
Choose from the list the one which:
(i)
has no electrical charge; ...................................................................................
(ii)
contains two of the other particles; ..................................................................
(iii)
has very little (negligible) mass. .......................................................................
(3)
(c)
Scientists have been able to make new elements in nuclear reactors. One of these
new elements is fermium. An atom of fermium is represented by the symbol below.
257
Fm
100
(i)
How many protons does this atom contain? ....................................................
(ii)
How many neutrons does this atom contain? ..................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q10.
The diagram below shows the paths of two alpha particles A and B into and out of a
thin piece of metal foil.
Page 13
(a)
The paths of the alpha particles depend on the forces on them in the metal.
Describe the model of the atom which is used to explain the paths of alpha particles
aimed at thin sheets of metal foil.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Scientists used to believe that atoms were made up of negative charges embedded
in a positive ‘dough’. This is called the ‘plum pudding’ model of the atom.
The diagram below shows a model of such an atom.
(i)
Explain how the ‘plum pudding’ model of the atom can explain why alpha
particle A is deflected through a very small angle.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Page 14
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Explain why the ‘plum pudding’ model of the atom can not explain the large
deflection of alpha particle B.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
We now believe that atoms are made up of three types of particles called protons,
neutrons and electrons.
Complete the table below to show the relative mass and charge of a neutron and
an electron. The relative mass and charge of a proton have already been done for
you.
PARTICLE
RELATIVE MASS
RELATIVE CHARGE
proton
1
+1
neutron
electron
(2)
(d)
The diagrams below show the nuclei of four different atoms A, B, C and D.
Page 15
(i)
State the mass number of C.
..........................................................
(ii)
Which two are isotopes of the same element? ...................... and
......................
Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 14 marks)
Q11.
(a)
A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 minutes.
At the start of an experiment, the activity of a sample of this isotope was 800 counts
per second after allowing for background radiation.
Calculate how long it would be before the activity fell from 800 counts per second to
200 counts per second.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Time .......................... min.
(2)
(b)
A physicist investigates a solid radioactive material. It emits alpha particles, beta
Page 16
particles and gamma rays.
The physicist does not touch the material.
Explain why the alpha particles are less dangerous than the beta particles and
gamma rays.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q12.
The Highway Code gives tables of the shortest stopping distances for cars travelling
at various speeds. An extract from the Highway Code is given below.
(a)
A driver’s reaction time is 0.7 s.
(i)
Write down two factors which could increase a driver’s reaction time.
1 .........................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
What effect does an increase in reaction time have on:
A thinking distance; ..........................................................................................
Page 17
B braking distance; ...........................................................................................
C total stopping distance? .................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Explain why the braking distance would change on a wet road.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
A car was travelling at 30 m/s. The driver braked. The graph below is a velocity-time
graph showing the velocity of the car during braking.
Calculate:
(i)
the rate at which the velocity decreases (deceleration);
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Rate .......................... m/s²
(2)
Page 18
(ii)
the braking force, if the mass of the car is 900 kg;
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Braking force ............................... N
(2)
(iii)
the braking distance.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Braking distance .............................. m
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
Q13.
(a)
The diagram shows a fan heater.
(i)
A current of 11A flows when the fan heater is working normally.
Fuses of value 3A, 5A, 10A and 13A are available.
Which one should be used in the plug of the fan heater?
Page 19
...................................
(1)
(ii)
A fault caused a much higher than normal current to flow in the heater.
Describe what happened to the wire in the fuse.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
You may find this equation useful when answering this part of the question
energy transferred (kWh) = power (kilowatt, kW) × time (hour, h)
(i)
The power of the fan heater is 2.75 kW.
Calculate how many kilowatt hours of energy are transferred when the fan
heater is used for 6 hours.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Number of kilowatt hours ........................
(2)
(ii)
How much will it cost to use the fan heater for 6 hours if one Unit of electricity
costs 7p?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Cost ..................... p
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 20
##
(a)
Atoms are made up of three types of particle called protons, neutrons and
electrons.
Complete the table below to show the relative mass and charge of a neutron and an
electron. The relative mass and charge of a proton has already been done for you.
PARTICLE
RELATIVE MASS
RELATIVE CHARGE
proton
1
+1
neutron
electron
(2)
(b)
The diagram below shows the paths of two alpha particles A and B, into and out of
a thin piece of metal foil.
The paths of the alpha particles depend on the forces on them in the metal.
Describe the model of the atom which is used to explain the paths of alpha particles
aimed at thin sheets of metal foil.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 21
Q15.
When a bungee-jump is made the jumper steps off a high platform. An elastic cord
from the platform is tied to the jumper.
The diagram below shows different stages in a bungee-jump.
Forces A, B and C are forces acting on the jumper at each stage.
(a)
Name force A.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The motion of the jumper is shown in the diagrams.
Page 22
By comparing forces A, B and C, state how the motion is caused in:
(i)
diagram X;
............................................................................................................................
(ii)
diagram Y;
............................................................................................................................
(iii)
diagram Z.
............................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The table gives results for a bungee cord when it is being stretched.
STRETCHING FORCE (N)
100
200
400
600
800
LENGTH OF CORD (m)
20
24
32
40
48
(i)
Plot a graph of these results on the graph paper.
Page 23
(3)
(ii)
Use the graph to find the length of the cord before it was stretched.
Length .................... m
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q16.
(a)
Complete the sentence below to name the instrument used to measure
electrical current.
The instrument used to measure electrical current is called ......................................
(1)
(b)
In the diagram below each box contains an electrical component or a circuit symbol.
Draw straight lines to link each electrical component to its circuit symbol. The first
Page 24
one has been done for you.
(4)
(Total 5 marks)
Q17.
A hot air balloon called Global Challenger was used to try to break the record for
travelling round the world.
The graph shows how the height_ of the balloon changed during the flight.
Page 25
The balloon took off from Marrakesh one hour after the burners were lit and climbed
rapidly.
(a)
Use the graph to find:
(i)
the maximum height_ reached.
Maximum height_ .............................. metres.
(ii)
the total time of the flight.
Total time ........................................... hours.
(2)
(b)
Several important moments during the flight are labelled on the graph with the
letters A, B, C, D, E and F.
At which of these moments did the following happen?
(i)
The balloon began a slow controlled descent to 2500 metres. ........................
Page 26
(ii)
(iii)
The crew threw out all the cargo on board in order to stop
a very rapid descent.
.......................
The balloon started to descend from 9000 metres.
.......................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q18.
The diagram shows a fan heater.
(a)
Complete this sentence.
The fan heater is designed to transfer electrical energy as ........................................
energy and ........................................ energy.
(2)
(b)
The fan heater is connected to the mains by a three core cable.
(i)
Why are the wires in the cable made out of copper?
............................................................................................................................
(ii)
Why are the wires in the cable covered by plastic?
Page 27
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
You may find this equation useful when answering this part of the question
energy transferred (kWh) = power (kilowatt, kW) × time (hour, h)
(i)
The power of the fan heater is 2.75 kW.
Calculate how many kilowatt hours (kWh) of energy are transferred when the
fan heater is used for 6 hours.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Number of kilowatt hours .........................
(2)
(ii)
How much will it cost to use the fan heater for 6 hours if one Unit of electricity
costs 7p?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Cost ..................... p
(2)
(d)
A fault caused a much higher than normal current to flow in the heater.
Describe what happened to the wire in the fuse.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 28
Q19.
Nuclear fusion in the Sun releases large amounts of energy.
(i)
Explain what is meant by nuclear fusion.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Why is energy released by such nuclear fusion reactions?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q20.
Describe briefly how stars such as the Sun are formed.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
Page 29
Q21.
(a)
When an object is moving it is said to have momentum.
Define momentum.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The diagram below shows one way of measuring the velocity of a bullet.
A bullet is fired into a block of wood suspended by a long thread.
The bullet stops in the wooden block.
The impact of the bullet makes the block swing.
The velocity of the wooden block can be calculated from the distance it swings.
In one such experiment the block of wood and bullet had a velocity of 2 m/s
immediately after impact. The mass of the bullet was 20g and the mass of the
wooden block 3.980 kg.
Page 30
(i)
Calculate the combined mass of the block of wood and bullet.
........................................................................... Mass ....................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the momentum of the block of wood and bullet immediately after
impact.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
…...................................................................... Momentum ............................
(3)
(iii)
State the momentum of the bullet immediately before impact.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
Calculate the velocity of the bullet before impact.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
……................................................................. Velocity ........................... m/s
(3)
(v)
Calculate the kinetic energy of the block of wood and bullet immediately
after impact.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Page 31
…….............................................................. Kinetic energy ......................... J
(3)
(vi)
The kinetic energy of the bullet before the impact was 1600 joules. This is
much greater than the kinetic energy of the bullet and block just after the
impact.
What has happened to the rest of the energy?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
Q22.
(a)
Complete the table about atomic particles.
ATOMIC PARTICLE
RELATIVE MASS
RELATIVE CHARGE
proton
+1
neutron
1
electron
negligible
0
(2)
(b)
Use the Data Sheet to help you to answer some parts of this question.
Read the following passage about potassium.
Potassium is a metallic element in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
It has a proton (atomic) number of 19.
Its most common isotope is potassium-39, (
Another isotope, potassium-40, (
).
), is a radioisotope.
Page 32
(i)
State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in potassium-39.
Number of protons ...........................................................................................
Number of neutrons .........................................................................................
Number of electrons ........................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Explain why potassium-40 has a different mass number from potassium-39.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
What is meant by a radioisotope?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
Atoms of potassium-40 change into atoms of a different element. This
element has a proton (atomic) number of 20 and a mass number of 40.
Name, or give the symbol of, this new element.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(v)
Explain in terms of atomic structure, why potassium-39 and potassium-40
have the same chemical reactions.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
CHANGE IN
TYPE OF RADIATION
alpha α
PROTON (ATOMIC) NUMBER
MASS NUMBER
goes down by 2
goes down by 4
Page 33
beta β
goes up by 1
no change
gamma γ
no change
no change
Use the table above, together with the Data Sheet, to help you to answer the
following questions.
(i)
Name the type of radiation given out in part (b) (iv).
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give the name, or symbol, of the element formed when an atom of sodium-24
(proton number = 11) emits gamma radiation.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
State the Group number of the element formed when an atom of radon-220
(proton number = 86) emits an alpha particle.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
(i)
Name a suitable detector that could be used to show that potassium-40 gives
out radiation.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Name a disease which can be caused by too much exposure to a radioactive
substance such as potassium-40.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
Page 34
Q23.
The diagram below shows a plank being used as a simple machine.
The crate is slid up the plank into the back of the lorry.
(i)
The mass of the crate is 70kg. Calculate the weight of the crate.
.....................................................................................................................................
........................................................................... Weight ........................................ N
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the work done when the crate is lifted a vertical distance of 0.5m.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................. Work done ....................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q24.
A sky-diver jumps from a plane.
The sky-diver is shown in the diagram below.
Page 35
(a)
Arrows X and Y show two forces acting on the sky-diver as he falls.
(i)
Name the forces X and Y.
X ..........................................................
Y ..........................................................
(2)
(ii)
Explain why force X acts in an upward direction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
At first forces X and Y are unbalanced.
Which of the forces will be bigger? .......................................
(1)
(iv)
How does this unbalanced force affect the sky-diver?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 36
(b)
After some time the sky-diver pulls the rip cord and the parachute opens.
The sky-diver and parachute are shown in the diagram below.
After a while forces X and Y are balanced.
Underline the correct answer in each line below.
Force X has
increased / stayed the same / decreased.
Force Y has
increased / stayed the same / decreased.
The speed of the sky-diver will
increase / stay the same / decrease.
(3)
(c)
The graph below shows how the height_ of the sky-diver changes with time.
Page 37
(i)
Which part of the graph, AB, BC or CD shows the sky-diver falling at a
constant speed?
................................................
(1)
(ii)
What distance does the sky-diver fall at a constant speed?
Distance .............................. m
(1)
(iii)
How long does he fall at this speed?
Time .................................... s
(1)
Page 38
(iv)
Calculate this speed.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Speed .............................. m/s
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
Q25.
The circuit diagram below shows a battery connected to a lamp and a switch.
(a)
State what happens to the lamp when:
(i)
the switch is open (OFF);
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
the switch is closed (ON).
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 39
(b)
When the switch is closed what problem is caused in the circuit?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
In the space below draw a circuit diagram to show how the switch should be
correctly connected to the lamp and battery.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q26.
The diagram shows a diver diving from the end of a diving board.
Page 40
The height_ of the diving board above the poolside is 4 m. The mass of the diver is 50 kg.
Gravitational field strength is 10 N/kg.
(a)
Calculate the gain of gravitational potential energy as the diver climbs from the
poolside to the diving board.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
The diver enters the water at a speed of 8 m/s.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the diver as she hits the water.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(c)
As she hits the water her kinetic energy is different from the potential energy she
gained as she climbed to the diving board. Explain why.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q27.
The drawing below shows two railway trucks A and B, moving in the same direction.
Truck A, of mass 1500 kg, is initially moving at a speed of 8 m/s. Truck B, of mass 2000
kg, is initially moving at a speed of 1 m/s.
Page 41
Truck A catches up and collides with truck B. The two trucks become coupled together as
shown in the diagram.
(a)
Calculate:
(i)
the initial momentum of truck A.
...........................................................................................................................
......................................................... momentum ................................... kg m/s
(ii)
the initial momentum of truck B.
...........................................................................................................................
......................................................... momentum ................................... kg m/s
(iii)
the total momentum of the trucks before the collision.
...........................................................................................................................
................................................. total momentum ................................... kg m/s
(6)
Page 42
(b)
Calculate the speed of the coupled trucks after the collision.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
(c)
(i)
How is the total kinetic energy of the trucks changed as a result of the
collision?
A calculated answer is not needed for full marks.
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
State an energy transfer which accounts for part of the change in the total
kinetic energy of the trucks during the collision.
...........................................................................................................................
(iii)
What would have been the effect on the change of total kinetic energy of the
trucks if the collision had been more elastic?
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
Q28.
A car driver sees a dog on the road ahead and has to make an emergency stop.
The graph shows how the speed of the car changes with time after the driver first sees the
dog.
Page 43
(a)
Which part of the graph represents the “reaction time” or “thinking time” of the
driver?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
What is the thinking time of the driver?
Time ........................ seconds
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the distance travelled by the car in this thinking time.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Page 44
Distance ..................................... m
(3)
(c)
Calculate the acceleration of the car after the brakes are applied.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Acceleration ............................................
(4)
(d)
Calculate the distance travelled by the car during braking.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Distance ................................................ m
(3)
(e)
The mass of the car is 800 kg. Calculate the braking force.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Braking force ........................................ N
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Page 45
Q29.
The chart below shows the sources of radiation in Britain.
(a)
Give two sources of natural radioactivity from the chart.
........................................................... and ..................................................................
(2)
(b)
How might the chart be used to reassure people that nuclear power is safe?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Some material is spilled on a bench. How could you find out if this material
is radioactive?
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 46
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The table shows the proton number and mass number of two isotopes of iodine.
Iodine is found naturally in the world as the isotope I-127. Iodine-127 is not
radioactive and is essential to life.
Other isotopes of iodine are formed in nuclear reactors. In the Chernobyl nuclear
power station disaster in Ukraine an explosion caused a large quantity of the isotope
iodine-131 to be released into the atmosphere. Iodine-131 is radioactive.
proton
number
mass
number
iodine–127
53
127
iodine–131
53
131
Explain, in terms of particles found in the nucleus, how an iodine-131 nucleus is
different from an iodine-127 nucleus.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
(i)
Explain, as fully as you can, why iodine-131 could be harmful to our bodies.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
Iodine-131 and iodine-127 have the same chemical properties. Explain why
this would be a problem if iodine-131 was taken into our bodies.
...........................................................................................................................
Page 47
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The Chernobyl disaster took place in 1986. Do you think that iodine-131 from
the disaster is still a threat to us today? Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Q30.
The diagrams show a hair-dryer and the circuit inside the hair-dryer.
(a)
Switches S1, S2 and S3 are all shown in the OFF position.
Which switch or switches have to be ON to make:
(i)
only the fan work? ............................................................................................
(ii)
both heaters work? ............................................................................................
(2)
Page 48
(b)
(i)
What happens to the current in the circuit when the heaters are switched on?
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
Suggest why it is important to have the fan working when the heaters are
switched on.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
This hair-dryer has a plastic case. It is connected to a mains socket by a 3-pin plug.
The cable connecting the hair-dryer to the plug contains only two wires.
(i)
Write down the colour of the insulation on the wires.
Wire 1 ...............................................................................................................
Wire 2 ...............................................................................................................
(ii)
Which of the usual three wires is not needed?
...........................................................................................................................
(iii)
This hair-dryer is safe to use without the third wire. Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(5)
(d)
The following information is stamped on the hair-dryer.
Page 49
(i)
Which number tells us how fast the hair-dryer uses energy?
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
On what else does the energy used by the hair-dryer depend?
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Q31.
Below is a distance-time graph for part of a train journey.
The train is travelling at a constant speed.
Page 50
(a)
Use the graph to find
(i)
how far the train travels in 2 minutes .................... km.
(ii)
how long it takes the train to travel a distance of 10 kilometres ...............
minutes.
(2)
(b)
Calculate the speed of the train.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 51
Q32.
(a)
The diagram below shows a moving tractor. The forward force from the
engine exactly balances the resisting forces on the tractor.
(i)
Describe the motion of the tractor.
.........................................................................................................................
(ii)
The tractor comes to a drier part of the field where the resisting forces are
less. If the forward force from the engine is unchanged how, if at all, will the
motion of the tractor be affected?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Two pupils are given the task of finding out how fast a tractor moves across a field.
As the tractor starts a straight run across the field the pupils time how long it takes to
pass a series of posts which are forty metres apart. The results obtained are shown
in the table below.
Distance travelled (m)
0
40
80
120
160
200
Time taken (s)
0
8
16
24
32
40
Page 52
(i)
Draw a graph of distance travelled against time taken using the axes on the
graph below. Label your graph line A.
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the speed of the tractor.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
In another, wetter field there is more resistance to the movement of the tractor. It
now travels at 4 m/s.
Page 53
(i)
Calculate the time needed to travel 200m.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(ii)
On the graph in part (b) draw a line to represent the motion of the tractor
across the second field. Label this line B.
(4)
(d)
On a road the tractor accelerates from rest up to a speed of 6 m/s in 15 seconds.
Calculate the acceleration of the tractor.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................Acceleration = ..................m/s²
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Q33.
A pupil did an experiment following the instructions below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Take a polythene rod (AB), hold it at its centre and rub both ends with a cloth.
Suspend the rod, without touching the ends, from a stand using a stirrup and nylon
thread.
Take a perspex rod (CD) and rub it with another cloth.
Without touching the ends of the perspex rod bring each end of the perspex rod up
to, but without touching, each end of the polythene rod.
Make notes on what is observed.
Page 54
The diagram below shows how the apparatus is to be set up.
(a)
When end C was brought near to end B they attracted each other.
(i)
Explain why they attracted each other.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(ii)
What would happen if end C were brought near end A?
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
The experiment was repeated with two polythene rods.
(i)
Describe what you would expect the pupil to observe as the end of one rod
was brought near to the end of the other.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
Page 55
(ii)
Explain your answer.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Explain, in terms of electron movement, what happened as the rods were rubbed
with the cloths.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q34.
(a)
Tritium (
) is an isotope of hydrogen. Tritium has a proton number of 1 and
a mass number of 3.
(i)
The diagram below shows a simple model of a tritium atom. Complete the
diagram by adding the names of the particles indicated by the labels.
(4)
Page 56
(ii)
Explain how the nucleus of an ordinary hydrogen atom is different from the
nucleus of a tritium atom. Ordinary hydrogen atoms (
number of 1.
) have a mass
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Tritium is a radioactive substance which emits beta (β) radiation.
Why do the atoms of some substances give out radiation?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Tritium is one of the elements found in the waste material of the nuclear power
industry. The diagram below shows a worker behind a protective screen. The
container holds a mixture of different waste materials which emit alpha (α), beta (β)
and gamma (γ) radiation.
Suggest a suitable material for the protective screen. The material should prevent
radiation from the container reaching the worker. Explain your answer.
...................................................................................................................................
Page 57
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q35.
(a)
How can the momentum of an object be calculated?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
In a collision momentum is always conserved. What does this mean?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Two trolleys are placed on a frictionless runway as shown in the diagram below.
Trolley A has a protruding pin, and trolley B is fitted with a piece of soft cork so that
the trolleys will stick together after colliding.
Trolley A has a mass of 2 kg, and trolley B has a mass of 1 kg. Trolley B is
stationary. Trolley A strikes trolley B at a speed of 6 m/s. Both trolleys then move to
the right together.
Page 58
(i)
Calculate the speed at which trolleys A and B jointly move after the collision.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
Calculate the change in kinetic energy which occurs during the collision.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
Q36.
A racing driver is driving his car along a straight and level road as shown in the
diagram below.
(a)
The driver pushes the accelerator pedal as far down as possible. The car does not
accelerate above a certain maximum speed. Explain the reasons for this in terms of
the forces acting on the car.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 59
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
The racing car has a mass of 1250 kg. When the brake pedal is pushed down a
constant braking force of 10 000 N is exerted on the car.
(i)
Calculate the acceleration of the car.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
Calculate the kinetic energy of the car when it is travelling at a speed of 48
m/s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(iii)
When the brakes are applied with a constant force of 10 000 N the car travels
a distance of 144 m before it stops. Calculate the work done in stopping the
car.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Page 60
(12)
(Total 16 marks)
Q37.
The diagram below shows a method of controlling the thickness of paper produced
at a paper mill. A radioactive source which emits beta radiation is placed on one side of
the paper and a radiation detector is placed on the other.
(a)
How will the amount of radiation reaching the detector change as the paper gets
thicker?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Explain, as fully as you can:
(i)
why a radioactive source which emits alpha (α) radiation could not be used for
this application.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 61
(ii)
why a radioactive source which emits gamma (γ) radiation could not be used
for this application.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
why a radioactive source which emits beta (β) radiation can be used for
this application.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Americium-241 is a radioisotope used in smoke detectors. It has a proton number of
95 and a mass number of 241.
How long would it take the americium-241 in a smoke detector to decrease to one
eighth of its original number of radioactive atoms?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer = ........................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q38.
The diagrams show pairs of forces acting on different objects. In each case describe
what happens when the forces are increased. Then describe what happens when the
forces are removed.
Page 62
(a)
When the forces are increased ...................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
When the forces are removed ....................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
When the forces are increased ...................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
When the forces are removed ....................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q39.
Some electronic calculators use light emitting diodes (LEDs) to display numbers.
Each number in a display consists of up to seven LEDs. The LEDs are arranged as shown
in the diagram below. The different numbers are formed by switching different LEDs on at
the same time. The LEDs are labelled A to G.
Page 63
A simplified circuit to provide power to the LEDs is shown below.
(a)
Explain why each LED has its own switch.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
What number is displayed when all switches except E are closed?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Which switches would be open if the number 3 is to be displayed?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 64
(d)
Which of the numbers 0 to 9 draws least current from the battery? Explain your
answer.
Number ...............................................
Explanation ................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q40.
You wash and dry your hair, then comb it with a plastic comb. As you move the
comb away from your head some hairs are attracted to the comb.
(a)
What has happened to the comb to make it attract the hairs?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
If the comb is now held above some small pieces of dry tissue paper what is likely
to happen?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
If you rub your hands all over the comb it will no longer attract your hair.
Explain why.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 65
Q41.
(a)
The diagrams below show pairs of forces acting on different objects. In each
case describe what happens when the forces are increased. Then describe what
happens when the forces are removed.
(i)
When the forces are increased
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
When the forces are removed
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
When the forces are increased
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
When the forces are removed
Page 66
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(iii)
When the forces are increased
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
When the forces are removed
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(6)
(b)
The graph shows the increase in length of a spring against load (force).
Page 67
The length of the spring with no load was 15 cm.
Use the graph to find:
(i)
The load needed to produce an increase in length of 2 cm.
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
The increase in length produced by a load of 2.3 N.
...........................................................................................................................
(iii)
The length of the spring when the load was 2.3 N.
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 68
Q42.
(a)
The diagram below shows the three pins in a mains plug. The pins connect
with the live, neutral and earth terminals in a socket.
On the diagram, label each pin to show which is:
the live pin,
the neutral pin,
the earth pin.
(3)
(b)
The diagram below shows the inside of a mains plug.
(i)
Name one material which could be used for the part labelled X.
Page 69
..........................................................................................................................
(ii)
Complete the sentences below.
The part labelled Y is called the ................................................................... .
This is used to hold the ........................................................ firmly in place.
The component labelled Z is the .................................................................. .
(iii)
The plug is used with an electric fire.
Which part of the electric fire is connected to the earth pin?
..........................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 8 marks)
Q43.
When a mains lamp is switched on it takes 0.5 seconds for the filament to reach its
normal operating temperature. The way in which the current changes during the first
second after switching on is shown in the sketch graph below. Mains voltage is 240 V.
Page 70
(a)
Calculate the resistance of the filament whilst the lamp is drawing the
maximum current.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Describe how the resistance of the lamp changes after the current has reached its
maximum value.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Calculate the maximum power taken by the lamp.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Page 71
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Calculate the power of the lamp in normal use.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
Calculate the energy used by the lamp in six hours of normal use.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Q44.
The outline diagram below shows a tidal power generating system.
Gates in the barrage are open when the tide is coming in and the basin is filling to the
high tide level. The gates are then closed as the tide begins to fall.
Once the tide outside the barrage has dropped the water can flow through large turbines
Page 72
in the barrage which drive generators to produce electrical energy.
In one second 1.2 × 109 kg of water flows through the turbines at a speed of 20 m/s.
(a)
Calculate the total kinetic energy of the water which passes through the turbines
each second.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
As the height_ of water in the basin falls, the water speed through the turbines
halves.
(i)
What mass of water will now pass through the turbines each second?
..........................................................................................................................
(ii)
By how much will the power available to the generators decrease?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 8 marks)
Q45.
A driver is driving along a road at 30 m/s. The driver suddenly sees a large truck
parked across the road and reacts to the situation by applying the brakes so that a
constant braking force stops the car. The reaction time of the driver is 0.67 seconds, it
then takes another 5 seconds for the brakes to bring the car to rest.
(a)
Using the data above, draw a speed-time graph to show the speed of the car from
Page 73
the instant the truck was seen by the driver until the car stopped.
(5)
(b)
Calculate the acceleration of the car whilst the brakes are applied.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Answer = .................................... m/s2
(3)
(c)
The mass of the car is 1500 kg. Calculate the braking force applied to the car.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Page 74
....................................................................................................................................
Answer = .................................... N
(3)
(d)
The diagrams below show what would happen to a driver in a car crash.
(i)
Explain why the driver tends to be thrown towards the windscreen.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(ii)
During the collision the front end of the car becomes crumpled and buckled.
Use this information to explain why such a collision is described as “inelastic”.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(iii)
The car was travelling at 30 m/s immediately before the crash. Calculate the
energy which has to be dissipated as the front of the car crumples.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Page 75
(8)
(Total 19 marks)
Q46.
The first commercial nuclear power station in the world was built at Calder Hall in
Cumbria.
The atoms produced by the fission of uranium are also radioactive. The used fuel is sent
to a reprocessing plant where it can be safely treated.
(i)
Calder Hall power station is next to the Sellafield reprocessing plant. Suggest an
advantage of having the two plants close together.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
One of the radioactive products is iodine-138. This has a half-life of 6 seconds.
A sample of radioactive material contains 2000 atoms of iodine-138.
How long will it take for the number of iodine-131 atoms to decrease to 125?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer = .............................. seconds
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
Q47.
The first commercial nuclear power station in the world was built at Calder Hall in
Cumbria.
(a)
The fuel used at the Calder Hall power station is uranium. Natural uranium consists
Page 76
mainly of two isotopes: uranium-235
and uranium-238
a uranium-235 atom is different to that of a uranium-238 atom.
(i)
. The nucleus of
Where is the nucleus in an atom?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Name the two types of particle found in the nucleus.
........................................................... and ........................................................
(2)
(iii)
How is the nucleus of a uranium-238 atom different to the nucleus of a
uranium-235 atom?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
In the nuclear reactor fission of uranium atoms takes place in reactions such as the
one shown below.
+
+
+
3(
)
The nuclear reactions are carefully controlled in the power station so that a chain
reaction takes place.
Explain, as fully as you can:
(i)
how fission of uranium atoms takes place in a nuclear reactor;
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Page 77
(ii)
how this leads to a chain reaction;
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(iii)
why it can be used to generate electricity.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
Q48.
The diagram below shows water falling from a dam. Each minute 12 000 kg of water
falls vertically into the pool at the bottom.
Page 78
The time taken for the water to fall is 2 s and the acceleration of the water is 10 m/s².
(a)
Assume the speed of the water at the bottom of the dam is zero. Calculate the
speed of the water just before it hits the pool at the bottom.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Use your answer to part (a) to calculate the average speed of the falling water.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Calculate the height_ that the water falls.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
What weight of water falls into the pool each minute?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
How much work is done by gravity each minute as the water falls?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(f)
A small electrical generator has been built at the foot of the waterfall. It uses the
falling water to produce electrical power.
(i)
How much energy is available from the falling water each minute?
Page 79
..........................................................................................................................
(ii)
How much power is available from the falling water?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(iii)
If the generator is 20% efficient, calculate the electrical power output of
the generator.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 13 marks)
Q49.
(a)
The picture below shows the bathroom in a house.
Page 80
Describe three examples of dangerous practice in the use of mains electricity in
this bathroom.
1. ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
In the table below three electrical appliances are listed with their power ratings and
the number of hours they are used each week.
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE
POWER RATINGS
(W)
TIME USED EACH k Wh USED
WEEK
EACH
(h)
WEEK
TV
200
35
Kettle
2000
2
Toaster
1000
1
Cooker
11 500
7
(i)
Complete the table by inserting the number of kWh used by each appliance
each week.
(ii)
Which appliance would cost the least to run per week?
..........................................................................................................................
Page 81
(iii)
The cost of running a toaster is 8p per week. How much does it cost to run
the kettle each week?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 9 marks)
Q50.
Stars are formed from massive clouds of dust and gases in space.
(a)
What force pulls the clouds of dust and gas together to form stars?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Once formed a star can have a stable life for billions of years. Describe the two
main forces at work in the star during this period of stability.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
What happens to this star once this stable period is over?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(d)
Suggest what might then happen to a planet close to this star.
Page 82
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q51.
The circuit diagram below shows a circuit used to supply electrical energy to the two
headlights of a car.
The current through the filament of one car headlight is 3.0 A. The potential difference
across each of the two headlights is 12 V.
(a)
Suggest a suitable fuse for the circuit. ..............................................
(1)
(b)
Calculate the resistance of the headlight filament when in use.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ............................. 
(2)
Page 83
(c)
Calculate the power supplied to the two headlights of the car.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ............................ W
(2)
(d)
The fully charged car battery can deliver 72 kJ of energy at 12 V. How long can the
battery keep the headlights fully on?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer .............................. s
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q52.
The diagram below shows two balls on the bowling green. Ball A is moving with a
velocity of 4 m/s, and is about to collide with ball B which is stationary. Both balls have a
mass of
1.5 kg.
After the collision both balls move to the right but the velocity of A is now 1 m/s.
(a)
(i)
Calculate the momentum of ball A just before the collision.
...........................................................................................................................
Answer ...................... kg m/s
Page 84
(1)
(ii)
What is the total momentum of balls A and B after the collision?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Answer ....................... kg m/s
(1)
(iii)
Calculate the momentum of ball A just after the collision.
...........................................................................................................................
Answer ....................... kg m/s
(1)
(iv)
Calculate the momentum of ball B just after the collision.
...........................................................................................................................
Answer ....................... kg m/s
(1)
(v)
Calculate the velocity of ball B just after the collision.
...........................................................................................................................
Answer ............................ m/s
(1)
(b)
Calculate the loss of kinetic energy in the collision.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ............................... J
Page 85
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q53.
The diagram below shows water falling over a dam at the end of a reservoir. The
water falls a vertical distance of 10 m.
(a)
Calculate the potential energy of 1 kg of water at the top of the waterfall.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ............................... J
(2)
(b)
What will be the kinetic energy of 1 kg of the water just before it lands in the pool?
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ............................... J
(1)
(c)
Use your answer to (b) to calculate the speed of the water as it lands at the bottom
of the waterfall.
Page 86
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer .......................... m/s
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q54.
(a)
When a car is driven efficiently the engine gives a constant forward pull on the
car as the car accelerates to its maximum speed. During this time frictional forces
and air resistance oppose the forward motion of the car. The sketch graphs below
show how the car’s speed increases when only the driver is in the car, and when the
driver has a passenger in the car.
(i)
How does the acceleration of the car change with time?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 87
(ii)
What conclusion can be made about the resultant (net) forward force on the
car as its speed increases?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
On the graph, draw a line to show how you would expect the car’s speed to
vary if it carried three passengers.
(1)
(b)
The manufacturer of a family car gave the following information.
Mass of car 950g
The car will accelerate from 0 to 33 m/s in 11 seconds.
(i)
Calculate the acceleration of the car during the 11 seconds.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Answer .....................................................
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the force needed to produce this acceleration.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Answer .................................. N
(2)
(iii)
The manufacturer of the car claims a top speed of 110 miles per hour. Explain
Page 88
why there must be a top speed for any car.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q55.
The manufacturer of a family car gave the following information.
Mass of car 950 kg
The car will accelerate from 0 to 33 m/s in 11 seconds.
(a)
Calculate the acceleration of the car during the 11 seconds.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Calculate the force needed to produce this acceleration.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The manufacturer of the car claims a top speed of 110 miles per hour. Explain why
there must be a top speed for any car.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 89
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q56.
The diagram below shows an experiment where a pendulum swings backwards and
forwards.
A pendulum is a small heavy weight suspended by a light string.
(a)
(i)
In which position, A, B or C, does the pendulum have least potential energy?
Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
In which position, A, B or C, does the pendulum have greatest kinetic energy?
Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 90
(iii)
After a few minutes the size of the swings becomes smaller.
Explain why this happens.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
If the experiment were repeated on the Moon the pendulum would swing more
slowly.
Suggest a reason for this.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q57.
The diagram below shows how one type of fuel gauge in a car works. A sliding
contact makes contact with a resistance wire wound in a coil (rheostat). It is connected to
a float via a pivot P. When the petrol level changes the circuit resistance changes. This
causes the pointer in the fuel gauge to move and show how much petrol is in the petrol
tank.
The circuit diagram is shown below.
Page 91
The petrol gauge is an ammeter. Explain why the reading on the ammeter falls as the
petrol is used.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
Page 92
M1.
(i)
86
1
(ii)
222
1
[2]
M2.
(a)
(i)
B
for one mark
1
(ii)
has 4 electrons / protons others only 3; B has a different no. of
electrons / protons - not A and C have same no. of protons / electrons
for one mark
1
(b)
(i)
A and C
for one mark
1
(ii)
same no. of protons / electrons different no. of neutrons
or
nuclei have the same charge but different mass
for 1 mark each
2
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
for 1 mark each
3
Page 93
(d)
2p.2n
allow
but not
(i.e. no mark if electrons shown)
for one mark
1
[9]
M3.
(a)
(i)
beta and gamma (any order)
for one mark
1
(ii)
gamma
for one mark
1
(b)
(i)
particles / atoms / molecules become charged / gain / lose electrons
for one mark
1
(ii)
e.g. to kill cancer cells (allow any use of alpha, beta or gamma or X- radiation)
for one mark
1
(c)
(i)
time taken for no. of atoms / no. of nuclei / mass of U238 / activity to
halve – not radioactivity
or
time taken for count rate to halve
for one mark
1
(ii)
atoms with unstable nuclei which emit radiation
(not definition of isotope but isotope which is radioactive gets 1 mark)
for 1 mark each
2
Page 94
(d)
(i)
1/4
accept 25% or 0.25
for one mark
1
(ii)
2 × half life or 2 × 4500 million years (independent of (i))
gains 1 mark
but
9000 million years ecf only if answer to (i) is
gains 2 marks
etc.
2
[10]
M4.
(a)
4 symbols correct accept
(accept
for bulb; lose 1 mark if line through symbols, lose
1 mark if circuit incorrect, switch may be open or closed)
(allow
or
)
gains 1 mark
4
but
all correct
gains 2 marks
ammeter in series with lamp
for one mark
voltmeter in parallel with lamp / lamp and switch / lamp, switch and ammeter
for one mark
(b)
(i)
5 points correctly plotted
allow (0, 0) correct if graph goes through the origin even if no × or O
gains 1 mark
but
Page 95
6 points correctly plotted
gains 2 marks
smooth curve through points – not straight line / curve + straight line
for one mark
3
(ii)
2 (A)
allow
0.05 (½ square) from candidates’ graph
for one mark
1
(iii)
R = V / I or R = 10 / 2
gains 1 mark
but
R = 5 (Ohms)
ecf
gains 2 marks
2
(c)
(i)
resistance increases
for one mark
(ii)
temperature (of filament) has increased / filament gets hot
for one mark
2
[12]
M5.
(a)
WX deceleration / speed decreasing / slowing down / negative acceleration
XY constant speed / steady speed not constant motion / slow speed
YZ acceleration / speed increasing / speeding up
for 1 mark each
3
(b)
distance = v × t
or
distance = 30 × 20
Page 96
gains 1 mark
but
distance = 600(m)
gains 2 marks
2
(c)
acceleration = v / t or
acceleration = 30 / 12
gains 1 mark
(if –30 / 12, allow negative sign here if not in the answer)
3
but
acceleration = 2.5 (m/s²)
gains 2 marks
but
acceleration = -2.5 (m/s²)
gains 3 marks
(d)
in a crash / during hard braking car body stops / slows rapidly driver / passengers
continue to move forward not thrown forward seatbelts provide backward force /
keep them in their seats / restrain them to stop them hitting the windscreen /
dashboard
(an alternative argument involving momentum is acceptable)
for 1 mark each
4
[12]
M6.
(a)
(i)
B
for one mark
2
(b)
(ii)
has a different number of electrons (protons)
for one mark
(i)
A and C
for one mark
1
Page 97
(ii)
same number of protons / electrons, same nuclear charge
different number of neutrons / nuclear masses different
for 1 mark each
2
[5]
M7.
(a)
A then E
for one mark
1
(b)
A>E
A=E
A<E
in this order for 1 mark each
3
(c)
when van stops / is stationary / is parked
for one mark
1
(d)
WX – slowing down (owtte)
XY – constant speed (owtte)
YZ – speeding up (owtte)
for 1 mark each
3
(e)
….. force …. forwards …. backwards
for 1 mark each
3
[11]
M8.
(a)
E – green and yellow
Page 98
N – blue (not black but black / blue OK)
L – brown (not red but red / brown OK)
for 1 mark each
3
(b)
fuse
screws to secure wires
cable grip (maybe described)
reference to an earth
(plastic case wrong)
any two for 1 mark each
2
[5]
M9.
(a)
90
for one mark
1
(b)
(i)
neutron
for one mark
1
(ii)
nucleus
for one mark
1
(iii)
electron
for one mark
1
(c)
(i)
100
for one mark
1
(ii)
157
for one mark
1
[6]
Page 99
M10.
(a)
nucleus positive charge / protons in nucleus electrons / negative charges
orbit nucleus
each for 1 mark
3
(b)
(i)
positive dough repels positive alpha particles or 2 positive
charges repel forces small
each for 1 mark
2
(ii)
large force needed + ves in plum pudding spread out – may appear in (i)
positive charge must be concentrated / in nucleus
(ignore references to electrons)
for 1 mark each
3
(c)
1, 0
X,–l (X = negligible / very small/(1/1840) (1/2000),but not nothing)
each row for 1 mark
2
(d)
(i)
4
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
B and C have the same number of protons / atomic number
but different number of neutrons / mass number
each for 1 mark
3
[14]
M11.
(a)
two half lives
Page 100
gains 1 mark
but
20 minutes
gains 2 marks
2
(b)
alphas will be stopped by skin / air or do not penetrate betas and gammas
can reach / damage organs / cells
for 1 mark each
2
[4]
M12.
(a)
(i)
tiredness / boredom
drugs
alcohol
distraction
any two for 1 mark each
2
(ii)
A greater / longer
B no effect
C greater / longer
each for 1 mark
3
(b)
on a wet road: there is less friction / grip
for 1 mark
braking distance is greater / takes longer to stop
or car skids / slides forward
for 1 mark
2
(c)
(i)
deceleration = gradient or 30 / 4.8
each for 1 mark
2
Page 101
(ii)
force = mass × acceleration or 900 × 6.25
each for 1 mark
2
(iii)
distance = area under graph or 0.5 × 4.8 × 30 or average
speed × time or 15 × 4.8
Accept answer in terms of change in k.e. = work done
if incorrect unit given (eg 72km) then no mark
each for 1 mark
2
[13]
M13.
(a)
(i)
13A
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
fuse heated melts owtte / blows / burns out Not explodes / burns
circuit breaks
any 2 for 1 mark each
2
(b)
(i)
2750 × 6 or 2.75 × 6
gains 1 mark
but
16.5
gains 2 marks
2
(ii)
2750 × 6 × 7 or 2.75 × 6 ×7 or (b)(i) × 7 or kW h × cost / kW h
gains 1 mark
but
115p or 116p or 115.5p or £1.16 or £1.15
gains 2 marks
2
[7]
Page 102
M14.
(a)
1, 0
X, -l (X = negligible / very small / (1/1840) to (1/2000), but not nothing
2 for 4 correct
1 for 2/3 correct
2
(b)
has a nucleus which is positive charge
negative charges (electrons) orbit nucleus
each for 1 mark
3
[5]
M15.
(a)
weight or gravity or gravitational
for 1 mark
1
(b)
(i)
only force A acts / force A > air resistance / gravity / weight
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
force A > force B
for 1 mark
1
(iii)
force C > force A
for 1 mark
(Forces A, B and C need not be used, description of forces
are OK)
1
(c)
(i)
graph points all correct ± little square
gains 2 marks
Page 103
one point wrong
gains 1 mark
2+ points wrong
gains 0 mark
appropriate line – good freehand OK
gains 1 mark
Bar chart gets 0, but if points clear can get 2
3
(ii)
16 or candidates own intercept should be 16 m in range 1-19
if no kinks on graph line
for 1 mark
1
[8]
M16.
(a)
... ammeter
for 1 mark
1
(b)
5 right
gains 4 marks
4 right
gains 3 marks
3 right
gains 2 marks
2 right
gains 1 mark
4
[5]
Page 104
M17.
(a)
(i)
9400(m)
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
26.5(hours)
for 1 mark
1
(b)
(i)
F
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
D
for 1 mark
1
(iii)
B
for 1 mark
1
[5]
M18.
(a)
heat / thermal
kinetic / movement
each for 1 mark
2
(b)
(i)
its a good (electrical) conductor
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
its a good (electrical) insulator / very poor conductor
for 1 mark
1
(c)
(i)
2.75 × 6
gains 1 marks
but
16.5
gains 2 marks
2
Page 105
(ii)
(c)(i) × 7 or no. of kW h × cost/kW h
gains 1 marks
but
115.5 or e.c.f if correct
gains 2 marks
2
(d)
it would heat and melts / blows / burns out / breaks circuit
any two for 1 mark each (fuse wire just breaks – gains 1)
(blows up – gets 0)
(fuse causing wire to melt gets 1)
2
[10]
M19.
(i)
the nuclei
of hydrogen/smaller atoms
join to make helium/larger atoms
for 1 mark each
3
(ii)
the mass of the large nucleus (atom) is less than the mass of the smaller
nuclei (atoms)
for 1 mark
mass loss converted into energy or small mass loss given a large amount of energy
for 1 mark
2
[5]
M20.
formed from dust or gas (unless in atmosphere) which is pulled together by
Page 106
gravitational forces high temperature inside
[2]
M21.
(a)
product of mass and velocity
1
(b)
(i)
4kg or 4000g
1
(ii)
M = 8kgm/s or Ns
for 3 marks
else M = 8
for 2 marks
else M – mv or 4 × 2
for 1 mark
3
(iii)
8 kgm/s (watch e.c.f.)
1
(iv)
v = 400
for 3 marks
else v = 8/0.02
for 2 marks
else M – mv, v – M/m or 8 = 0.02v
for 1 mark
3
(v)
ke = 8
for 3 marks
else ke = 1/2 (4 × 22)
for 2 marks
else ke = 1/2 (mv2)
Page 107
for 1 mark
3
(vi)
transferred to heat and sound
or does work against wood/pushing wood aside/deforming bullet
1
[13]
M22.
(a)
-1
1.
2
for 1 mark each
(b)
(i)
19p,
20n,
19e
all correct for 2 marks
2 correct for 1 mark
2
(ii)
K40 has an extra neutron/different number of neutrons/
it has more neutrons/21 neutrons
for 1 mark
NOT fewer neutrons
1
(iii)
radioactive/unstable nucleus/ nucleus disintegrates/
emits radiation/it has too many neutrons
for 1 mark
1
(iv)
calcium/Ca
for 1 mark
1
(v)
1 (e) in outer shell/same number of electrons/outer electron
same distance from the nucleus
for 1 mark
Page 108
1
(c)
(i)
beta/β
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
sodium/Na/It stays the same
for 1 mark
1
(iii)
Group 6
for 1 mark
1
(d)
(i)
Geiger-Muller tube (photographic) film
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
cancer, leukaemia, radiation sickness etc.
for 1 mark
1
[13]
M23.
(i)
700 or 686
gets 2
Else mg or 70 × 10 or 70 × 9.8 (1)
gets 1
2
(ii)
350J
gets 4
Else 350
gets 3
Else 700 × 0.5
gets 2
Else W = F.d.
Page 109
gets 1
Any answer with unit J may score 1, 2 or 3 (see general instructions)
4
[6]
M24.
(a)
(i)
air resistance/drag/friction (or upthrust)
weight/gravitational pull/gravity
for 1 mark each
1
(ii)
air resistance/friction acts in opposite direction to motion
1
(iii)
Y
1
(iv)
the sky-diver accelerates/his speed increases
in downward direction/towards the Earth/falls
for 1 mark each
2
(b)
force X has increased force Y has stayed the same the speed of the sky-diver
will stay the same
for 1 mark each
3
(c)
(i)
CD
1
3
(iv)
10 (but apply e.c.f. from (ii) and (iii))
gets 2 marks
or 500/50 or d/t
gets 1 mark
2
Page 110
[14]
M25.
(a)
(i)
the lamp will be on/will give out light
1
(ii)
the lamp will be off/will not give out any light
1
(b)
(very) large current flows
or damage the battery/overheat the battery
or short circuit
or wire get hot
1
(c)
switch connected in series with lamp and battery
1
[4]
M26.
(a)
p = mgh
= 50 × 10 × 4 = 2000
J/Nm
(see marking of calculations)
4
(b)
k = ½ mv2
= ½ × 50 × 82
= 1600
J/Nm
(see marking of calculations)
4
Page 111
(c)
work is done against air resistance
fall of her C of G differs from rise in climbing stairs
part of gained pe used to rotate body
diver gains PE on take-off
any 2 for 1 mark each
2
[10]
M27.
(a)
Throughout the question the equation M = mv is credited once only.
This is the first time it appears. The mark scheme below assumes
it will appear in (i).
(i)
M = mv m × v sufficient not m × s, mass × speed
= 1500 × 8
= 12 000
(see marking of calculations)
3
(ii)
M = mv
M = 2000 × 1 = 2000
(see marking of calculations)
2
(iii)
must be sum of (i) and (ii) 14 000
for 1 mark
1
(b)
total mass = 3500
momentum = 14 000 (conserved)
M = mv or v = 14 000/3500
v=4
m/s
5
(c)
(i)
it reduces
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
ke to sound/heat
for 1 mark
1
Page 112
(iii)
change smaller
for 1 mark
1
[14]
M28.
(a)
AB
for 1 mark
1
(b)
(i)
0.7
for 1 mark each
1
(ii)
16.8
gains 2 marks
2
but correct working
(d = v.t, d = 24 × 0.7, or in terms of area under graph)
gains 1 mark
1
(c)
a = (v-u)/t
= 24/4
=6
m/s2
(see marking of calculations)
(can work in terms of graph gradient)
4
(d)
d = v.t
= 24/2 × 4
= 48
(see marking of calculations)
(can work in terms of area under graph)
3
Page 113
(e)
F = ma
= 800 × 6
= 4800
(see marking of calculations)
3
[15]
M29.
(a)
two from:
internal/bodies
thoron
building materials
soil
food
rocks
radon
gamma rays
cosmic rays/outer space
any 2 for 1 mark each
2
(b)
only a very small amount of the background
radioactivity comes from nuclear power owtte.
accept any sensible response for 1 mark
1
(c)
use G.M. tube/meter/counter or film
‘count’ higher than or compare with background/normal/control or film is blacker
for 1 mark each
2
(d)
more neutrons/different number
gains 1 mark
but I-131 has 4 extra neutrons = 2
or I-131 has 78 neutrons I-127 has 74 (2)
gains 2 marks
2
Page 114
(e)
(i)
emits radiation
ionises
molecules
in cells
radiation damages cells/mutation/kills cells
may cause cancer
β / /radiation is penetrating
half-life is long enough for damage to be caused
any 4 for 1 mark each (4 from above)
4
(ii)
e.g. replace I-127 in body/body cannot tell the difference/causes thyroid
cancer/causes cancer (but not if already given in (i))
for 1 mark
1
(iii)
Either No
half-life = 8 days many half lives have passed/attempts to calculate number of
half-lives or explains meaning of half-life so very little left/become harmless
for 1 mark each
or Yes half-life = 8 days such a large quantity was released although little left
it is still harmful
for 1 mark each
3
[15]
M30.
(a)
(i)
S3
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
S1, S2 and S3
for 1 mark
1
Page 115
(b)
(i)
increases/current passes through heaters/current unaffected in fan
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
(fan) blows/air moving prevents dryer overheating
for 1 mark each
2
(c)
(i)
brown
blue
any order
for 1 mark each
2
(ii)
earth/green and yellow
for 1 mark
1
(iii)
(case is) plastic
plastic does not conduct (electricity)
for 1 mark each
2
(d)
(i)
1300/power
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
time/units of time
for 1 mark
1
[12]
M31.
(a)
(i)
3km [allow 2.9 to 3.1]
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
6.6 min [allow 6.5 to 6.8]
for 1 mark
Page 116
1
(b)
can be in any units, 1.5 km/min, 1500 m/min, 25 m/s, 90 km/h
Sp = d/t
=12/8
=1.5
km/min
for 1 mark each (see marking of calculations)
4
[6]
M32.
(a)
(i)
Constant speed
2
(ii)
Accelerates to higher constant speed
1
(b)
(i)
Points correct (allow one major or two minor mistakes)
Line correct (for their points)
2
(ii)
5 m/s
or 5
gets 2 marks
or correct unit
gets 1 mark mark
3
(c)
(i)
50 s or 50
gets 2 marks
or t = d/v
gets 1 mark
3
(ii)
Line correct (of gradient 4 and spans 30 consecutive seconds)
1
Page 117
(d)
(i)
0.04 or 6/15
gets 2 marks
or a = v/t
gets 1 mark
3
[15]
M33.
(a)
(i)
Ends have charge
Which is opposite on each rod
2
(ii)
Attracts
1
(b)
(i)
Repulsion
1
(ii)
Ends have same charge
1
(c)
Electrons move between cloth and rod
Where gather is negative
Where move from is positive
3
[8]
M34.
(a)
(i)
electron
neutron
proton
nucleus
1 mark for each correct label
4
Page 118
(ii)
H-1 has no neutrons
H-3 has 2 neutrons
more neutrons gets 1 mark
2
(iii)
nucleus unstable
2
(b)
lead/concrete
lead/concrete needed to stop gamma rays
2
[10]
M35.
(a)
mass and velocity/speed multiplied
for 1 mark each
2
(b)
total momentum before and after collision are the same
for 1 mark each
2
(c)
(i)
MAUA + MBUB = (MA + MB)v
2 × 6 = (2 + 1)v
v=4
m/s
for 1 mark each
4
(ii)
1/2 mv2 (before) – 1/2 mv2 (after) 1/2 2.36 – 1/2 3.16 = 12
J
for 1 mark each
4
[12]
Page 119
M36.
(a)
there is a (maximum) forward force
drag/friction/resistance (opposes motion) (not pressure)
increases with speed
till forward and backward forces equal
so no net force/acceleration
any 4 for 1 mark each
4
(b)
(i)
F = ma
10 000 = 1250a
a=8
m/s2
for 1 mark each
4
(ii)
ke = 1/2 mv2
ke = 1/2 1250.482
ke = 1 440 000
J
for 1 mark each
4
(iii)
W = Fd
W = 10 000.144
W = 1 440 000
J
for 1 mark each
4
[16]
M37.
(a)
decrease
for 1 mark
1
Page 120
(b)
(i)
none would go through paper
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
all would go through paper
for 1 mark
1
(iii)
only some absorbed/amount absorbed
depends on thickness of paper
for 1 mark each
2
(c)
1 → 1/2 → 1/4 → 1/8
for 1 mark
3 half lives/3 × 433
for 1 mark
1299 years
gains 3 marks
3
[8]
M38.
(a)
plasticine stretches/snaps
stays stretched/snapped/same
for 1 mark each
2
(b)
spring compresses OWTTE
returns to original length/gets longer
for 1 mark each
2
[4]
Page 121
##
(a)
to switch on/off
independently OWTTE
for 1 mark each
2
(b)
9
for 1 mark
1
(c)
B and E
for 1 mark
1
(d)
1
Two/least number of LED used
for 1 mark each
2
[6]
M40.
(a)
becomes (electrically) charged or description of electron movement
for 1 mark
1
(b)
comb attracts paper
for 1 mark
1
(c)
charge/electricity gone to Earth/body
Page 122
for 1 mark each
2
[4]
##
(a)
(i)
plasticine stretches/snaps
stays stretched/snapped
for 1 mark each
2
(ii)
spring compresses OWTTE
returns to original length/shape or gets longer
for 1 mark each
2
(iii)
ruler bends/breaks
returns to original shape or stays broken
for 1 mark each
2
(b)
(i)
1.5N
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
4 cm
for 1 mark
1
(iii)
19 cm
for 1 mark
1
[9]
##
(a)
Earth
Page 123
return/neutral
live
for 1 mark each
3
(b)
(i)
rubber/plastic
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
cable/wire/grip
cable/wires
fuse
for 1 mark each
3
(iii)
case
for 1 mark
1
[8]
M43.
(a)
Current = 0.4A (1)
R = V/I or 240/0.4 (1)
R = 600 ohm (1)
3
(b)
Doubles
gets 2 marks
OR gets bigger
gets 1 mark
2
(c)
P = V.I or 240 × 0.4
P = 96W
for 1 mark each
2
Page 124
(d)
1 = 0.2A
P = 48W
for 1 mark each
BUT may get equation mark here if not in (c)
2
(e)
P = V.I.t (1)
P = 240 × 0.2 × 6 × 3600
OR P = 48 × 6 × 3600
gets 1 mark
P = 1036800 W
gets 1 mark
3
[12]
M44.
(a)
k = 1/2mv2
k = 1/2.1.2.109.202
k = 2.4.1011
for one mark each
3
(b)
(i)
(ii)
0.6.109
mass halved
speed halved
(speed)2 quartered
ke and/or power cut to one eight
for 1 mark each
5
[8]
Page 125
M45.
(a)
Each scale optimum
Else both half size
Straight line joining 30,0 to 30,0.67 to 0, 5.67
any 5 for 1 mark each
5
(b)
6
Else a = 30/5
gets 2 marks
Else a = v/t
gets 1 mark
3
(c)
9000
Else F = 6 × 1500
gets 2 marks
Else F = ma
gets 1 mark
3
(d)
(i)
Driver has forward momentum
Which is conserved
Giving drive relative forward speed to car
for one mark each
3
(ii)
If inelastic ke lost
Here ke does work crumpling car
for 1 mark each
2
(iii)
Car stops in 75m
gets 1 mark
W = F.d or 9000 × 75
gets 1 mark
W = 675 000 J
OR ke = 1/2 mv2
gets 1 mark
ke = 1/2.1500.302
ke = 675 000 J
3
[19]
Page 126
M46.
(i)
sensible answers e.g. risk of radioactive leak during transport eliminated
cheaper transport
1
(ii)
4 half-lives 4 × 6 = 24 seconds
3
[4]
M47.
(a)
(i)
centre
1
(ii)
protons and neutrons
2
(iii)
different number of neutrons
gets 1 mark
heavier
gets 1 mark
3 more neutrons or specified numbers
gets 2 marks
2
(b)
atom hit by neutron;
splits into smaller nuclei;
further neutrons released;
neutrons released when one atom splits
cause further fission;
energy released.
any 4 for 1 mark each
4
[9]
Page 127
M48.
(a)
20 m/s
gets 2 marks
Else working
gets 1 mark
2
(b)
10 m/s
1
(c)
20 m
gets 2 marks
Else working
gets 1 mark
2
(d)
12 000 N
gets 2 marks
Else working
gets 1 mark
2
(e)
2 400 000 J
gets 2 marks
Else working
gets 1 mark
2
(f)
(i)
Ans to (e)
1
(ii)
Ans to (e)/60
Else working
2
(iii)
Ans to (ii)/5
1
[13]
Page 128
(a)
Mains socket – once only
Shower cable can get wet
Trailing cable to fire (not heater unless fire clearly identified)
Use of fire
Free running cable from ceiling
Appliance on side of bath
Use of ordinary light switch
Free cable to sink light
any 3 each for1 mark
M49.
3
(b)
(i)
7, 4, 1, 80.5
Four right – 2
Three right – 1
All right in W – 1
2
(ii)
Toaster
1
(iii)
32p
gets 3 marks
Else 8 × 4
gets 2 marks
Else unit cost = 8p
gets 1 mark
3
[9]
M50.
(a)
gravitational attraction
for 1 mark
1
Page 129
(b)
gravitational (in);
high internal temperature generates force (out)
for 1 mark each
2
(c)
star expands;
to form red giant;
then contracts/collapses;
to form white dwarf/neutron star/black hole/pulsar;
they may explode/become supernova
any four for 1 mark each
4
(d)
engulfed by red giant/blown up by star/hit by debris from star; sucked into black
hole
for 1 mark
1
[8]
M51.
(a)
in range 6 < I ≥ 13 A
for 1 mark
(no unit no mark)
1
(b)
4
gains 2 marks
(else working
gains 1 mark
(resistance of circuit correctly worked (2Ω))
2
(c)
72 (I2 R) ecf
gains 2 marks
Page 130
else working
gains 1 mark
an answer of 36W (ie for one lamp) – (1)
2
(d)
1000 or 16.7 min (ecf from (c))
gains 2 marks
else working
gains 1 mark
(formula with incorrect substitution – no mark (12V)
2
[7]
M52.
(a)
(i)
6
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
6
for 1 mark
1
(iii)
1.5
for 1 mark
1
(iv)
4.5
for 1 mark
1
(v)
3
for 1 mark
1
Page 131
(b)
initial ke = 12J;
final ke = 0.75J + 6.75J;
energy loss = 4.5J
for 1 mark each
(If wrong; any correct ke value gains 1 mark; maximum of 2
path through calculation clear and correct gains 1 mark)
(ignore either ball – max 1 mark)
3
[8]
M53.
(a)
100
gains 2 marks
else working
gains 1 mark
2
(b)
100 ecf
for 1 mark
1
(c)
rounds to 14 (accept 14.142 or 14.14) ecf
gains 3 marks
else working to v2 = 200
gains 2 marks
else initial working v = 200
gains 1 mark
3
[6]
Page 132
M54.
(a)
(i)
decreases
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
decreases
for 1 mark
1
(iii)
lower speed everywhere
for 1 mark
1
(b)
(i)
3a=
or a =
gains 1 mark
1
ms–2
gains 1 mark
1
(ii)
2850 ecf
gains 2 marks
else working
gains 1 mark
2
(iii)
air resistance/frictional forces increase with speed;
till frictional force = max forward engine force;
when acceleration is zero
(incorrect statement – 1 mark)
or (limitation on maximum speed for safety-1 mark)
any two for 1 mark each
2
[9]
Page 133
M55.
(a)
3
gains 1 mark
m/s2
gains 1 mark
else working
gains 1 mark
2
(b)
2850 ecf
gains 1 mark
N
gains 1 mark
else working
gains 1 mark
2
(c)
friction/air resistance increases with speed;
till frictional = max forward force;
then force/acceleration is zero
for 1 mark each
alternative limitation for safety
gains 1 mark only
3
[7]
M56.
(a)
(i)
B unless unqualified
for 1 mark
1
Page 134
(ii)
B unless unqualified
for 1 mark
1
(iii)
energy lost, doing work against
air resistance/friction
for 1 mark
1
(b)
intensity of gravity less (not zero)
for 1 mark
energies/restoring forces less
for 1 mark
2
[5]
M57.
level drops as petrol used;
causes circuit resistance to increase;
causes current to decrease
for 1 mark each
or if change not specified;
(one correct and two vague statements gains 2 marks,
three vague statements gains 1 mark)
e.g. level changes;
)
so resistance changes; ) = 1 mark
so current changes
)
[3]
Page 135