Worksheet 2 : Atoms and Bonds
This section will deal with basic chemistry. It starts with a brief review of
atomic theory: the structure of atoms, and later shows how atoms join together to
form molecules.
A)
Web site name: Florida State College Jacksonville
Web URL: http://web.fscj.edu/David.Byres/atomic.html
Read “Basic Atomic Structure”
1).
How were alpha particles detected in Rutherford and Geiger’s experiment?
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2).
What is the name of the particle discovered by James Chadwick? ________
3).
Which two types of particle are in the nucleus of the atom?
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4).
If the atomic nucleus was represented by a golf ball, how wide would the
whole atom be? ___________________________
5).
What is an isotope? _____________________________________________
6).
Look at the diagrams of the three isotopes of hydrogen. Do they differ in the
number of protons, neutrons or electrons? ___________________________
7).
Look at the diagram of Beryllium. What would you predict is the atomic
mass of Beryllium? _________________
8).
How many energy levels do the electrons of sodium use? _______________
Different chemical elements ( such as hydrogen and carbon) are often drawn in a
Periodic Table, like the one shown in the website below:
B)
Web site name: Yinon Bentor’s diagram of the Periodic Table
Web URL: http://www.chemicalelements.com/show/atomicnumber.html
9).
Write down the chemical symbol ( eg H ) and the atomic number ( eg 1 ) of
the first twelve elements ( ending at Mg 12 ). Keep them in the pattern
shown on the diagram, and leave space to add more information to each
element:
Click on “Back to Main Page” then click on “Name” on the left hand side.
10). Add the chemical name ( for example Hydrogen ) to the twelve elements in
your diagram above.
Click on “Back to Main Page” then click on “Atomic Mass”
11). Add the atomic mass ( to one decimal place) to your diagram above.
12). Look back to question 7) above. Was your prediction correct? __________
Click on “Back to the Main Page” then click on “Electron Configuration”
13). Add the electron configuration to your diagram.
Click on “Back to the Main Page” and choose one more category ( eg Date of
Discovery) from the list on the left.
14). What category did you click on? ___________________________________
15). Give this new information for the element Helium : ____________________
Elements are often joined together by chemical bonds to form a molecule. The next
web site looks at different types of chemical bonds.
C)
Web site name: Vision Learning
Web URL: http://visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=55&l
Read “Chemical Bonding”
16). What did Gilbert Lewis propose in 1916? ___________________________
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17). What is an ionic bond? __________________________________________
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18). Do non-metals (like chlorine) tend to gain or lose electrons?
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19). What are three features of ionic bonds? ____________________________
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20). What are covalent bonds? ________________________________________
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21). Why are covalent molecules typically liquids or gases?
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22). What is a “non-polar” bond? ______________________________________
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23). What is a “dipole”? ____________________________________________
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D)
Web site name: Frostburg State University, General Chemistry Online
URL: http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/compounds/index.shtml
Scroll down the page to “Lecture Outline” (don’t just click on Lecture outline)
24). Give two examples of molecular compounds: ________________________
25). What are “cations”? ____________________________________________
26). Why are metal/nonmetal compounds often ionic? _____________________
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27). What is “molecular weight”? _____________________________________
28). What is meant by “structural formula”? _____________________________
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29). Write down the structural formula of acetic acid:
One of the main compounds in living cells is water. Approximately 70% of a
typical plant or animal cell consists of water, so the properties of water have an
important effect on cells. This next website will look specifically at water.
E)
Web site name: New York University
URL: http://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/modules/water/info_water.html
Read “Water and Ice”
30)
In a covalent bond, electrons are ______________ between atoms.
31)
What is a polar molecule? ________________________________________
32)
What electrical charge does the acceptor have in a hydrogen bond? _______
Click here to view the movie. If your browser gives you a choice between opening
the file and saving it to disk, “Open it”. Click on the run button on the left hand
side of the screen to see the two water molecules move.
33) What do you think the green numbers above the dotted line represent?
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Go back to : http://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/modules/water/info_water.html
Click on “Water and Ice”
34) Each molecule in ice is hydrogen bonded to _______ other molecules.
35) How many different forms of crystalline ice
a) are known ? ____________
b) exist naturally ? _________
F)
Web site name: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
URL: http://www.phrma.org/pipeline
Read “Explore the Drug Discovery Pipeline”
36). How many medicines are in development today in the US? ____________
37). For which disease in particular is personalized medicine becoming more
widespread? ___________________
38). How could personalized medicine help to control costs?
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39). How many potential medicines are there for ovarian cancer? ___________
40). List two other new pieces of information you learned from this report:
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