List of questions for the examination in Human Anatomy
Faculty of Medicine, the III-d semester (Theory)
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I. Peripheral nervous system, vegetative nervous system, sense organs.
Cranial nerves III, IV, VI – nuclei, its appearance from the brain and skull, its fibers
composition, path, topography, branches, zones of innervations, exploration in vivo.
Cranial nerve V – general data (nuclei, roots, its appearance from the brain, trigeminal ganglion,
its fibers composition, primer branches, exploration on a living person). Conducting pathway of
trigeminal nerve (scheme).
Ophthalmic nerve – origin, its appearance from the skull, path, topography, branches,
connections, zones of innervations.
Maxillary nerve – origin, its appearance from the skull, path, fiber features, branches,
connections, zones of innervations.
Mandibular nerve – origin, its appearance from the skull, fiber types, path, topography, branches,
connections, zones of innervations.
Cranial nerve VII – nuclei, its appearance from the brain and skull, its fibers composition, path,
topography, branches, connections, zones of innervations, exploration on an alive person.
Conducting pathway of the facial nerve (scheme).
Cranial nerve IX – nuclei, its appearance from the brain and skull, its fibers composition,
ganglia, path, topography, branches, connections, zones of innervations, exploration on an alive
person. Conducting pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve (scheme).
Vagus nerve – nuclei, its appearance from the brain and skull, ganglions, its fibers composition,
regions, topography, branches, connections, zones of innervations, exploration on alive.
Conducting pathway of vagus nerve (scheme).
Cranial nerves XI & XII – nuclei, its appearance from the brain and skull, its fibers composition,
topography, branches, zones of innervations, exploration on alive.
Spinal nerves – its formation, roots, origin and fibers composition, spinal ganglion, prime trunks
and branches, connections. Scheme of the pair of spinal nerves.
Posterior branches of spinal nerves – terminology, fibers composition, zones of innervations.
Anterior branches of spinal nerves – fibers types, distributions, formation of plexuses. Anterior
branches of the thoracic nerves.
Cervical plexus – its formation, topography, branches, connections, zones of innervations,
exploration on alive. Path and topography of the phrenic nerve.
Brachial plexus – its formation, trunks, portions, fascicules, topography. Short branches of
brachial plexus – its origin, path, topography, zones of innervations, exploration on alive.
Musculocutaneous, median, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous nerves – its origin, path,
topography, branches, connections, zones of innervations.
Ulnar and radial nerves – its origin, path, topography, branches, zones of innervations,
exploration on alive.
Lumbar plexus – its formation, branches. Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemural and lateral
femoral cutaneous nerves – its origin, path, topography, branches, zones of innervations.
Femoral and obturator nerves – its origin, path, topography, branches, zones of innervations,
exploration on an alive person.
Sacral plexus – its formation, topography. Short branches of the sacral plexus and posterior
femoral cutaneous nerve– its origin, path, branches, zones of innervations.
Sciatic nerve – its origin, path, branches, zones of innervations, exploration on an alive person.
Vegetative nervous system – general data, functional and structural peculiarities, components,
central and peripheral parts, fibers types, differences from the somatic nervous system. Schemes
of the centers of the vegetative nervous system and vegetative reflex arches.
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Sympathetic portion of the vegetative nervous system, central and peripheral structures.
Sympathetic trunk – general structure, topography, parts, ganglia, types of branches.
Parasympathetic portion of the vegetative nervous system, central and peripheral structures.
General data about metasympathetic system.
The cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk – ganglia, topography, structure, branches, zones
of innervations. Vegetative plexuses around of blood vessels of head and neck.
The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk – topography, ganglia (structure and its account),
branches. Vegetative plexuses of thoracic cage - formation, distribution, zones of innervations.
The lumbar portion of the sympathetic trunk, vegetative plexuses of the abdominal cavity –
formation, distribution, zones of innervations.
The sacral portion of the sympathetic trunk, vegetative plexuses of the pelvic cavity –formation,
distribution, zones of innervations.
Parasympathetic ganglions of head and neck, structure and topography. Pre- and postganglionic
fibers, its origin and distribution.
General data about sense analyzers (informational systems), its components. Classification of the
sense organs.
Organ of vision – components, functional meaning. Eye ball – external conformation, sizes,
parts, structure, examination on an alive person.
Auxiliary apparatus of the eye, structure, topography, examination on an alive person.
Optic nerve, formation of the optic chiasm and tract. Pathway of the visual analyzer, its scheme.
Vestibulocohlear analyzer – general data. External and middle ear – structure, topography,
components. Auditory tube – parts, structure, functional importance.
Internal ear – location , parts, external and internal shape, structure.
Vestibulocohlear nerve – composition, nuclei, path, ganglia, relationship with brain and skull.
Pathway of the vestibular analyzer, its scheme.
Pathway of the acoustic analyzer – receiving and transmitter parts, cortical and subcortical
centers, connections. Pathway of the acoustic analyzer, its scheme.
Smell organ, its pathway and scheme.
Taste organ, its pathway and scheme.
Clinical examination of vestibulocohlear, smell and taste analyzers.
Skin analyzer – structure, functional meaning. Pathway of the touch, pain and temperature
senses, its schemes.
II. Blood and lymphatic circulatory systems
General data about blood and lymphatic circulatory system. Blood vessels – classification,
functional meaning. Scheme of the cardiovascular system.
Heart – placement, anatomical position, external configuration, individual, age and sexual
features.
Heart chambers, internal structure of the atria and ventricles.
Structure of the cardiac walls, morphological peculiarities at the level of atria and ventricles.
Cardiac fibrous skeleton.
Valve apparatus of the heart – components, locations, structure, functions. Valve projection on
the anterior wall of thoracic cage (scheme). Places of auscultations of heart sounds.
Abnormalities of hearts development, classification.
Topography of the heart, projection on the anterior wall of thoracic cage the heart boundaries
(scheme), exploration on alive.
Aorta – origin, topography, segments, exploration on an alive person
Ascendant aorta – limits, topography, branches. Coronary arteries – origin, path, branches, areas
of blood supplying, anastomoses, variants and abnormalities, exploration an alive person.
Arch of the aorta – relationship between neighborhood structures, branches, variants.
Common carotid artery – origin, path, topography, branches, variants of splitting, exploration on
an alive person. Sinocarotid reflexogenic zone – components, functional role.
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External carotid artery – origin, path, topography, branches, regions of supplying, variants of
division, anastomoses, exploration on alive, points for taking arterial pulse and comprising
arteries to stop bleeding.
Internal carotid artery – topography, partition, branches, regions of supplying, anastomoses,
exploration on an alive person.
Subclavian artery – origin, topography, partition, branches, regions of supplying, anastomoses.
Projection and exploration on alive, points for taking arterial pulse and compression of the
arteries to stop bleeding.
Axillary and arm arteries– origin, path, partition, topography, branches, anastomoses, regions of
supplying, projection and exploration on an alive person, points for taking arterial pulse and
compression of the arteries to stop bleeding.
Forearm and hand arteries– origin, path, topography, branches, anastomoses, regions of
supplying, projection and exploration on an alive person. Points for taking arterial pulse.
Arterial networks and arches of the upper limb – formation, functional and clinical
considerations. Main arterial collaterals of the upper limb.
Thoracic aorta – limits, topography, branches, anastomoses, regions of supplying.
Abdominal aorta – limits, topography, path, classification of branches, regions for compression
of the arteries to stop bleeding. Parietal branches of abdominal aorta – origin, spreading,
anastomoses, regions of supplying.
Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta – origin, topography, distribution, anastomoses,
regions of supplying, variations.
Paired visceral branches of abdominal aorta – origin, topography, distribution, anastomoses, and
regions of supplying, variations.
Common and external iliac arteries – origin, path, topography, branches, distribution,
anastomoses, regions of supplying.
Internal iliac artery – origin, path, topography, branches, distribution, anastomoses, regions of
supplying, sexual characteristic features.
Femoral and popliteal arteries – origin, path, topography, branches, distribution, anastomoses,
regions of supplying, exploration on alive, points for taking arterial pulse and compression of the
arteries to stop bleeding.
Leg and foot arteries – origin, topography, branches, distribution, anastomoses, regions of
supplying. Points for taking arterial pulse on the leg and foot arteries.
Arterial networks and arches of the lower limb – formation, functional and clinical
considerations.
Blood vessels of pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary trunk and arteries – origin, topography,
branches. Pulmonary veins – formation, tributaries, anastomoses, path, and drainage.
General review of the superior vena cava system. Head and neck veins – origin, topography,
tributaries, anastomoses, regions of blood drainage, clinical considerations, exploration on alive.
Cervical neurovascular bundle (carotid sheath) – topography, components.
Veins of the upper limb – classification, tributaries, exploration on alive and clinical
considerations.
Subclavian, brachiocephlic and inferior cava veins – origin, path, topography, tributaries, regions
of blood drainage, anastomoses, clinical considerations.
General review of the inferior vena cava system. Veins of the lower limb – topography,
tributaries, exploration on an alive person, clinical considerations.
Iliac veins – origin, topography, tributaries, anastomoses, regions of blood drainage.
Inferior cava vein – origin, path, topography, parietal and visceral tributaries, regions of blood
drainage, cava-caval anastomoses.
Portal vein system. Portal vein – origin, topography, tributaries, divisions, examination on alive.
Porto-caval anastomoses, functional and clinical significances.
Fetal blood circulation.
Lymphatic nodes and vessels of the head and neck, examination on an alive person.
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Lymphatic nodes and vessels of the upper limb, examination on an alive person.
Lymphatic nodes and vessels of the thorax.
Lymphatic nodes and vessels of the lower limb, examination on an alive person.
Lymphatic nodes and vessels of the abdomen and pelvis.
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II. Blood vessels, lymphatics and innervations of the organs and parts of the body
Skin innervations of the head and neck.
Blood supply and nerve supply to the head muscles.
Blood supply and nerve supply to the neck muscles.
Blood vessels, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the teeth.
Blood supply and nerve supply to the salivary glands.
Blood supply and nerve supply to the tongue (scheme).
Blood supply to the brain, scheme of arterial circle of the brain.
Pathways of the brain venous drainage.
Innervation of the cerebral meninges, importance of prof. B. Z. Perlin’s research in this field.
Blood supply and nerve supply to the external and middle ears.
Blood supply and nerve supply to the eye and its annexes.
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Innervations of the striated muscles of eye ball (scheme).
Blood vessels, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the external nose and nasal mucosa.
Blood vessels, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the pharynx and esophagus.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the larynx and trachea.
Blood supplying and innervation of the thyroid and parathyroid glands.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the thoracic walls and mammary gland.
Blood supply and nerve supply to the thoracic skin, muscles and joints.
Blood supply to the spinal cord.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the diaphragm.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the lungs and pleura.
Blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves of the mediastinum.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the hearth (scheme). The conducting system.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the pericardium.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the abdominal walls.
Peculiarities of blood supply and nerve supply to the hollow organs. Blood supply, nerve supply
and lymph drainage of the stomach.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the small intestine.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the large intestine.
Peculiarities of blood supply and nerve supply to the parenchymatous (full) organs. Blood
supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the pancreas and spleen.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the liver and gall bladder.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the kidneys and suprarenal glands.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the pelvic organs, sexual characteristic
features.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the perineum, external genital organs, sexual
characteristic features.
Nerve supply to the upper limb skin.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the upper limb muscles.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the upper limb joins.
Nerve supply to the lower limb skin.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the lower limb muscles.
Blood supply, nerve supply and lymph drainage of the lower limb joints.
General data about segmental innervations of the skin. Pain referred skin areas of Zaharin-Head.