Table 5. Intraspecific scaling exponents ( 95% confidence limits, C.L.) for log respiration (metabolic) rate in
relation to log body mass of 218 animal species (following classification of Tudge, 2000). The exponents are
based on resting or routine metabolic rates exhibited by animals showing minimal activity, though activity level
was difficult to control in many studies (see text). Sample sizes and body-mass ranges are indicated. Significant
differences (P < 0.05) from proportionality to body-surface area (2/3), body mass (1.0), and the 3/4-power scaling
rule are indicated. At the bottom of the table, total numbers of significant differences are given for all regressions
within various taxonomic and ecological groups. The numbers of species with at least one significant difference
are given in parentheses.
Scaling exponent
Significantly different from
Body mass
Taxon
b  95% C.L.
range
N
2/3
3/4
1.0
Source
___________________________________________________________________________________________
VERTEBRATES
Osteichthyes (bony fish)
Barbus aeneus
o
1
0.626  0.060
5-550g
82
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.681  0.020
5-550g
329
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.610  0.060
5-550g
266
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.838  0.040
5-550g
175
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
9.5-10.5 C
14.5-15.5 C
19.5-20.5 C
24.5-25.5 C
Carassius auratus
2
o
10 C
0.882  0.224
10-450g
14
NS
NS
NS
o
20 C
0.913  0.523
11-381g
14
NS
NS
NS
o
30 C
0.717  0.205
15-320g
13
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.887  0.048
12-390g
14
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
10 C
o
0.994  0.283
30-200g
14
< 0.05
NS
NS
15 C
o
0.828  0.157
18-295g
16
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.770  0.035
23-172g
15
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
0.18-0.48mg
99
0.48-36.22mg 629
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
35 C
Catostomus
commersonii
20 C
Cynoscion nebulosus
Larvae
Juveniles
Cyprinus carpio
3
4
1.04  0.22
0.78  0.20
3
10 C
o
0.983  0.388
58-480g
17
NS
NS
NS
20 C
o
0.909  0.202
45-440g
17
< 0.05
NS
NS
o
30 C
0.876  0.042
30-425g
19
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.810  0.122
50-400g
14
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
35 C
Cyprinus carpio
Larvae & juveniles
Juveniles & adults
Gadus morhua
Larvae & juveniles
Light
o
5
0.949  0.022 <0.005-0.290g
0.872  0.034 0.290->1000g
271 for
both
6
0.878  0.020
0.04-250mg
57
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.885  0.020
0.04-200mg
56
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.889  0.020
0.04-200mg
55
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
7 C
13 C
Dark
o
0.917  0.028
0.04-225mg
55
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.904  0.040
0.04-150mg
43
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.917  0.028
0.04-150mg
52
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
7 C
13 C
Ictalurus nebulosus
3
o
10 C
0.998  0.283
23-280g
14
< 0.05
NS
NS
o
20 C
0.903  0.194
30-295g
14
< 0.05
NS
NS
o
0.874  0.021
22-300g
17
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
25 C
o
0.710  0.032
1.8-66.5g
42
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.791  0.174
2.7-32.3g
24
NS
NS
< 0.05
25 C
o
0.717  0.028
1.4-116.0g
64
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.749  0.232
3.7-32.3g
19
NS
NS
< 0.05
0.974  0.019
0.787  0.046
<0.01-5.61g
5.60->1000g
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
30 C
Lepomis gibbosus
30 C
Lepomis macrochirus
30 C
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Larvae & juveniles
Juveniles & adults
Oncorhynchus nerka
o
7
7
5
93 for
both
8
0.914  0.015
2-2000g
27
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.847  0.023
2-2000g
28
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.884  0.034
2-2000g
25
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
5.3 C
15.0 C
20.0 C
Pagrus major
Larvae
Juveniles & adults
Pagrus major
Larvae
Juveniles & adults
Phoxinus phoxinus
Rutilus rutilus
o
5
0.986  0.058 <0.001-0.002g
0.838  0.064 0.002->100g
35 for
both
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
9
0.949  0.056 0.00031-0.0073g 16
0.821  0.012 0.0044-270g
23
0.552  0.185
1-5.4g
100
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.80  0.16
3-200g
11
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.80  0.14
3-200g
10
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
15 C
0.68  0.11
3-200g
13
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
20 C
0.73  0.06
3-200g
19
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.82  0.07
0.877  0.296
3-200g
78-400g
9
11
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
5 C
23 C
Salmo trutta
Salvelinus
fontinalis
10 C
1.107  0.231
27-265g
15
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
15 C
1.014  0.201
30-270g
15
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
1.036  0.149
26-280g
15
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
12
o
16 C
0.656  0.079
-
12
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
19 C
0.626  0.063
-
12
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.656  0.078
-
12
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
22 C
3
3
o
20 C
Sarotherodon
mossambicus
10
11
25 C
o
0.646  0.080
-
12
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
28 C
0.656  0.069
-
14
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
32 C
0.678  0.042
-
13
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
34 C
0.663  0.102
-
11
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.637  0.092
-
9
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
1.000  0.044
0.18-0.48mg
110
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
37 C
Scomber scombrus
Larvae
Silurus meridionalis
13
14
o
10 C
0.940  0.078
42.7-352.0g
20
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
15 C
0.934  0.062
40.0-356.1g
23
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
20 C
0.834  0.067
40.7-422.6g
21
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
25 C
0.766  0.050
10.8-327.4g
23
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
30 C
Trachurus trachurus
Trematomus
0.748  0.078
0.725  0.042
28.6-414.2g
1.4-390g
19
59
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
15
bernacchii
0.761  0.092
27-332g
75
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
16
< 0.05
< 0.05
17
a
Amphibia (Urodela)
Siren lacertina
0.654  0.022
a
0.36-1310g
14
NS
Amphibia (Anura)
Acris crepitans
April
o
18
1.19  0.89
0.83-2.16g
30
NS
NS
NS
o
15 C
1.00  0.49
0.79-2.39g
30
NS
NS
NS
o
25 C
May
1.55  0.40
0.68-1.90g
23
< 0.05
o
5 C
< 0.05
< 0.05
1.00  0.38
0.58-2.08g
26
NS
NS
NS
o
0.71  0.56
0.68-1.49g
12
NS
NS
NS
o
0.57  0.29
0.75  0.24
1.11-2.70g
2.9-57.3g
33
13
NS
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.832  0.058
1.6-37g
24
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
15 C
Winter
0.853  0.068
1.6-37g
27
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
4 C
Rana pipiens
Xenopus laevis
o
0.855  0.045
1.06  0.18
1.08  0.24
3.1-28g
4.9-121.9g
6.1-80.5g
15
12
15
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
19
19
Reptilia (turtles)
Testudo gigantea
0.820  0.156
0.118-35.5kg
9
NS
NS
< 0.05
21
Reptilia (lizards)
Amphibolurus
nuchalis
0.830  0.047
0.504-11.41g
59
< 0.05
< 0.05
22
5 C
25 C
August
15 C
Bufo boreas
Rana muscosa
Summer
o
4 C
o
< 0.05
19
20
Chalcides ocellatus
Cosymbotus platyurus
Ctenosaura similis
Dipsosaurus dorsalis
0.65  0.07
0.744  0.167
0.858  0.036
0.839  0.159
1-28g
0.3-3.5g
3.17-148g
-
32
18
22
16
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
23
24
25
26
Hemidactylus frenatus
Iguana iguana
Lepidodactylus lagubris
Lygosoma laterale
0.685  0.099
0.734  0.033
0.346  0.357
0.14-2.0g
16-3627g
0.5-1.0g
15
32
9
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
24
27
24
28
o
0.402  0.223
0.3-1.8g
15
<0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
30 C
0.633  0.170
0.3-1.8g
6
NS
NS
< 0.05
36 C
0.795  0.459
Sceloporus jarrovi
Males
0.816  0.266
Males
0.745  0.221
Gravid females
0.735  0.204
Nonreproductive females 1.129  0.475
Sceloporus occidentalis
0.67  0.06
Uta stansburiana
1.03  0.14
Varanus acanthurus
0.3-1.8g
5
NS
NS
NS
5-29g
6-20g
12-30g
6-20g
1-20g
1-5g
29
32
24
16
154
51
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
18.5 C
o
o
29, 30
25 C
o
0.960  0.582
19.6-83.0g
7
NS
NS
NS
o
35 C
1.259  0.381
19.6-83.0g
8
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
0.850  0.492
1.05  0.446
19.6-83.0g
10.1-22.1g
8
26
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
40 C
Varanus brevicauda
Varanus caudolineatus
25 C
o
0.663  0.823
9.8-19.50g
16
NS
NS
NS
o
35 C
0.990  0.551
9.8-19.50g
14
NS
NS
NS
o
1.078  0.742
0.92  0.10
0.57  0.15
9.8-19.50g
8.7-68g
172-7500g
16
28
14
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.897  0.092
84-5600g
6
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.961  0.124
84-5600g
6
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
40 C
Varanus eremius
Varanus exanthematicus
Varanus giganteus
25.9 C
34.7 C
Varanus gouldii &
V. panoptes
b
20 C
1.039  0.114
20-3480g
16
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
30 C
1.118  0.102
20-3480g
15
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
35 C
1.102  0.084
20-3480g
14
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
1.042  0.208
0.81  0.163
20-3480g
10-191.5g
9
11
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
Reptilia (snakes)
Agkistrodon piscivorus
Missouri
Early photophase
Late photophase
Early scotophase
Late scotophase
34
33
34
35
36
37
o
40 C
Varanus tristus
31
32
33
34
38
0.542  0.112
0.597  0.111
0.577  0.093
0.580  0.082
17.32-285.59g
17.32-285.59g
17.32-285.59g
17.32-285.59g
8
8
8
8
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
Arkansas
Early photophase
Late photophase
Early scotophase
Late scotophase
Louisiana
Early photophase
Late photophase
Early scotophase
Late scotophase
Bothrops moojeni
Crotalus atrox
Crotalus horridus
Diadophis punctatus
0.710  0.049
0.697  0.049
0.707  0.043
0.694  0.040
12.15-692.68g
12.15-692.68g
12.15-692.68g
12.15-692.68g
23
23
23
23
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.695  0.037
0.674  0.039
0.716  0.033
0.689  0.028
0.65  0.06
0.676  0.054
0.777  0.086
12.28-579.34g
12.28-579.34g
12.28-579.34g
12.28-579.34g
7.4-1720.6g
13.94-643.2g
22.0-1079.9g
22
22
22
22
51
48
36
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
39
< 0.05 40, 41
< 0.05
41
42
10 C
o
0.648  0.427
1.0-11.0g
10
NS
NS
NS
o
15 C
1.050  0.558
1.0-11.0g
9
NS
NS
NS
o
20 C
1.111  0.187
1.0-11.0g
9
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
25 C
1.201  0.401
1.0-11.0g
10
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
30 C
1.024  0.267
1.0-11.0g
10
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
0.935  0.198
1.0-11.0g
8
< 0.05
NS
NS
35 C
Helicops modestus
43
o
10 C
0.557  0.318
2.2-195.7g
20
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
15 C
0.780  0.334
2.2-195.7g
20
NS
NS
NS
o
20 C
0.585  0.226
2.2-195.7g
34
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
25 C
0.560  0.052
2.2-195.7g
79
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
30 C
0.585  0.104
2.2-195.7g
34
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.643  0.067
0.65  0.04
2.2-195.7g
21-1217g
29
33
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
10 C
o
0.684  0.298
2.0-400.6g
20
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
15 C
0.701  0.224
2.0-400.6g
20
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
20 C
0.753  0.166
2.0-400.6g
29
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
25 C
0.674  0.050
2.0-400.6g
76
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
30 C
0.802  0.105
2.0-400.6g
29
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
0.707  0.096
0.27  0.01
2.0-400.6g
4-200g
29
91
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
45
NS
46
35 C
Lampropeltis getulus
Liophis miliaris
35 C
Thamnophis sirtalis
Aves
Daption capense
Nestlings
Fulmarus
glacialoides
Nestlings
Gallus domesticus
Embryos
3-11 days old
12-18 days old
1.061  0.080
-
28
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.990  0.072
-
30
< 0.05
< 0.05
9
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
7
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
0.521  0.019
c
0.990  0.159
c
0.004-4.37g
5.67-21.55g
44
43
NS
46
47, 48, 49, 50, 51
Light Sussex Chicks
1.297  0.330
11
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
e
40-128g
15
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
e
610-1650g
19
NS
NS
< 0.05
1.018  0.426
2330-3600g
19
NS
NS
NS
0.626  0.245
1520-3505g
30
NS
NS
< 0.05
28
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
46
White Leghorn Chicks
White Leghorn
1.190  0.264
Juveniles
Rhode Island Red
Males
Rhode Island Red
Females
Pagodroma nivea
Nestlings
Phalacrocorax
aristotelis
Nestlings
Tachycineta
bicolor
Thalassoica
antarctica
Nestlings
Tringa tetanus
0.685  0.162
Mammalia
Bos taurus
Steers
Dairy cows
Canis familiaris
Males
Females
0.985  0.123
308.2-583.6g
16
NS
NS
NS
52
1.03  0.413
50.40-86.26g
48
NS
NS
NS
53
1.088  0.127
1.05  0.148
107-214g
30
148
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
46
54
51
0.620  0.474
0.611  0.244
-
12
18
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
0.522  0.090
0.637  0.257
-
10
14
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
f
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
55
56
g
57
58
51
51
f
3.4-31.3kg
5.8-48.8kg
117
22
a
92-820g
2.4 -3.55kg
10
7
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.885  0.048
0.64  0.090
Cavia porcellus
Felis domesticus
Homo sapiens
Males
Females
Microtus agrestis
Mus musculus
Neotoma floridana
< 26g
≥ 26g & < 65g
≥ 65g
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Males
Females
Ovis aries
Females
Peromyscus
maniculatus
Plecotus auritus
Rattus norvegicus
0.616  0.060
0.58  0.41
40-1000 days old
-
1.00  0.82
Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris
0-40 days old
d
29.7-41.2g
0.631  0.081
0.379  0.094
0.526  0.231
0.72  0.06
12-40g
16-68g
136
103
32
28
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.98  0.06
1.03  0.02
0.71  0.11
14-26g
26-65g
65-165g
18
31
57
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.855  0.094
0.822  0.078
1.15-5.67kg
1.22-7.00kg
23
51
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
9
NS
NS
NS
18-40g
120-400g
23
14
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
59
58
60
51, 61
51
0.611  0.426
0.91  0.48
0.75  0.59
-
0.851  0.068
a
6.5-97g
13
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.409  0.088
a
105-345g
29
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
58
62
47
Rattus norvegicus
Males
Females
Sciurus carolinensis
Sigmodon hispidus
< 20g
≥ 20g
0.629  0.154
0.724  0.161
0.842  0.337
307-797g
202-339g
301-619g
30
18
18
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
1.11  0.09
0.48  0.05
8-20g
20-126g
16
88
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
af
51, 63, 64, 65
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
66
60
< 0.05
< 0.05
f
Sus scrofa
0.523  0.153
22-70kg
14
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
67
Sus scrofa
0.57  0.038
25-85kg
63
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
68
___________________________________________________________________________________________
AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES
PELAGIC
Cnidaria (jellyfish)
Aequorea victoria
1.07  0.12
Agalma okeni
0.87  0.12
Aglanta digitale
0.71  0.10
Aurelia aurita
99-1990mg
1-16mg
45
58
22
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
10 C
o
0.92  0.11
12-6400mg
18
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
0.91  0.08
13-3400mg
26
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
15 C
Cyanea capillata
69
o
10 C
1.00  0.13
22-16,200mg
16
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
1.04  0.15
0.65  0.13
0.91  0.41
0.97  0.17
1.14  0.36
14-760mg
33-220mg
5-133mg
22-67mg
7
17
11
25
12
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
10 C
o
0.87  0.16
16-770mg
32
< 0.05
NS
NS
o
0.87  0.27
0.70  0.08
40-580mg
-
20
19
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
10 C
o
0.93  0.29
6-27mg
24
NS
NS
NS
o
1.30  0.21
1.00  0.29
1.24  0.42
1.40  0.37
5-37mg
2-18mg
7-40mg
20
25
13
8
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
10 C
o
0.95  0.63
9-31mg
14
NS
NS
NS
o
1.10  0.51
12-49mg
13
NS
NS
NS
10
NS
NS
NS
15 C
Diphyes dispar
Eperetmus typus
Eutonina indicans
Gonionemus vertens
Mitrocoma cellularia
15 C
Nanomia bijuga
Phialidium gregarium
15 C
Phialidium lomae
Rosacea cymbiformis
Sarsia princeps
Stomotoca atra
15 C
Sulculeolaria
quadrivalvis
0.79  0.35
-
Ctenophora (comb jellies)
Mnemiopsis leidyi
1.00  0.34
35-66mg
19
NS
NS
NS
o
1.03  0.21
38-465mg
25
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
0.96  0.23
81-1078mg
25
< 0.05
NS
NS
o
0.96  0.18
35-562mg
30
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
15.8 C
18.0 C
20.0 C
70
69
69
69
69
70
69
69
70
69
69
70
71
o
10.3 C
69
70
69
69
o
1.02  0.17
71-786mg
24
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
1.28  0.13
36-498mg
21
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.86  0.20
-
8
NS
NS
NS
0.880  0.085
0.3-13.5mg
38
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
21.8 C
24.5 C
Mollusca (heteropods)
Pterotrachea
hippocampus
70
Arthropoda (crustaceans)
Cyphocaris
challengeri
Daphnia magna
Clone S-1
Low food
High food
Clone F
Low food
High food
Primno abyssalis
Thermisto japonica
Thermisto pacifica
1.000  0.093
0.949  0.028
10.0-164.9μg
5.5-397.2μg
50
103
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
0.935  0.091
0.919  0.036
1.003  0.187
0.771  0.077
0.947  0.153
13.3-173.4μg
6.1-412.5μg
1-5.8mg
0.3-5.8mg
0.2-3.3mg
38
51
17
47
22
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
72
72
72
Chordata (salps)
Salpa cylindrica
Pegea confederata
0.71  0.18
1.06  0.19
-
13
21
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
70
70
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
75
PELAGIC & BENTHIC
Arthropoda (crustaceans)
Macrobrachium
rosenbergii
Pelagic larvae
0.904  0.057
Mesocyclops
brasilianus
Nauplii
1.08  0.20
Copepodids & adults 0.56  0.08
Mysis relicta
Char Lake
33-870 μg
422
76, 77
~40-160 ng
~180-22400 ng
30
88
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
78
0 C
o
0.776  0.085
-
8
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
2 C
0.734  0.052
-
10
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
4 C
0.723  0.080
-
10
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
6 C
0.779  0.140
-
6
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.747  0.114
-
6
NS
NS
< 0.05
2 C
o
0.819  0.075
-
6
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
4 C
0.739  0.056
-
17
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
< 0.05
< 0.05
8 C
Stony Lake
0.702  0.044
-
18
NS
o
10 C
0.736  0.050
-
18
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
0.764  0.036
-
18
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
1.09  0.24
-
9
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
7 C
13 C
Notodiaptomus
venezolanus
Nauplii
72
73, 74
77
Copepodids & adults
Thermocyclops
hyalinus
Nauplii
Copepodids & adults
0.75  0.20
-
14
NS
NS
< 0.05
0.87  0.33
0.26  0.20
-
12
39
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
77
Echinodermata (sea urchins)
Dendraster excentricus
Pelagic larvae
0.9  0.4
79
h
BENTHIC
Cnidaria (anthozoans)
Actinea equina
High Shore
0.652  0.058
Low Shore
0.314  0.073
Anthopleura
elegantissima
0.834  0.081
Metridium senile
0.539  0.110
Siderastrea siderea 0.176  0.064
Nematoda
Plectus palustris
Low food
High food
Tobrilus gracilis
0.769  0.076
0.715  0.063
0.69  0.27
Annelida (oligochaete worms)
Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri
0.76  0.20
Peloscolex ferox
0.73  0.12
Tubifex tubifex
0.32  0.66
Annelida (leeches)
Erpobdella
octoculata
1.049  0.186
-
15
NS
NS
NS
-
40
40
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.05-2.5g
0.05-4.0g
0.9-400mg
13
13
26
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.071-1.500μg
0.060-2.450μg
0.07-3.19 μg
39
46
30
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
83
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05 84, 85
-
17
10
31
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
86
86
86
32
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
87
80
1-200mg
Annelida (polychaete worms)
Diopatra cuprea
Cape Cod North
o
0.564  0.148
1.90-3.99g
11
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.624  0.161
1.40-4.86g
18
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.548  0.159
0.68-1.66g
11
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
15.0 C
25.0 C
Cape Cod South
o
0.625  0.134
1.31-4.02g
14
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.589  0.098
1.21-4.86g
10
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.630  0.049
0.60-2.71g
13
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.543  0.165
0.46-2.21g
19
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.672  0.096
0.31-1.85g
14
NS
NS
< 0.05
0.604  0.063
0.32-0.67g
10
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
5.0 C
15.0 C
25.0 C
Virginia
17.5 C
27.5 C
North Carolina
o
88
o
5.0 C
5.0 C
81
81
82
o
0.464  0.160
0.07-0.67g
12
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
25.0 C
0.564  0.098
Hyalinoecia artifex
0.13-0.67g
14
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
15.0 C
o
o
88
2.5 C
0.452  0.123
0.15-1.39g
19
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.540  0.078
0.26-1.54g
17
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.550  0.096
0.12-0.72g
10
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
15.0 C
0.527  0.085
Hyalinoecia tubicola
0.07-0.74g
14
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
5.0 C
o
10.0 C
o
o
88
0.517  0.148
0.06-0.57g
10
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.529  0.152
0.05-0.61g
8
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.579  0.106
0.04-0.37g
12
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.970  0.016
0.05-100mg
37
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
89
110
NS
NS
< 0.05
90
4.0 C
17.0 C
25.0 C
Bryozoa
Electra pilosa
Mollusca (gastropods)
Ancylus fluviatilis
0.716  0.067
Bullia
rhodostoma
Summer
5-40mg
91
15 C
o
0.701  0.130
~10-400mg
27
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
20 C
0.703  0.126
~10-400mg
27
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.724  0.134
~10-400mg
27
NS
NS
< 0.05
10 C
o
0.623  0.078
~10-500mg
20
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
15 C
0.722  0.092
~10-500mg
20
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.801  0.086
~10-500mg
20
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
25 C
Winter
20 C
Bullia digitalis
Summer
91
15 C
o
0.361  0.011
~15-150mg
17
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
20 C
0.436  0.017
~15-150mg
17
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.381  0.013
~15-150mg
17
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
10 C
o
0.511  0.042
~10-150mg
21
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
15 C
0.554  0.046
~10-150mg
21
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.530  0.044
~10-150mg
21
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
25 C
Winter
20 C
Bullia pura
Summer
91
15 C
o
0.361  0.011
~10-200mg
18
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
20 C
0.324  0.004
~10-200mg
18
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.436  0.006
~15-200mg
18
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
10 C
o
0.291  0.027
~20-120mg
8
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
15 C
0.230  0.022
~20-120mg
8
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.210  0.020
~20-120mg
8
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
25 C
Winter
20 C
Fissurella
barbadensis
92
o
0.730  0.207
30-200mg
i
29
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.886  0.111
18-300mg
i
39
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
i
21.0 C
26.3 C
o
0.715  0.102
21-190mg
38
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.564  0.085
i
30-200mg
27
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.581  0.168
-
18
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.499  0.946
-
10
NS
NS
NS
30.2 C
36.1 C
38.2 C
40.0 C
Littorina littorea
Feb. 25
o
93
1.0 C
0.375  0.135
-
13
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.065  0.128
-
20
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.017  0.120
-
19
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
14.25 C
0.123  0.124
-
12
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
16.0 C
April 5
0.559  0.101
-
11
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
5.0 C
o
10.0 C
o
0.579  0.067
-
17
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.703  0.111
-
10
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.528  0.116
-
10
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.411  0.104
-
12
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.723  0.065
-
14
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.615  0.106
-
11
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
5.0 C
12.5 C
20.0 C
30.0 C
32.0 C
35.0 C
June 6
o
- 0.160  0.304
-
8
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.299  0.101
-
9
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.401  0.256
-
10
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
20.0 C
0.303  0.398
-
10
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.170  0.248
-
12
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.386  0.247
-
12
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
5.0 C
12.5 C
17.5 C
o
22.5.0 C
24.5.0 C
July 10
o
0.105  0.170
-
10
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.302  0.106
-
9
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.479  0.161
-
9
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.348  0.184
-
9
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.709  0.188
-
8
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.796  0.346
-
10
NS
NS
NS
37.5 C
0.495  0.165
Lymnaea palustris
June
0.761  0.190
August
0.452  0.145
Lymnaea pereger
June
0.938  0.075
August
0.586  0.215
Lymnaea stagnalis 0.70  0.11
-
14
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
60-200mg
40-180mg
15
24
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
43-200mg
18-135mg
0.0073-2.64g
24
30
11
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
5.0 C
12.5 C
20.0 C
27.5 C
32.5 C
35.0 C
o
94
94
95
Lymnaea stagnalis
Marisa
cornuarietis
1.00  0.05
0.014-3.56g
90
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
97
o
20 C
0.789  0.102
7-600mg
30
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
25 C
0.659  0.073
10-600mg
35
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
30 C
0.549  0.111
20-200mg
27
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.494  0.087
10-900mg
25
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.65  0.04
2.4-463mg
31
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
35 C
Melanoides
tuberculata
Polinices
duplicatus
o
0.400  0.175
1-10g
49
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
10 C
0.527  0.157
1-10g
50
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
20 C
0.531  0.100
1-10g
60
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
25 C
0.594  0.147
1-10g
30
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.373  0.135
1-10g
30
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
30 C
Tegula funebralis
o
99
0.88  0.04
10->1000mg
65
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.77  0.02
3->1000mg
49
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
0.70  0.04
3->1000mg
82
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
6.5 C
10.0 C
17.0 C
Thais lamellosa
Males
October
November
February
March
June
July
August
Females
November
January
February
April
June
July
August
Thais lapillus
January
May
July
October
December
Theodoxus
fluviatilis
o
100
0.65  0.53
0.75  0.71
0.19  0.29
1.02  0.39
0.48  0.37
0.53  0.36
0.58  0.37
-
12
16
36
26
28
20
21
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.42  0.33
0.44  0.35
0.98  0.75
0.71  0.30
0.63  0.42
0.47  0.21
0.63  0.46
-
25
21
14
24
20
31
20
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
0.659  0.125
0.339  0.335
0.442  0.190
0.437  0.300
0.383  0.358
-
30
15
14
22
17
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
101
102
0.769  0.085
0.37-7.80mg
10
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
11 C
0.788  0.134
0.22-15.50mg
12
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.722  0.200
0.56-12.00mg
17
NS
NS
< 0.05
2 C
15 C
95
98
o
5 C
96
Viviparus
contectoides
Males
Females
103
0.683  0.494
0.346  0.054
0.4-7.5g
36
65
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
Mollusca (bivalves)
Brachidontes
demissus
104
o
0.757  0.201
0.22-1.3g
11
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.798  0.155
0.26-2.9g
12
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.787  0.126
0.17-1.0g
12
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.645  0.077
0.22-3.5g
13
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
16.0 C
22.0 C
28.2 C
35.2 C
Crassostrea
virginica
105
o
10 C
0.734  0.126
0.012-1.4g
37
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
20 C
0.710  0.105
0.016-1.8g
41
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.603  0.096
0.016-1.8g
45
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
30 C
Donax vittatus
o
May 10 C
o
July 10 C
o
August 10 C
106
0.777  0.298
-
23
NS
NS
NS
0.409  0.935
-
8
NS
NS
NS
1.370  0.900
-
12
NS
NS
NS
-
10
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
August 15 C
0.097  0.734
Macoma balthica
Experimental & acclimation temperatures
o
107
0.677  0.398
~8-22mg
34
NS
NS
NS
o
0.848  0.204
~9-22mg
35
NS
NS
NS
o
0.551  0.199
~9-22mg
36
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.536  0.274
~8-22mg
35
NS
NS
< 0.05
4, 4 C
10, 4 C
20, 4 C
30, 4 C
o
0.511  1.090
~9-23mg
24
NS
NS
NS
o
0.258  0.716
~9-30mg
27
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.623  0.305
~4-29mg
30
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.396  0.301
~6-33mg
32
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
2, 10 C
10, 10 C
20, 10 C
30, 10 C
o
0.625  0.353
~15-70mg
34
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
- 0.373  0.573
~17-50mg
27
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.122  0.708
~20-60mg
16
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
- 0.058  0.434
~15-65mg
18
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
3, 20 C
10, 20 C
20, 20 C
30, 20 C
o
0.362  0.348
~10-50mg
28
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.212  0.287
~15-51mg
31
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.272  0.603
~21-50mg
18
NS
NS
< 0.05
30, 30 C
0.058  0.393
~11-40mg
Mulinia lateralis
Experimental & acclimation temperatures
16
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
3, 30 C
10, 30 C
20, 30 C
o
o
2, 2 C
o
10, 2 C
107
- 0.286  1.059
~4.5-18mg
13
NS
NS
< 0.05
0.758  0.132
~3-24mg
36
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.661  0.207
~3.3-29mg
18
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
- 0.137  1.053
~5-18mg
31
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
20, 2 C
30, 2 C
o
- 1.200  3.000
~4.3-10mg
7
NS
NS
o
0.161  0.427
~4.1-16mg
18
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.617  0.162
~4-29mg
35
NS
o
0.098  0.500
~3-21mg
26
< 0.05
o
0.607  1.310
~4-10mg
9
NS
NS
NS
o
0.997  0.344
~4-12mg
17
NS
NS
NS
30, 30 C
0.807  0.271
~4-16mg
Mya arenaria
Experimental & acclimation temperatures
18
NS
NS
NS
2, 10 C
10, 10 C
20, 10 C
30, 10 C
10, 30 C
20, 30 C
o
o
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
107
- 0.136  0.464
~11-40mg
14
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.639  0.108
~10-100mg
34
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.606  0.074
~5-90mg
36
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.634  0.174
~7-70mg
27
NS
NS
< 0.05
1, 1 C
10, 1 C
20, 1 C
30, 1 C
o
- 0.013  0.852
~8-18mg
18
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.564  0.214
~1.1-16mg
31
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.588  0.141
~3-29mg
36
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.758  0.195
~1.2-20mg
36
NS
NS
< 0.05
1, 10 C
10, 10 C
20, 10 C
30, 10 C
o
0.408  0.312
~11-70mg
31
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.872  0.124
~4-50mg
35
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
0.694  0.107
~10-66mg
34
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.663  0.134
~12-52mg
31
NS
NS
< 0.05
1, 20 C
10, 20 C
20, 20 C
30, 20 C
o
0.625  0.382
~11-61mg
29
NS
NS
o
0.683  0.089
~7-65mg
34
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.675  0.121
~8.9-60mg
35
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.640  0.122
~8-86mg
35
NS
NS
< 0.05
1, 30 C
10, 30 C
20, 30 C
30, 30 C
Mytilus edulis
o
NS
104
3.0 C
0.745  0.082
0.26-9g
28
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.603  0.108
0.25-6.5g
28
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.595  0.081
0.21-4.1g
25
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.611  0.093
0.20-5g
30
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.635  0.078
0.20-7g
28
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.20-10g
28
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
7.0 C
12.0 C
15.8 C
19.8 C
o
25.2 C
0.546  0.166
Pisidium amnicum
December
108
3 C
August
o
0.795  0.137
0.16-6mg
13
NS
NS
< 0.05
3 C
o
0.824  0.155
0.33-9mg
12
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
0.845  0.092
0.20-4mg
11
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.881  0.221
0.14-4mg
12
NS
NS
NS
6 C
o
10 C
o
0.579  0.104
0.40-9.3mg
14
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
3 C
1.019  0.138
0.018-0.18mg
13
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
20 C
Pisidium
conventus
o
109
0.867  0.309
0.033-0.20mg
13
NS
NS
NS
o
10 C
0.666  0.131
0.017-0.15mg
10
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
15 C
0.712  0.172
0.020-0.12mg
8
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.580  0.109
0.28-0.12mg
9
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
10 C
o
0.798  0.172
0.046-1.1mg
7
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.893  0.136
0.045-2.3mg
10
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
6 C
20 C
Pisidium
henslowanum
20 C
Scrobicularia
plana
o
0.5 C
o
4.0 C
o
9.5 C
o
13.5 C
o
17.5 C
o
22.5 C
109
110
0.776  0.264
i
0.11-0.6g
16
NS
NS
NS
0.758  0.149
i
0.11-0.6g
28
NS
NS
< 0.05
0.767  0.089
i
0.025-0.6g
30
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
0.751  0.092
i
0.03-0.6g
28
NS
NS
< 0.05
0.560  0.159
i
0.17-0.7g
31
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.764  0.175
i
15
NS
NS
< 0.05
-
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
30.75 C
- 0.034  0.834
Transennella
tantilla
November-December
o
0.11-0.8g
-
111
0.1 C
0.952  0.111
~3.8-50mg
6
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
0.807  0.147
~3.8-50mg
13
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.836  0.120
~3.8-50mg
8
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
15 C
o
0.880  0.144
~2.3-30mg
8
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
20 C
June
0.884  0.085
~2.3-30mg
7
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
15 C
o
0.824  0.129
~0.6-40mg
11
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
0.804  0.094
~0.8-40mg
6
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
0.715  0.090
~0.8-30mg
9
NS
NS
< 0.05
0.08-40mg
0.13-2.05mg
49
17
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
0.11-6mg
0.24-10mg
0.2-11mg
0.4-10mg
0.3-10mg
0.4-8mg
17
77
41
37
26
40
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
5.5 C
10.5 C
February-March
20 C
September
15 C
Arthropoda (crustaceans)
Asellus aquaticus 0.806  0.057
Asellus aquaticus 0.898  0.471
Asellus aquaticus
October
0.690  0.257
November
0.813  0.046
December
0.753  0.049
January
0.847  0.114
March
0.722  0.154
March
0.747  0.071
87
102
112
April
0.775  0.137
May
0.623  0.065
July
0.715  0.013
Asellus aquaticus
o
0.4-10mg
0.11-10mg
0.11-2.9mg
28
29
29
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
113
1 C
0.652  0.064
0.2-40mg
70
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.628  0.052
0.2-40mg
84
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.804  0.050
0.2-40mg
88
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
15 C
0.788  0.030
0.2-40mg
81
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
20 C
0.806  0.038
0.2-40mg
49
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
25 C
0.420  0.066
0.2-20mg
46
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.402  0.173
0.2-10mg
24
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.827  0.065
-
12
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
114
31
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
114
86
115
4 C
30 C
Balanus
amphitrite
Balanus
tintinnabulum
0.658  0.071
Caecidotea
racovitzai
0.73  0.12
Carcinus maenus
Starved 7 days
o
j
0.081-9.902g
-
34
NS
NS
< 0.05
0.70  0.064
1-4.4g
9
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.60  0.139
0.4-4.4g
11
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
15 C
0.63  0.164
1-4.4g
10
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
20 C
0.77  0.181
1-4.4g
10
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.61  0.242
1-4.4g
10
NS
NS
< 0.05
30 C
0.55  0.280
Starved 14-15 days
0.4-4.4g
9
NS
NS
< 0.05
5 C
25 C
o
o
0.74  0.212
1-4g
11
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.77  0.231
1-4g
9
NS
NS
NS
o
15 C
0.65  0.272
1-4g
11
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
20 C
0.91  0.327
1-4g
10
NS
NS
NS
o
25 C
0.73  0.209
1-4g
11
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.77  0.188
1-4g
10
NS
NS
< 0.05
5 C
30 C
Starved 20 days
o
1.06  0.142
1.1-3.2g
10
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
10 C
1.21  0.170
1.1-3.2g
10
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
15 C
1.15  0.328
1.1-3.2g
9
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
0.88  0.178
1.5-3.2g
9
< 0.05
NS
NS
1.1-3.2g
~3-20μg
0.1-9g
10
35
16
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
116
117
0.05-9.3mg
13
NS
NS
< 0.05
102
100
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
5 C
20 C
o
25 C
1.23  0.160
Cyprideus torosa
0.746  0.093
Eurylium limosum 0.765  0.081
Gammarus
lacustris
0.733  0.072
Ochomonella
chilensis
o
-1.8 C
0.455  0.205
118
17-180mg
0 C
o
0.471  0.115
11-190mg
100
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
2 C
0.462  0.211
10.5-190mg
100
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
4 C
0.665  0.165
10.5-250mg
100
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
6 C
0.642  0.213
18-200mg
100
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.604  0.121
11-170mg
100
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.571  0.155
16-170mg
100
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.497  0.137
26-150mg
100
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.66  0.10
-
37
NS
NS
< 0.05
86
16
13
60
19
23
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
119
117
117
117
117
8 C
12 C
Pontoporeia
affinis
Pugettia producta
Sesarma cinereum
Uca minax
Uca pugilator
Uca pugnax
a
0.789  0.065
0.653  0.165
0.710  0.028
0.773  0.036
0.681  0.029
1.64-329g
0.2-1.5g
0.02-9g
0.004-2g
0.002-2g
Arthropoda (insect larvae)
Chironomus riparius
120
o
0.71  0.046
0.105-1.8mg
42
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.70  0.051
0.81  0.16
0.775  0.027
0.13-2.0mg
0.2-25mg
36
61
537
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
10 C
20 C
Chironomus sp.
Isonychia bicolor
Polycentropus
flavomaculatus
o
102
0.674  0.127
0.08-2.90mg
13
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
11 C
0.813  0.079
0.05-2.50mg
23
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
15 C
0.806  0.175
0.06-3.70mg
11
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.653  0.099
0.02-4.90mg
12
NS
NS
< 0.05
7 C
20 C
Chordata (ascideans)
Botryloides
simodensis
Normal state
0.799  0.059
Takeover state
0.950  0.056
122
0.029-4.1g
0.067-1.3g
60
28
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES
Platyhelminthes (cestodes)
Schistocephalus
solidus
Plerocercoids
Summer
123
10 C
o
0.454  0.153
2.5-60mg
10-20
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
20 C
0.369  0.173
2.5-60mg
10-20
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
30 C
0.515  0.092
2.5-60mg
10-20
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.617  0.072
2.5-60mg
10-20
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
10 C
o
0.772  0.426
2.5-60mg
10-20
NS
NS
NS
o
0.361  0.140
2.5-60mg
10-20
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
40 C
Winter
20 C
86
121
30 C
o
0.549  0.073
2.5-60mg
10-20
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
40 C
Adults
Summer
0.579  0.125
2.5-60mg
10-20
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
40 C
Winter
o
0.572  0.143
2.5-60mg
10-20
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.913  0.200
2.5-60mg
10-20
< 0.05
NS
NS
40 C
Taenia
Taeniaeformis
124
k
66-355mg
155
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
k
250-2000mg
86
NS
NS
< 0.05
~80-1300mg
26
NS
NS
< 0.05
~70-300mg
11
< 0.05
NS
NS
0.32-7.76g
21
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
126
0.70  0.12
0.03-3μg
81
NS
NS
< 0.05
127
0.64  0.12
0.02-2μg
39
NS
NS
< 0.05
84
0.90  0.09
Larvae
0.76  0.16
Adults
Platyhelminthes (turbellarians)
Bipalium
kewense
Whole worms
0.716  0.171
Asexual
fragments
0.998  0.253
125
Nematoda
Ascaris
lumbricoides
Caenorhabditis
elegans
Panagrolaimus
rigidus
0.429  0.142
a
Mollusca (gastropods)
Arion
circumscriptus
Experimental & acclimation temperatures
o
12.5, 5 C
o
12.5, 12.5 C
0.990  0.213
0.748  0.335
128
73->1000mg
110-800mg
35
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
19
NS
NS
NS
o
1.004  0.130
90->1000mg
35
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
12.5, 5 C
0.928  0.139
73->1000mg
20
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
20, 5 C
0.927  0.232
120-600mg
19
< 0.05
NS
NS
12.5, 5 C
o
0.839  0.362
200-700mg
14
NS
NS
NS
o
0.715  0.163
50-630mg
16
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.600  0.423
200-800mg
14
NS
NS
NS
o
0.455  0.254
52-380mg
10
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.823  0.083
42->1000mg
17
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
0.497  0.217
47-820mg
10
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
20, 8 C
20, 10 C
20, 20 C
20, 25 C
o
25, 8 C
o
25, 20 C
o
0.689  0.190
180-820mg
14
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.543  0.482
41-500mg
10
NS
NS
NS
o
0.550  0.253
180-850mg
13
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.340  0.421
40-210mg
12
NS
NS
< 0.05
30, 8 C
30, 10 C
30, 20 C
30, 25 C
Clausilia
bidentata
o
129
0.283  0.185
-
40
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
10 C
o
- 0.021  0.290
-
37
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.208  0.223
-
38
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
5 C
15 C
Discus
rotundatus
o
129
0.639  0.126
-
50
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.727  0.082
-
65
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.751  0.147
-
52
NS
NS
< 0.05
5 C
15 C
Euconulus
fulvus
o
129
0.230  0.342
-
54
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.520  0.404
-
58
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.673  0.326
0.70  0.06
0.105-55g
57
19
NS
NS
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
5 C
15 C
Helix pomatia
Hygromia
striolata
o
129
0.612  0.119
-
45
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.686  0.091
-
44
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.631  0.101
-
44
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
5 C
15 C
Marpessa
laminata
o
129
0.484  0.109
-
42
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.555  0.120
-
46
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.739  0.119
-
41
NS
NS
< 0.05
5 C
15 C
Oxychilus
alliarius
o
129
0.205  0.183
-
53
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.583  0.137
-
60
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.406  0.103
-
54
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.635  0.101
-
45
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
10 C
o
0.722  0.107
-
45
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.681  0.108
-
46
NS
NS
< 0.05
5 C
15 C
Oxychilus
cellarius
o
5 C
15 C
Retinella
nitidula
o
129
129
0.621  0.289
-
17
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.948  0.217
-
16
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
0.850  0.264
-
15
NS
NS
NS
5 C
15 C
Arthropoda (mites)
Alaskozetes
antarcticus
o
0 C
95
130
0.772  0.086
~4-250μg
59
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
0.693  0.086
~2.5-250μg
55
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.712  0.046
~2.5-300μg
68
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.969  0.211
~20-250μg
35
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
5 C
15 C
Alaskozetes
antarcticus
131
o
0 C
0.830  0.138
2.3-300μg
40
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
0.971  0.104
10-300μg
66
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
0.976  0.180
5-200μg
42
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
~1.5-3000μg
258
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
132
4-144mg
12-108mg
91
90
NS
NS
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
133
133
134
<1-6mg
6-100mg
35
31
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
0.8-543mg
35
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
135
242-529mg
26
NS
NS
NS
136
0.03-5g
55
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
137
5 C
o
10 C
Arthropoda (spiders)
Geolycosa
godeffroyi
0.816  0.025
Arthropoda (crustaceans)
Armadillidium
vulgare
0.624  0.079
Porcellio laevis 0.709  0.108
Porcellio scaber
Small animals
0.917  0.145
Large animals
0.400  0.147
Arthropoda (insects)
Acheta (Gryllus)
a
domesticus
0.899  0.051
Acheta (Gryllus)
domesticus
0.873  0.307
Blaberus
discoidalis
0.826  0.063
Blattella
germanica
1 – 4 instars
st
th
5 – 6 instars
Dicyrtomina
minuta
th
th
o
0.712  0.280
a
1.285  0.584
a
138
0.9-6.2mg
10.7-25.0mg
6
l
7
m
NS
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
NS
139
0.832  0.091
2.1-150μg
15
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.815  0.174
9-230μg
20
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
15 C
Dixippus
0.955  0.253
10-110μg
14
< 0.05
NS
NS
morosus
Folsomia nana
0.944  0.054
0.1-17.7mg
7
< 0.05
< 0.05
6 C
o
a
n
< 0.05
0.120  1.126
-
8
NS
NS
NS
o
10 C
1.263  0.595
-
8
< 0.05
NS
NS
o
1.594  1.178
-
9
NS
NS
NS
6 C
15 C
Folsomia
quadrioculata
s. Gisin
o
6 C
o
10 C
140
139
139
0.555  0.899
-
9
NS
NS
NS
0.539  0.207
-
14
NS
< 0.05
< 0.05
o
0.780  0.288
-
24
NS
NS
NS
0.394  0.554
-
17
NS
NS
< 0.05
10 C
o
0.672  0.232
-
22
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.965  0.292
-
33
< 0.05
NS
NS
15 C
Folsomia
quadrioculata
s. l.
o
6 C
15 C
Isotomiella
minor
o
139
139
0.843  0.648
-
16
NS
NS
NS
o
10 C
0.113  0.806
-
13
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.994  0.442
-
26
NS
NS
NS
6 C
15 C
Isotomiella
notabilis
o
139
0.831  0.238
1.1-9μg
19
NS
NS
NS
o
10 C
0.717  0.272
1-6μg
27
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.886  0.429
0.8-5.5μg
29
NS
NS
NS
6 C
15 C
Lepidocyrtus
lignorum
o
139
0.844  0.161
-
26
< 0.05
NS
NS
o
10 C
0.895  0.141
-
19
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
15 C
Manduca sexta
Unparasitized
Young larvae
Old larvae
Parasitized
Young larvae
Old larvae
Nemobius
0.732  0.101
-
20
NS
NS
< 0.05
sylvestris
Onychiurus
armatus
0.987  0.065
6 C
141
1.005  0.046
0.666  0.093
4-500 mg
492-8653 mg
180
92
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
0.986  0.038
0.722  0.138
3-680 mg
666-2856 mg
167
52
< 0.05
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS
< 0.05
1.2-80.8mg
20
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
0.821  0.294
2-30μg
16
NS
NS
NS
10 C
o
0.703  0.196
3.5-30μg
22
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
0.809  0.232
2-21μg
19
NS
NS
NS
o
6 C
15 C
Onychiurus
furcifer
o
a
139
139
0.691  0.187
-
29
NS
NS
< 0.05
o
10 C
0.807  0.212
-
28
NS
NS
NS
o
0.785  0.220
-
24
NS
NS
NS
~22
NS
< 0.05
6 C
15 C
Phoracantha
recurva
Phoracantha
semipunctata
0.41  0.31
0.1-0.52g
< 0.05
142
142
o
20 C
0.84  0.38
0.25-0.55g
~18
NS
NS
NS
o
0.75  0.20
0.1-0.52g
~22
NS
NS
< 0.05
30 C
135
Tenebrio
molitor
143
Young larvae
0.864  0.079
a
3.2-94.5mg
25
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
Old larvae
Tomocerus
flavescens
2.049  1.094
a
132.5-237.0mg
8
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
139
1.018  0.128
3-340μg
13
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
10 C
0.991  0.126
3-220μg
20
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
o
0.925  0.133
1.9-300μg
16
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
0.888  0.091
6 C
15 C
Solenopsis
invicta
0.1-17.7mg
187
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
144
a
4.4-382.7mg
42
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
143
a
6.4-296.3mg
30
< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
143
Vanessa io
Vanessa
0.939  0.091
urticae
0.970  0.104
Number of regressions (and number of species)
Number of
showing significant deviations of b from
Taxa or ecological groups
regressions species
2/3
3/4
1.0
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
All vertebrates
67
13
69
14
29
192
21
6
30
8
15
80
42 (18)
6 (4)
25 (16)
9 (6)
12 (7)
94 (51)
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Bryozoa
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordate invertebrates
Pelagic invertebrates
Invertebrates with both
pelagic & benthic lifestyles
Benthic invertebrates
All aquatic invertebrates
Terrestrial invertebrates
All invertebrates
27
6
14
6
22
1
220
149
1
4
39
18
21
1
3
5
7
1
40
56
1
3
26
6
17 (15) 15 (12) 12 (11)
5 (1)
4 (1)
1 (1)
8 (3)
9 (2)
11 (3)
2 (2)
1 (1)
6 (5)
8 (4)
16 (4)
21 (6)
1 (1)
1 (1)
1 (1)
81 (29) 102 (33) 181 (39)
75 (39) 63 (33) 103 (49)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
3 (2)
2 (2)
2 (2)
27 (18) 22 (14)
13 (12)
11 (5)
6 (5)
14 (5)
275
332
118
450
63
95
43
138
111 (45) 134 (43) 238 (62)
149 (68) 162 (62) 265 (79)
51 (28) 51 (27)
73 (38)
200 (96) 213 (89) 338 (117)
All animals
642
218
294 (147) 322 (143) 469 (176)
a
Calculated from data in source.
b
Species grouped together because scaling exponents were not significantly different.
41 (16) 52 (18)
7 (5)
7 (4)
37 (19)
47 (24)
9 (6)
3 (1)
15 (8)
23 (12)
109 (54) 131 (59)
c
Calculated from data in Kleiber (1961).
d
Number of body-mass groups of 20 chicks each, estimated from methods given in Misson (1977).
e
Calculated from data in Mitchell, Card & Haines (1927).
f
Based on data from several studies cited in source.
g
Sample size based on mean values of a total of 412 measurements.
h
Based on respiratory electron-transport activity in relation to larval volume.
i
Based on dry flesh mass.
j
Based on wet mass of soft parts.
k
97.5% confidence intervals as given in source.
l
Number of experiments, which were based on a total of 189 animals.
m
Number of experiments, which were based on a total of 67 animals.
n
Sample size based on mean values of a total of 23 measurements.
Sources: 1-Eccles (1985), 2-Beamish & Mookherjii (1964), 3-Beamish (1964), 4-Wuenschel, Werner & Hoss
(2004), 5-Post & Lee (1996), 6-Finn et al. (2002), 7-O’Hara (1968); 8-Brett & Glass (1973), 9-Oikawa et al.
(1991), 10-Cui & Wootton (1988), 11-Hölker (2003), 12-Caulton (1978), 13-Giguère, Côté & St-Pierre (1988),
14-Xiaojun & Ruyung (1990), 15-Herrmann & Enders (2000), 16-Wohlschlag (1962), 17-Ultsch (1973), 18Dunlap (1969), 19-Hillman & Withers (1979), 20-Bradford (1983), 21-Hughes et al. (1971), 22-Garland & Else
(1987), 23-Bakker & Andrews (1984), 24-Feder & Feder (1981), 25-Garland (1984), 26-John-Adler (1984), 27Maxwell, Jacobson & McNab (2003), 28-Hudson & Bertram (1966), 29-Beuchat & Vleck (1990), 30-DeMarco
(1993), 31-Heusner & Jameson (1981), 32-Roberts (1968), 33-Thompson & Withers (1994), 34-Thompson &
Withers (1997), 35-Wood et al. (1978), 36-Thompson et al. (1995), 37-Thompson & Withers (1992), 38-Zaidan
(2003), 39-Cruz-Neto & Abe (1994), 40-Beaupre & Duvall (1998), 41-Beaupre & Zaidan (2001), 42-Buikema &
Armitage (1969), 43-Abe & Mendes (1980), 44-Davies (1982), 45-Taylor & Davies (1981), 46-Hodum &
Weathers (2003), 47-Kleiber (1961), 48-Misson (1977), 49-Mitchell, Card & Haines (1927), 50-Mitchell &
Haines (1927), 51-Thonney et al. (1976), 52-Bech and Østnes (1999), 53-Burness, Ydenberg & Hochachka
(1998), 54-Scott, Mitchell & Evans (1996), 55-Heusner (1991), 56-Burger & Johnson (1991), 57-Donhoffer
(1986), 58-Heusner (1982), 59-Meerlo et al. (1997), 60-McClure & Randolph (1980), 61-Lee (1939), 62-McLean
& Speakman (2000), 63-Benedict, Horst & Mendel (1932), 64-Horst, Mendel & Benedict (1934), 65-Horst,
Mendel & Benedict (1930), 66-Bolls & Perfect (1972), 67-Brown & Mount (1982), 68-Fuller & Boyne (1972),
69-Larson (1987), 70-Biggs (1977), 71-Kremer (1977), 72-Yamada & Ikeda (2003), 73-Glazier (1991), 74Glazier & Calow (1992), 75-Stephenson & Knight (1980), 76-Epp & Lewis (1979), 77-Epp & Lewis (1980), 78Lasenby & Langford (1972), 79-McEdward (1984), 80-Navarro, Ortega & Iglesias (1987), 81-Shick et al. (1979),
82-Vollmer & Edmunds (2000), 83-Klekowski, Schiemer & Duncan (1979), 84-Klekowski, Wasilewska &
Paplińska (1974), 85-Schiemer & Duncan (1974), 86-Johnson & Brinkhurst (1971), 87-Panov, Mladenova &
Poljakova (1995), 88-Mangum (1972), 89-Hughes & Hughes (1986), 90-Berg, Lumbye & Ockelmann (1958), 91Dye & McGwynne (1980), 92-Hughes (1971), 93-Newell & Roy (1973), 94-Berg & Ockelmann (1959), 95Wesemeier (1960), 96-Duerr (1967), 97-Åkerlund (1969), 98-Huebner (1973), 99-Paine (1971), 100-Stickle
(1973), 101-Bayne & Scullard (1978), 102-Hamburger & Dall (1990), 103-Fitch (1975), 104-Read (1962), 105Dame (1972), 106-Ansell (1973), 107-Kennedy & Mihursky (1972), 108-Holopainen & Ranta (1977b), 109Holopainen & Ranta (1977a), 110-Hughes (1970), 111-Pamatmat (1969), 112-Adcock (1982), 113-Mladenova
(1993), 114-Prasada Rao & Ganapati (1969), 115-Marsden, Newell & Ahsanullah (1973), 116-Herman & Heip
(1982), 117-Teal (1959), 118-Armitage (1962), 119-Weymouth et al. (1944), 120-Edwards (1958), 121-Sweeney
(1978), 122-Nakaya, Saito & Motokawa (2003), 123-Davies & Walkey (1966), 124-Brand & Alling (1962), 125Daly & Matthews (1982), 126-Krüger (1940), 127-De Cuyper & Vanfleteren (1982), 128-Roy (1969), 129-Mason
(1971), 130-Young (1979), 131-Block (1977), 132-Humphreys (1977), 133-Edney (1964), 134-Wieser &
Oberhauser (1984), 135-Krüger (1958), 136-Hack (1997), 137-Birchard & Arendse (2001), 138-Woodland, Hall
& Calder (1968), 139-Petersen (1981), 140-Müller (1942), 141-Dahlman & Herald (1971), 142-Rogowitz &
Chappell (2000), 143-Kittel (1941), 144-Vogt & Appel (1999).
REFERENCES (SOURCES) FOR TABLE 5
ABE, A.S. & MENDES, E.G. (1980). Effect of body size and temperature on oxygen uptake in the water snakes
Helicops modestus and Liophis miliaris (Colubridae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 65A, 367-370.
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