Regional anesthesia and analgesia in critically ill patients: a systematic review.
O.M. Stundner, S.G. Memtsoudis
Table S2 – level of evidence for included studies
Submitted as supplemental digital content.
No
Author, Year
Evid.
a) core search
1
Lu CH et al. Effect of epidural neuraxial blockade-dependent sedation on the
1b
Ramsay Sedation Scale and the composite auditory evoked potentials index in
surgical intensive care patients. J Formos Med Assoc. 2010 Aug;109(8):589-95.
2
Niraj G et al. Application of the transversus abdominis plane
4
block in the intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2009 Jul;37(4):650-2.
3
Karabinis A et al. Ultrasound-guided
5
techniques provide serendipitous diagnostic information in anaesthesia and
critical care patients. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2008 Sep;36(5):748-9.
4
Malchow RJ and Black IH. The evolution of pain management in the critically ill
R
trauma patient: Emerging concepts from the global war on terrorism. Crit Care
Med. 2008 Jul;36(7 Suppl):S346-57
5
Wiebalck A and Grau T. Ultrasound imaging techniques for regional blocks in
R
intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2007 May;35(5 Suppl):S268-74.
6
Evans N, Skowno J, Hodgson E. The anaesthesiologist in the intensive care
R
unit. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2003 Aug;16(4):401-7.
7
Schulz-Stübner S. The critically ill patient and regional anesthesia. Curr
R
Opin Anaesthesiol. 2006 Oct;19(5):538-44.
8
Schulz-Stübner S et al. Regional analgesia in the critically
R
ill. Crit Care Med. 2005 Jun;33(6):1400-7
9
Clark F and Gilbert HC. Regional analgesia in the intensive care unit.
R
Principles and practice. Crit Care Clin. 2001 Oct;17(4):943-66.
10
Burton AW and Eappen S. Regional anesthesia techniques for pain control in the
intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin. 1999 Jan;15(1):77-88, vi.
R
11
Darchy B et al. Clinical and
2b
bacteriologic survey of epidural analgesia in patients in the intensive care
unit. Anesthesiology. 1996 Nov;85(5):988-98.
12
Tobias JD and Rasmussen GE. Pain management and sedation in the pediatric
R
intensive care unit. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1994 Dec;41(6):1269-92.
13
Tobias JD. Continuous femoral nerve block to provide analgesia following
4
femur fracture in a paediatric ICU population. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1994
Oct;22(5):616-8.
14
Rung GW, Marshall WK. Nerve blocks in the critical care environment. Crit
5
Care Clin. 1990 Apr;6(2):343-67.
b) additional studies included
15
Werawatganon T and Charuluxanun S. Patient controlled intravenous opioid
1a
analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia for pain after intra-abdominal
surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(1):CD004088.
16
Richman JM et al. Does continuous peripheral nerve block provide superior pain
1a
control to opioids? A meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2006;102:248-257.
17
Block BM et al. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis.
1a
JAMA 2003;290:2455-2463.
18
Rodgers A et al. Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural
1a
or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials. BMJ
2000;321:1493.
19
Wijeysundera DN et al. Epidural anaesthesia and survival after intermediate-to-
2b
high risk non-cardiac surgery: a population-based cohort study. Lancet
2008;372:562-569.
20
Macfarlane AJ et al. Does regional anaesthesia improve outcome after total hip
1a
arthroplasty? A systematic review. Br J Anaesth 2009;103:335-345.
21
Foss NB et al. Fascia iliaca compartment blockade for acute pain control in hip
1b
fracture patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Anesthesiology
2007;106:773-778.
22
Beaudoin FL et al. Ultrasound-guided femoral nerve blocks in elderly patients with
2b
hip fractures. Am J Emerg Med 2010;28:76-81.
23
Mutty CE et al. Femoral nerve block for diaphyseal and distal femoral fractures in
1b
the emergency department. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89:2599-2603.
24
Elkhodair S, Mortazavi J, Chester A, Pereira M. Single fascia iliaca compartment
2b
block for pain relief in patients with fractured neck of femur in the emergency
department: a pilot study. Eur J Emerg Med 2011;18:340-343.
25
Barker R et al. Femoral nerve blockade administered preclinically for pain relief in
1b
severe knee trauma is more feasible and effective than intravenous metamizole: a
randomized controlled trial. J Trauma 2008;64:1535-1538.
26
Phillips WJ et al. Nerve stimulator-assisted sciatic nerve block for painful
2c
procedures in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2011;29:1130-1135.
27
Chong AK et al. Comparison of forearm and conventional Bier's blocks for
1b
manipulation and reduction of distal radius fractures. J Hand Surg Eur Vol
2007;32:57-59.
28
Frenkel O et al. Supracondylar radial nerve block for treatment of distal radius
4
fractures in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 2011;41:386-388.
29
Blaivas M et al. A prospective comparison of procedural sedation and ultrasound-
1b
guided interscalene nerve block for shoulder reduction in the emergency
department. Acad Emerg Med 2011;18:922-927.
30
Herring AA, et al. Ultrasound-guided suprascapular nerve block for shoulder
4
reduction and adhesive capsulitis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2011;29:963.e1963.e3.
31
Stewart B et al. Emergency department use of a continuous femoral nerve block for
4
pain relief for fractured femur in children. Emerg Med J 2007;24:113-114.
32
Tobias JD. Continuous femoral nerve block to provide analgesia following femur
4
fracture in a paediatric ICU population. Anaesth Intensive Care 1994;22:616-618.
33
Carrier FM et al. Effect of epidural analgesia in patients with traumatic rib
1a
fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Can J Anaesth 2009;56:230-242.
34
Karmakar MK, Critchley LA, Ho AM, Gin T, Lee TW, Yim AP. Continuous
4
thoracic paravertebral infusion of bupivacaine for pain management in patients with
multiple fractured ribs. Chest 2003;123:424-431.
35
Mohta M et al. Prospective, randomized comparison of continuous thoracic
1b
epidural and thoracic paravertebral infusion in patients with unilateral multiple
fractured ribs--a pilot study. J Trauma 2009;66:1096-1101.
36
Osinowo OA et al. Effect of intercostal nerve block with 0.5% bupivacaine on peak
4
expiratory flow rate and arterial oxygen saturation in rib fractures. J Trauma
2004;56:345-347.
37
Keskinbora K and Aydinli I. Perineural morphine in patients with chronic ischemic
1b
lower extremity pain: efficacy and long-term results. J Anesth 2009;23:11-18.
38
Richter A et al. Effect of thoracic epidural analgesia on refractory angina pectoris:
2b
long-term home self-treatment. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2002;16:679-684.
39
Cuignet O et al. The efficacy of continuous fascia iliaca compartment block for
1b
pain management in burn patients undergoing skin grafting procedures. Anesth
Analg 2004;98:1077-81, table of contents.
40
Cuignet O et al. The long-term analgesic efficacy of a single-shot fascia iliaca
1b
compartment block in burn patients undergoing skin-grafting procedures. J Burn
Care Rehabil 2005;26:409-415.
41
Kocum A et al. Femoral and sciatic nerve block with 0.25% bupivacaine for
4
surgical management of diabetic foot syndrome: an anesthetic technique for highrisk patients with diabetic nephropathy. J Clin Anesth 2010;22:363-366.
42
Yohena T et al. Successful treatment of a compromised patient with intractable
4
pneumothorax using a semiflexible thoracofiberscope under local anesthesia: A
case report. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;16:442-444.
43
Cabrini L et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy, a systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol
1a
Scand 2012;56:270-281.
42
Reed AP. Successful transesophageal echocardiography in an unsedated critically
4
ill patient with superior laryngeal nerve blocks. Am Heart J 1991;122:1472-1474.
43
Harris T et al. The use of pre-cannulation local anaesthetic and factors affecting
pain perception in the emergency department setting. Emerg Med J 2001;18:175-
1b
177.
44
Fry C and Aholt D. Local anesthesia prior to the insertion of peripherally inserted
1b
central catheters. J Infus Nurs 2001;24:404-408.
45
Choi S and Brull R. Neuraxial techniques in obstetric and non-obstetric patients
3a
with common bleeding diatheses. Anesth Analg 2009;109:648-660.
46
Wisplinghoff H et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis
2c
of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis
2004;39:309-317.
47
Gritsenko K et al. Meningitis or epidural abscesses after neuraxial block for
2c
removal of infected hip or knee prostheses. Br J Anaesth 2011;108:485-490.
48
Cuvillon P et al. The continuous femoral nerve block catheter for postoperative
2c
analgesia: bacterial colonization, infectious rate and adverse effects. Anesth Analg
2001;93:1045-1049.
49
Nseir S et al. Fatal streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis as a complication of axillary
4
brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth 2004;92:427-429.
50
Adam F et al. Psoas abscess complicating femoral nerve block catheter.
4
Anesthesiology 2003;99:230-231.
51
Pottecher J et al. Does thoracic epidural analgesia improve outcome after lung
2a
transplantation? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2011;12:51-53.
52
Di Gregorio G et al. Clinical presentation of local anesthetic systemic toxicity: a
4
review of published cases, 1979 to 2009. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010;35:181-187.
53
Moore JM et al. Premedication with fentanyl and midazolam decreases the
1b
reliability of intravenous lidocaine test dose. Anesth Analg 1998;86:1015-1017.
54
Benumof JL. Permanent loss of cervical spinal cord function associated with
4
interscalene block performed under general anesthesia. Anesthesiology
2000;93:1541-1544.
55
Visser WA et al. Continuous positive airway pressure breathing increases the
1b
spread of sensory blockade after low-thoracic epidural injection of lidocaine.
Anesth Analg 2006;102:268-271.
56
Visser WA et al. Continuous positive airway pressure breathing increases cranial
2b
spread of sensory blockade after cervicothoracic epidural injection of lidocaine.
Anesth Analg 2007;105:868-871.
57
Casati A et al. Effects of ultrasound guidance on the minimum effective anaesthetic
1b
volume required to block the femoral nerve. Br J Anaesth 2007;98:823-827.
58
Orebaugh SL et al. Adverse outcomes associated with stimulator-based peripheral
2c
nerve blocks with versus without ultrasound visualization. Reg Anesth Pain Med
2009;34:251-255.
59
Neal JM. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and patient safety: An evidence-
1a
based analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010;35:S59-67.
60
Al-mustafa MM et al. The effect of low serum bicarbonate values on the onset of
3b
action of local anesthesia with vertical infraclavicular brachial plexus block in
patients with end-stage renal failure. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2010;21:494-500.
61
Rodriguez J et al. High doses of mepivacaine for brachial plexus block in patients
2b
with end-stage chronic renal failure. A pilot study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001;18:171176.
62
Belyamani L et al. Paraplegia after inadvertent epidural administration of potassium
4
chloride. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2008;27:111-113.
63
Merino I and Perez J. Inadvertent epidural infusion of acetaminophen during
4
labour. Int J Obstet Anesth 2011;20:192-194.
64
Kal JE et al. Inadvertent epidural administration of insulin. Anaesthesia
4
2007;62:621-623.
65
Bajwa SJ et al. Dexmedetomidine and clonidine in epidural anaesthesia: A
1a
comparative evaluation. Indian J Anaesth 2011;55:116-121.
66
Joshi GP et al. A systematic review of randomized trials evaluating regional
1a
techniques for postthoracotomy analgesia. Anesth Analg 2008;107:1026-1040.
67
Kramer S et al. Continuous spinal anesthesia versus continuous femoral nerve
2b
block for elective total knee replacement. Minerva Anestesiol 2011;77:394-400.
68
Abdallah FW et al. Transversus abdominis plane block: a systematic review. Reg
1a
Anesth Pain Med 2012;37:193-209.
69
Niraj G et al. Application of the transversus abdominis plane block in the intensive
4
care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009;37:650-652.
70
Silomon M et al. Interpleural analgesia does not influence postthoracotomy pain.
1b
Anesth Analg 2000;91:44-50.
71
Capdevila X et al. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks in hospital wards after
2b
orthopedic surgery: a multicenter prospective analysis of the quality of
postoperative analgesia and complications in 1,416 patients. Anesthesiology
2005;103:1035-1045.
72
Neuburger M et al. Inflammation and infection complications of 2285 perineural
2b
catheters: a prospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007;51:108-114.
73
Tran DQ and Finlayson RJ. Use of stellate ganglion block to salvage an ischemic
4
hand caused by the extravasation of vasopressors. Reg Anesth Pain Med
2005;30:405-408.
74
Bindra A et al. Stellate ganglion block for relieving vasospasms after coil
4
embolization of basilar tip aneurysms. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2011;23:379.
75
Jain V et al. Stellate ganglion block for treatment of cerebral vasospasm in patients
2b
with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage - A preliminary study. J Anaesthesiol
Clin Pharmacol 2011;27:516-521.
76
Patel RA et al. Left stellate ganglion blockade for the management of drug-resistant
4
electrical storm. Pain Med 2011;12:1196-1198.
77
Loyalka P et al. Left stellate ganglion block for continuous ventricular arrhythmias
during percutaneous left ventricular assist device support. Tex Heart Inst J
2011;38:409-411.
1a = systematic review of randomized, controlled trials
1b = individual randomized, controlled trial
2a = systematic review of cohort studies
2b = individual cohort study (including low-quality RCT)
2c = outcomes research
4
3a = systematic review of case-control study
3b = individual case-control study
4 = case series, case report
5 = expert opinion
R = review