SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF
URBANIZATION IN PAKISTAN
T E H S E E N A H M E D , D R . I Q B A L PA N H WA R , D R . TAY YA B A Z A R I F
INTRODUCTION
• There are many advantages as well as disadvantages of Urbanization, includes the traffic
jams, surge in crimes, unemployment and poverty. The capacity of opportunities for jobs and
education are limited, in the same context the capacity in hospitals, schools, buses, trains and
other foods and services are limited for urban population. On the contrary, there are many
advantages includes the support to economy in shape of small businesses and cheap
manpower, the availability of the labor and other services increases. The most of the services
specially, the drivers, maids, mochi, teachers and sales staff in cities belong to the rural areas.
• Currently, maximum share of the urbanization prevails on Karachi, called the mini Pakistan.
The people from every region, every language, religion and cast is available in Karachi. In the
same, the human life in the city is quite disturbed due to political and religious turmoil. The
rates of crime, murders trend and snatching is very high in Karachi as compare to other cities
in Pakistan. This is due to the unavailability of the resources like employment, education;
health and discrimination that ultimately indulge youngsters in controvert activities.
LITERATURE REVIEW
• The bread-and-butter foundations of bent amends were developed by Beccaria (1767) and
addition antecedent of absorption in economics of crimes is emerged from the acclaimed
atypical Crime and Punishment by Dostoevsky (1866).
• The role of assets on the bent activities is empiric by Fleisher (1966). The columnist argued
that assets have two accessible furnishings on bent behavior. An accepted appeal ancillary
aftereffect is absolute and accepted accumulation ancillary aftereffect is negative. Appeal
ancillary after effect is that if humans accept college incomes again there is abatement in bent
behavior. The accumulation ancillary aftereffect is that if there are added assets in the
abridgement and humans wish to get that money through bent behavior. He estimated that
appeal ancillary aftereffect is added than the accumulation ancillary aftereffect that is if there
is 1 % access in assets again the abomination decreases by 2.5%.
LITERATURE REVIEW
• Considering 177 regions, authors estimated the abstracted models of acreage and agitated
crimes and argued that if the neighbors of urban areas are poors again there is added
adventitious of crimes in urban areas.
• In Pakistan urbanization is an austere amount because in 2030 urban citizenry will
acceleration by 140% about (Haider 2006). The columnist argued that this blazon of fast
advance in urbanization will actualize unemployment in adolescence and change the
apperception of humans appears crimes. Urbanization is not bad in itself because humans
accept the appropriate to advance their active accepted and acquisition acceptable jobs which
is added in urban areas.
HYPOTHESIS
• Social Variables
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H1: There is positive influence of Murders on Urbanization in Pakistan
H2: There is positive relationship between Urbanization and Kidnapping
H3: There is positive relationship between Urbanization and Decoity
H4: There is positive relationship between Urbanization and Robbery
H5: There is positive influence of Cattle Theft on Urbanization in Pakistan
H6: There is positive influence of other thefts on Urbanization in Pakistan
• Economic Variables
• H7: There is positive influence of Per Capita GNP on Urbanization in Pakistan
• H8: There is positive relationship between Unemployment and Urbanization in Pakistan
• H9: There is positive relationship between Inflation and Urbanization in Pakistan
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• This study is quantitative by nature and secondary by function whereas exploratory by type.
To conduct this research, we choose the exploratory design where we are exploring the
impacts of urbanization. We collected the data of a decade from year 2002 to 2012 from
various resources including the World Bank and Sindh high court.
• To check the integrity of the collected data, we examined the figures by Reliability Test
through SPSS that provides the reliable cronbech beta subsequently we tests the relationship
of dependent and independent variables through Linear Regression and Pearson Correlation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• Overall model revealed the significant results with 2.825
Durbin Watson. However, the model explained maximum part
with 91% R Square whereas the standard error is nearly 14%.
The adjusted R Square of the model is 0.908.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• There is positive influence of Murders on Urbanization
in Pakistan
• The relationship of murders with urbanization is quite significant with positive 1.596 Beta
with the 6.019 t statistics, whereas the Pearson’s correlation reflects the 91.3% dependence of
murders on urbanization. These results are very stunned that rate of murders in Pakistan is
due to the urbanization. However, the results are based on the historical data of the country.
• There is positive relationship between Urbanization and
Kidnapping
• The results of regressions are significant at 1% and reflect the negative relationship between
kidnapping in the cities and urbanization with -0.174 whereas slope of the relationship is 1.663. The result shows that whenever movement of inhabitants in cities increases the
kidnapping decreases. Additionally, the Pearson’s correlation reveals the 91.12% positive
relationship.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• There is positive relationship between Urbanization and
Decoity
• This hypothesis also tested through same methodology and results revealed the negative
relationship with -0.411 whereas t statistics reflects the -2.611. Furthermore, the relationship
is significant with 0.011 levels.
• Furthermore, another relationship tool, the correlation reflects the 87.37% positive
relationship between urbanization and decoity.
• There is positive relationship between Urbanization and
Robbery
• This relationship is also the significant with 0.264 levels with positive beta 0.124 whereas t statistics
reveals the 1.125 relationship. Furthermore, the correlation also reveals the 82.60% positive
relationship. It means that urbanization influence the robberies in urban areas with 12.4% efficiency.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• There is positive influence of Cattle Theft on Urbanization
in Pakistan
• This hypothesis also reflects the expected relationship with 0.023 levels of significance whereas
beta of the relationship is positive 0.112 that slope is 2.310. Furthermore, the correlation of the
relationship also revealed the positive relationship with 24.44% results. This is the unexpected
results because mostly cattle exists in rural areas and their possibility that cattle theft increase and
forwarded to urban areas that ultimately impact the increment in urbanization as well.
• There is positive influence of other thefts on Urbanization in Pakistan
• The relationship between urbanization and other thefts, including the money, wallets equipment and
mobile snatching also reflects the positive results with 0.544 beta where the slope is 3.096 with
0.003 levels of significance. Moreover, the relationship of same variables on correlation reflects the
91.09% positive results. This is due to the more population of inhabitants against urbanization
where opportunities are limited, that creates the gap of employment and leads to the thefts and other
crimes.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• There is positive influence of Per Capita GNP on Urbanization in
Pakistan
• The results of this hypothesis revealed the expected results with .032 levels of significance where positive
relationship with 0.472 and
2.180 slope exists. The results of correlation with same variables reveal the
22.1% results. These results are the symbol of contribution of urbanized population in economic growth of the
country.
• There is positive relationship between Unemployment and
Urbanization in Pakistan
• The relationship between unemployment and urbanization is significant with 0.428 where beta is positive 0.012
with 0.796 t statistics. The correlation reflects the -18.31% negative relationship. The contribution of
urbanization in unemployment is due to the limited opportunities with increasing trend of urbanization and the
lack of effective quota system by the private sectors as well.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• There is positive relationship between Inflation and
Urbanization in Pakistan
• The level of significance for relationship between inflation and urbanization is 0.485 whereas the
beta of the relationship is negative -0.001 with -0.701slope. Furthermore, the correlation of the
same variables reflects the positive results with 10.95% relationship. This reflects that urbanization
is a tool to control the inflation that may be uses with different policies and infrastructure of the
government. Furthermore, it proves that urbanized population is participating in economic
development of the country.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
• The overall results reflect that there are more negative impacts for country due to urbanization
as compare to positive impacts because of the high weighted positive results of hypothesis as
compare to the negative. The authorities and policy makers should consider the increasing
rates of crimes and unemployment as well while making the policies. There should be
effective controls especially for crimes and unemployment in view of increasing trends of
urbanization.
• Furthermore, I recommend an additional primary research to know the views of inhabitants
regarding discrimination on quota system and hiring policies of public and private sectors.