The Industrial Revolution
Modern World History
≈ 1760 - 1850
A Background
- The Industrial Revolution occurred in England
from about 1760 to 1850
- At this point in time, England was prime for
change:
- Improving medical technologies meant
that there were…
- Lower infant mortality rates
- Generally longer lifespans
- This led to a huge increase in population
- Advances in agriculture made food and raw
materials easier to produce
Changes in Technology
Several changes in technology drove the
Industrial Revolution forward.
- 1775 - James Watt perfects
his replicating steam engine
- Originally used to remove
coal from mines
- By 1780 the steam engine
was applied to factories
- Watt’s invention
revolutionized the textile
industry, and led to the
creation of the modern
factory.
Other Innovations
- John Kay invents the flying shuttle - doubles a weaver’s
production
- Lewis Paul’s roller spinner
- James Hargreaves creates the Spinning Jenny - weavers can
now spin dozens of threads at once
- Richard Arkwright invents the water frame - reduces the
expense of yarn, and the carding engine - creates wool more
quickly
These innovations all
contributed to the increase
in industry. They made
production of textiles,
especially wool, easier,
cheaper, and faster.
Transportation
- The creations of canals linked cities by water transport
- Road travel was still far from what we see now though.
- Carrier carts, stage coaches, and pack carts
transported common people, the rich, and large hauls
of goods.
- The greatest innovation in
transportation during the
Industrial Revolution was the
locomotive
- Powered by James Watt’s
steam engine the locomotive
made it easy to get from
industrialized city to
industrialized city, and also
helped spread English
innovations across Europe.
The Factory
The Working Class
EP Thompson states: “The Factory Movement, in its early
stages, represented less a growth of middle-class
humanitarianism than an affirmation of human rights by the
workers themselves”
- For the first time, there was a working class
- Prior to this, there had been an upper class,
and a lower class, and, in some cases, a
bourgeoisie.
- EP Thompson says that “The English
Working Class was present at its own making”.
- What does he mean by this?
- How is a factory worker different from an
agrarian worker? How is it different from a
member of the bourgeoisie?
Working Conditions
- Prior to 1760, most people worked at family
farms, or worked a trade from their homes
- However, factories were cheaper, more efficient,
and produced higher quality materials
- By 1800, the vast majority of people, both
adults and children, men and women, were
employed at a factory.
- Factories provided jobs, and created a way
for the “peasant farmer” to save money.
Class Activity
• PART 1
• Using the chart on the white board,
have each member of your team
reproduce the image taped there.
• Each team-mate should draw the
image in their own square.
• Try to make your picture be as similar
to the original as possible.
Class Activity
• PART 2
• In your notebooks, answer…
• 1. Do all the pictures from your
group look the same?
• 2. Is there a faster way you can
make the picture look more
uniform?
Class Activity
• PART 3
• Assign each member of your group one
TASK.
• One group mate should be in charge of
drawing the head-shape, one draw the
nose, the ears, etc.
• Each group mate should have a
different task.
• Now, take turns going to the board –
have each team mate draw their item on
all of the faces for your group.
Class Activity
• Response
• Read the information at the top of the
Division of Labor worksheet, and think
of how this activity today was similar to
how division of labor worked in
American factories.
Working Conditions
- However…
-The conditions in the factories were not well regulated,
and factories were highly dangerous.
- In the metropolitan cities, the average age of death,
which had gone down because of medical advances,
suddenly went up.
- In Liverpool, the average age of death was 17
- In Manchester, you were lucky to see 15
- Even if you survived, many workers became disfigured
because of the conditions
- By 1830, it was taken for granted that the “average”
industrial worker’s growth was stunted.
- Other common ailments were back hunches, bent
fingers, bald patches, and, in extreme cases, missing
limbs.
Child Labor
- In the factories,
children worked
alongside their parents.
- They were expected to
work the same amount
of hours as an adult
worker
- Factories were
especially dangerous for
children
- Children as young as
four were put to work
crawling under looms,
picking up lint.
Child Labor Cont.
- Child labor was not new.
- Kids worked alongside their parents at home, helping with
chores, agriculture, and other tasks.
- Children of tradesman often worked with their parents,
helping card wool, for example.
What’s the difference between
having a child work at a factory,
and having one work at home?
Child Labor Cont.
- At home, parents could oversee their children
-The work was hard, but it was regulated
-Helping their parents at their at-home trade was less
monotonous
-Children weren’t expected to do the same task for hours on
end
- However, industrialization made it harder to make a living at a
trade, or as a farmer
-The children who would work alongside the parents at
home now worked alongside them at the factories
- Children became additional wage earners, providing for the
family like their parents were.
So, was Child Labor during the
Industrial Revolution okay?
The Factory (Continued)
- The Commercial Revolution introduced the ideas of
Capitalism to the working class.
- For the first time, individuals could control how things were
produced.
- This was the start of the entrepreneur.
- Individuals could borrow from banks and re-pay them later. This
meant that they could start companies and open businesses.
- During the Industrial Revolution, there were two forms of
Capitalism.
- Commercial Capitalism
- Merchants (mostly pre-industrial Revolution) who
bought and sold goods produced by others.
- Industrial Capitalism
-Produced and manufactured the goods themselves.
New to the Industrial Revolution.
The Factory (Continued)
- Industrial Capitalism is characterized by the factory system.
- Before the Industrial Revolution, you needed to be skilled
in the whole process of making an item.
- For example, if a person wanted to create a shirt, they
would have to take the wool, card it, spin it, dye it,
weave it, and only then make the shirt.
- During the Industrial Revolution, with the rise of the factory
system, there was no longer a market for individual skilled
workers.
- Instead, division of labor divided the manufacturing
process into a series of easy steps.
- Because a large amount of items could be produced
very quickly, with little labor, the cost of these items
dropped.
The Factory (Continued)
- The Industrial Revolution quickly
spread to the United States.
- Eli Whitney was an American
inventor.
- Born in Westborough,
Massachusetts
- Wanted to go to college, and
worked as a farmer and
schoolteacher to save money.
- Attended Yale
- After college, Whitney planned to
go to South Carolina to be a tutor,
however, he got sidetracked at a
friend’s farm, and there had the
idea to start a business.
- Whitney first factory made
muskets.
The Factory (Continued)
- Eli Whitney created a
system of
interchangeable parts to
make the production of
the muskets
standardized.
- Before this point,
muskets had been handmade, and each gun was
slightly different.
-Whitney created machinery that produced identical, easily
replaceable parts.
-This machinery, with interchangeable parts, meant that Whitney
could use division of labor.
-This meant that Whitney’s muskets were produced very quickly, and
in large numbers. These guns could also be easily repaired.
The Factory (Continued)
- Eli Whitney’s most famous invention was not the use of
interchangeable parts, but rather, the cotton gin.
- The cotton gin is a machine that cleans seeds from raw
cotton.
- Before this point, processing cotton was tedious - people
had to individually pick out all of the seeds.
- The cotton gin helped
increase the production of
cotton from less than
500,000 pounds in 1793 to
93 million pounds by
1810.
- Thanks to this invention,
cotton became the US’s
main export.
Cotton Gin Controversy
- The Cotton gin helped bring America into the industrialized
world. It increased trade with Europe and made America a
trade power.
- However, it also helped boost the slave trade in America,
and the use of slave labor in general.
- Ironically, the cotton gin, designed as a labor-saving device,
increased the use of slavery.
- Cotton could be cleaned faster, but not picked faster, and
so slave labor increased in the southern US.
Do Now: Mini Essay - 3 paragraphs
What impact did the cotton gin have on history?
Was it positive or negative?
Does the advancement to American society balance the
increase in slave labor?
Other Advancements
- Other advancements to the factory system continued to
make things faster, cheaper, and easier.
- Key to the advancements in the factories was mass
production - being able to produce large amounts of
identical items.
- The Assembly Line was introduced in the late 1800s.
- Before this point, each part was produced
individually, then assembled piece by piece, one
complete item at a time.
- An Assembly Line, in contrast, had the pieces fitted
together as they were produced.
- This again made production faster and easier!
Henry Ford
- The Assembly Line was
made popular by Henry
Ford - an American
entrepreneur.
- Ford saw the potential of
the assembly line in building
automobiles.
- On Ford’s assembly line,
the metal frame of the car
would travel down a
conveyor belt. Each worker
it passed added one of the
thousands of small parts
that the car needed.
- This mass production
made it so that average
families could have cars!
Ford used to say: “You
can get the Model T in
any color you like, as
long as it’s black!”
Assembly Lines
- Mass production on the assembly lines wasn’t
just used for cars.
- Soon after the assembly
line became popular, mass
production became the
standard for creating
clothes, furniture,
machinery… practically
anything.
- This increase in the
factory use led to the rise
of the corporation. Not
just individually owned
factories, but franchises.
Rise of the Corporation
- Before the Industrial Revolution there were two major
types of businesses
- A sole proprietorship is owned by one person.
- A partnership is a business owned by 2 or 3 people.
- In both cases, the owners were responsible for
business debts (even if they were very large).
- These businesses usually had only a few
employees, and so could not produce things as fast
as large companies.
- The Industrial Revolution created the Corporation.
- By the 1800s, corporations were growing.
Rise of the Corporation
- A Corporation is a business where shareholder buy stock
in the company.
- Because shareholders “own” part of the company,
they also get representation in the organization sometimes a member on the board.
- Shareholders receive dividends according to how
well the company does.
- Unlike a proprietorship, each investor is limited to
the amount they invest.
- If something goes wrong with the company, no
one will go bankrupt!
- This made corporations really popular for
investors.
Rise of the Corporation
- By the late 1800s, corporations were getting larger.
- 1901: J.P. Morgan (and associates) formed the United
States Steel Company - the first multi-billion dollar
corporation.
- Making a company bigger did not necessarily
increase profits!
- Until this point, factories that mass produced
goods could sell them for a reasonable price, and
make a profit.
- However, sometimes a market would be flooded
with goods, which forced prices to go down.
- This also increased competition between
companies selling similar things.
Rise of the Corporation
- Because of the issue of flooding the
market, smaller businesses started losing
money. Often the owners had to sell the
businesses to larger corporations.
- The size of corporations were growing,
however, there were also fewer
corporations because of this competition.
- This led to monopolies in certain
industries.
- J. P. Morgan’s company became one
of the first monopolies.
- If different organizations combined to
create a monopoly, with varied goods,
it was called a cartel.
Other Economic Theories
- Adam Smith publishes his theories about
economics in 1776.
- His book The Wealth of Nations talks
about the natural economic laws in
society.
- According to Smith, there are two laws
that govern all economies…
- Law of Supply and Demand
- Producers of items will sell items for
as long as customers want it. Once the
market is saturated, the Law of
Competition comes in.
- Law of Competition
- Prices will be kept down by
companies competing for business.
Other Economic Theories
- Smith was the first to talk
about the idea of free
enterprise.
- Free enterprise: laborers
have jobs, investors and
owners make profits, and
buyers receive better
goods at cheaper prices.
- Another important theory of
Smith’s is the Invisible Hand
of the Economy.
Do you think Invisible Hand
theory is accurate? What does
it say about today’s economy?
- This says that the
economy is self-correcting
and self regulating, and
will always recover.
Other Economic Theories
- The Iron Law of Wages
- Published in 1817 by
David Ricardo.
- The Iron Law of
Wages says that when
labor is plentiful, wages
are low. When labor is
scarce, wages get
higher.
- The more people who
can work, the less they
will get paid.
This theory says that
workers are always poor,
and always suffering.
This theory became known
as “dismal science”.
Lassiez-Faire Economy
- These theories of economics led
to a policy called lassiez-faire.
- This literally means “leave things
alone” or, “let do”.
- In a lassiez-faire economy, the
market controls production of
goods.
- Before this, production guilds
and governments controlled what
items were produced.
- Lassiez-faire economics is what
most western countries have
today.
This stared
causing problems
though. People
realized that
things can’t be left
entirely alone.
Humanitarians
urged reforms, in
order to improve
the lives of the
workers.
Reforms
-> Social critics began writing
about conditions in
workhouses and factories,
and suggesting changes
to economic problems.
-> Charles Dickens wrote
David Copperfield about
child workers, and Oliver
Twist about the London
crime underworld.
- Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin wrote against
materialism and published their essays.
- Jeremy Bentham wrote about utilitarianism.
- According to Utilitarianism, a law was good, and useful,
if it led to the “greatest good for the greatest number”.
Reforms
-> According to Utilitarianism, a law was
good, and useful, if it led to the “greatest
good for the greatest number”.
- How do you think Utilitarianism applies to
the Industrial Revolution? Do you think it is a
good philosophy for today’s economy?
- Answer these questions in your notebook
right now. It should only take a few minutes!
The Rise of Socialism
-> At first, during the Industrial Revolution,
everyone seemed to benefit.
-> Workers were making more money
-> Business owners were making a profit
-> Goods were cheaper, and easier to
afford.
- However, with the rise of the corporation,
there started to be a discrepancy.
-> Now, a few people became enormously
rich, while most remained poor.
The Rise of Socialism
-> Under laissez-faire
economy, the market should
regulate itself.
- However, this led to some
people being able to make far
more money than others.
-> Some people started to
argue that laissez-faire
capitalism was not the best
economic system.
- These people looked for
reform - they said that the
government needed to step in
and “remedy inequalities”.
Socialism
Under socialism,
governments own the
means of production
(the companies) and
operate them for the
benefit of all people.
The key to socialism
is removing the
motive of profit.
The Rise of Socialism
- These early socialists
believed that everyone,
not just the owners of
the corporations, had a
right to equal share of
the profits.
UTOPIAN SOCIALISTS
Utopian socialists recognized that socialism would work
best in small group settings.
In this situation, everyone would share ownership of the
companies, and get equal profits.
This type of model community is called an Utopia.
The Rise of Socialism
-> The most influential utopian socialist
was British entrepreneur Robert Owen.
- Owen quit school at age 10. By age
20, he and some partners
had bought a spinning factory.
-> Owen believed that if people lived
in a good environment, they would no
longer be selfish - they would work for
the greater good of the group.
- Owen helped his workers - he made sure they had good
homes, could buy clothes and food, and had schools for their
kids.
- He also encouraged his workers to form unions.
-> These cooperative communities were Utopian societies the ideal of utopian socialism.
The Rise of Socialism
- However, some people were not
content with modifying the capitalist
system.
-> Karl Marx was a German journalist
and social critic, and the founder of a
new form of socialism.
- Marx began writing against
capitalism. These views made him
unpopular, and so he moved to
London.
-> Marx’s early work Das Kapital was
a criticism of a flawed capitalist
system.
-> With Freidrich Engels, Marx
published the Communist Manifesto.
The Rise of Socialism
- In Communist Manifesto, Marx and
Engels summarized human history:
“The history of all …existing
society is the history of class
struggles.”
- How can you apply this summary
to what we have discussed so far
this year?
- What major events have we
discussed that were triggered by
class struggles?
- Write in your notebook!
The Rise of Socialism
- Marx claimed that each state of
history involved some kind of
inequality, and therefore some kind
of struggle.
- Marx explained that, in the case of
the Industrial Revolution, there was
a class difference that caused
stress.
Marx said that the class struggle of
the 1800s was between the
proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The
proletariat was the working class, the
bourgeoisie were the
factory/company owners.
EVOLUTION OF A
TERM
- Where have we
seen the word
“bourgeoisie” before?
- What did it mean
then?
- What does it mean
now, the way Marx
uses it?
The Rise of Socialism
- Marx said that all wealth was created by labor.
-> Capitalism = laborer only receives small fraction
of the wealth.
-> Most of the wealth goes to the factory owners
(bourgeoisie).
-> In this situation, Marx theorized that the
proletariat would eventually band together and
overthrow the bourgeoisie.
- In these cases, the proletariat would have to
establish a dictatorship until the bourgeoisie would
“educated” enough to accept socialism.
The Rise of Socialism
PURE COMMUNISM
The final stage of Marx’s
predicted society was called
Pure Communism.
The government would
“wither away”, leaving the
people to regulate
themselves.
Marx believed Pure
Communism was the
inevitable outcome of
human history.
The “hammer and sickle”
was created during the
Bolshevik revolution (1917).
Why would the party use
this symbol?
How is it related to
communism?
Summary of Marx
- In Das Kapital, Marx published these theories about
communism versus capitalism.
-> Marx believed that a communist is a person who
believes people can work together, and live
cooperatively, without being forced to.
- Marx also believed that this was the eventual
historical outcome of civilized societies.
-> Marx’s version of Socialism is called “Scientific
Socialism”.
- He believed that it was the natural historical
outcome of an educated society.
Summary of Marx
“From each according to his
abilities, to each according to
his needs.”
In Your Notebooks
Respond to this question.
What do you think it means?
Do you think it is fair?
How would it change society
today, if we followed this idea?
- Will be collected by end of
class.
Scientific Socialism
Industrial +
Capitalistic societies
would lead to a huge
divide between
proletariat and
bourgeoisie. The
proletariat would rise
up, take over,
educate the
bourgeoisie, and then
all would live in a
perfect communist
society.
Variations of Socialism
- Marx’s socialism is an ideal society, a form of Utopia.
- His ideas inspired other forms of socialism, which
sprung up in different societies.
-> COMMUNISM / AUTHORITARIAN SOCIALISM
-> Radical thinkers. Believed that the only way to
instate socialism was for a revolution to overthrow
the government, and socialism to be established by
force. The government would own all means of
production, and control economic planning.
- Today, we see this government in China, North
Korea, Vietnam, and many South American
countries. Russia was also Communist, but is now a
Republic.
Variations of Socialism
-> DEMOCRATIC
SOCIALISM
-> Moderate thinkers.
Believed that socialism
could develop gradually
through education and
democratic government.
- This is why there are
still socialist parties in
modern democratic
societies.
Preview. . .
-> Marx’s ideas will spread
throughout the industrialized
world…
-> They will take root
especially in Russia, where
an unhappy working class
(proletariat) will see socialism
as an ideal government.
- This leads to the October
Revolution, in Russia (1917).
The socialist proletariat (led
by the Bolsheviks) rebel
against what they saw as an
oppressive bourgeoisie.
Preview. . .
- The Bolsheviks establish a
socialist government creating the Soviet Union.
- The Soviet Union would
spread communism
throughout Eastern Europe,
and Asia.
- The Cold War (1946-1991)
would involve the USA in an
ideological war, pitting
communism against
democracy.
Sick Clubs and Unions
-> Eventually, the
industrial workers
created unions
-> Unions began as
“sick clubs” - groups
of workers who
agreed to support
each other if they
couldn’t work.
- This early form of
job security helped
improve working
conditions. If the
workers weren’t
happy, they could
strike.
Luddites
- Some groups took more extreme action
against unfair wages, and working conditions
-> The Luddites were more organized than
the trade unions, and weren’t afraid to use
force.
-> 1811: The first Luddite Movement begins
in Nottingham.
-The Luddites begin destroying the
frames (looms) of factory owners who
had cheated the workers.
-The original Luddites were non-violent focusing on getting back at the unjust
owners, and not on hurting them.
- However, the second round of Luddism
(Yorkshire Luddism) was more violent,
and led to riots, and serious injuries.
Methodism
-> With the rise of Industrialism came the rise of
Methodism.
-> Methodism was founded in England by John
Wesley
- This is known as the Wesleyan revival
-> Methodism was based on the ideals of hard
work, and of rejecting pleasure.
- Methodists were only “saved” for so long as they
didn’t sin. They needed to “maintain grace by serving
the church, through a Methodical discipline in every
aspect of life [and] above all, in labour itself,”
(Thompson). It was always possible to “backslide”,
and regress into sin.
Methodism Cont.
- Methodism became widely popular in the English Working
Class
- The beliefs of Methodism were directly parallel to that of
the Working Class
-> Additionally, Methodist founded the first Sunday Schools
-> For many children (and adults) the Sunday Schools were
the only education they received
- At the Sunday Schools, students were taught how to read
and write.
-Sunday Schools ultimately began to stop teaching
anything other than Methodism.
- However, Sunday Schools did positively impact the
community, and Methodism provided a way for the
Working Class to socialize outside of the factory.
Advances: Electricity
- 1820: Michael Faraday - English scientist.
- Connects magnetism to electricity, but
still does not know how to harness it.
- 1840s: First lightbulbs are produced, but
they are ineffective and burn out after only a
few minutes.
-> 1882: Thomas Edison - American inventor
- Creates a lightbulb that lasts for two
days.
- Later will perfect the lightbulb, creating
what is basically the modern bulb.
- Electricity becomes standard.
- Electric motors replace steam engines
in companies.
- Hydroelectric plants are created to
harness water energy into electricity.
Advances: Communication
- 1870s: Alexander Graham Bell uses wires
to transmit a human voice.
-> 1876: Bell patents the telephone.
- 1873: James Clark Maxwell theorizes that
there are electromagnetic waves that can
transmit information.
- 1880s: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz proves the
existence of these waves.
- 1895: Guglielmo Marconi discovers how to
use radio waves to transmit information.
- 1901: Marconi sends the first telegraph
message from ship to shore.
-> Marconi is often credited with
inventing the radio, but it was the work of
many scientists. He shares a Nobel prize
with Karl Ferdinand Braun for the radio.
Marconi vs. Bell
- But who do you think is more influential today?
MARCONI
Invented the
Telegraph
- First time
messages are
sent without
wires.
- Creates the radio, means that
now messages and music can
be sent through the air.
BELL
Invented the
telephone
- The telephone
is still in use
today!
- Began a chain
of advancement
that led to most Americans
today owning a phone.
Marconi vs. Bell
Think about it this way….
How would your
life be different
without Marconi
or Bell?
MARCONI
Telegraph/Radio
Modern version:
Email, text messages,
IM - Skype, gtalk, radio,
ipods/mp3 players…
BELL
Telephone
Modern version:
the cell phone,
voice messages.
Advances in Science
-Evolution
-> Before the Industrial Revolution, most people believed that
every animal had been created separately, and at one time.
Lamarck’s theory of
Inheritance
- Lamarck suggested
that traits in an animal
became permanent
only if they were used.
MARCONI
Telegraph/Radio
Modern version:
Email, text messages,
IM - Skype, gtalk, radio,
ipods/mp3 players…
- He thought that traits
could be gained or
increased during an
animal’s lifetime, and
passed to its
offspring.
Advances in Science
-Evolution
-> Charles Darwin writes Origin of
Species
The Peppered Moth
-Industrial Revolution
leads to more soot on
-> Proposes the idea of Natural
the trees/buildings.
Selection: “Survival of the Fittest”.
The buildings get
- Lamarck’s theory is disproved. Darwin’s
darker.
Theory of Evolution becomes widely
supported.
- White peppered
moths are easy to
spot, and get
killed/eaten.
- Black peppered
moths survive,
become more
common.
Advances in Science
- Darwin
- Even though Darwin knew all
about inherited traits and all
about survival of the fittest he
still chose to marry his first
cousin.
-He was very
depressed
when he
noticed some
of his kids
were sickly,
and when one
of his
daughters died
very young.
Genetics
Darwin did not know how
the traits were passed on.
The man who figured this
out was a monk called
Gregor Mendel.
Mendel figured out that the
peas, had linked traits, that
he could control.
Advances in Science
- Albert Einstein
->1905: Einstein
develops his theory of
relativity
- Comes up with the
speed of light
- Relative motion
- E = Mc2
- Time as the fourth
dimension…
- Einstein’s theories are
still being used today - in
cosmology, space travel,
and relativity.
Other Advances
-> Use of anesthetics and
antiseptics during surgery
-> Atomic theory
-> Psychology
- Pavlov and his dogs
- Freud and his analyses
- Creation of suburbs - people
moving out of the cities
- Increase in public education,
and education for women
- Advancements in art,
culture, society, and music
These
advancements
added to a feel of
change - called Fin
de Siècle: “Turn of
the Century”.
At the beginning of
the 1900s, society,
culture, science,
medicine… literally
everything was more
advanced!
Imperialism
-> This feeling of
advancement, and of cultural
superiority, led to a way of
thinking called Imperialism.
-> Imperialism is the idea
that your culture is more
advanced than any others,
and it is your responsibility to
take over other societies, and
teach them.
- This led to several
conflicts…
- Scramble for Africa
- Opium Wars
- Industrialization of Japan