Contemporary World:
International Relations & Organisations
第5單元: 國際關係理論:
自由主義vs.現實主義
Unit 5: Theories of International Relations:
Liberalism vs. Realism
Lecturer: Dr. Kao Pei-Shan
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當代世界各項課題
(Topics in Contemporary World)
•國際合作(International Cooperation) vs.
國際衝突(International Conflicts)
•自由貿易(Free Trade Issues) vs.
貿易競爭(Trade Disputes)
•相互依賴(Interdependence) vs.
權力平衡(Balance of Power)
•絕對增益(Absolute Gains) vs.
相對增益(Relative Gains)
自由主義(Liberalism) vs.現實主義(Realism)
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Example of International Cooperation (2)
Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA日本國際合作處)
•The JICA is founded in 1974 as a bridge between the
people of Japan and developing countries.
•It aims to advance international cooperation
through the sharing of knowledge and experience
and will work to build a more peaceful and
prosperous world . Its headquarter is in Tokyo.
• Current Projects in Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia,
Bolivia, Angola, Chad, Central America, Kenya,
Indonesia and Iran, ect.
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International Crisis Group (ICG 國際危機小組)
*It is an independent, non-profit, non-governmental
organisation established in 1995, with some 140 staff
members on five continents, working to prevent
conflict worldwide.
(國際危機小組成立於1995年；為一非營利非政府組
織。全球五大洲共有工作人員140名)
*It’s headquarter is in Brussels. It currently covers
nearly 60 areas of actual or potential conflict across
four continents. For instance, in Africa, Asia, Europe,
in Latin America.
(國際危機小組總部位於比利時布魯塞爾； 工作遍
及4大洲61個區域)
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3. Interdependence (相互依賴 )vs.
Balance of Power (權力平衡)
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye
(哈佛大學政治學教授基歐漢與奈伊提出):
Interdependence = ‘mutual dependence’
 ‘interconnectedness’ = merely interactions which do not
have significant costly effects
‘dependence’ = ‘a state of being determined or
significantly affected by external forces.’
Interdependence ≠ ‘dependence’ nor ‘
interconnectedness’
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Balance of Power (權力平衡)
•A Doctrine of Equilibrium (均勢原則):
做為一國外交政策時，目標在於使相互競爭的各方
勢力處於一穩定相互牽制之局面，不使任何一方過
於強大而打破均勢破壞穩定。
• Example 1: Cross-Strait Relations
(台海權力平衡)
•Example 2: Soviet-US Relations in the ColdWar Period (冷戰時期美國與蘇聯關係):
Mutually Assured Destruction (恐怖平衡、互相保證毀滅)
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自由主義 vs. 現實主義
Liberalism vs. Realism
*Neoliberalism-derived from Liberalism,
scholars such as Robert Keohane, Joseph Nye
devoted their work to this approach.
(新自由主義大師以基歐漢與奈伊為主要代表)
*Neorealism-developed from Realism,
Kenneth Waltz is the representative of this
approach.
(新現實主義大師以沃爾茲為代表)
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新自由主義 (NeoLiberalism)
*Believe human beings are basically GOOD.
(人民、國家、以及公司的本質是良善的。
*The important role played by international organisationsinternational conflicts can be decreased by them.
(經由國際組織以及國際規則，國家可以自經濟交流中獲
得利益，達到互惠。國際組織可以減少國際衝突。)
*Compared with Neorealism, for neoliberals, absolute
gains are acceptable.
(相較新現實主義，新自由主義比較能接受國與國之間收
益不均的合作行為。 )
*Principle of Reciprocity. (重視互惠原則:即在國際無政府
狀態下，當國際規章與法律無法由一個中央政府來執行時，
國家可以經由互惠方式來實行時國際規則，並藉由國際規
則的實行來促進國家利益。 )
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新現實主義(Neorealism)
* Human beings and states are rational
self-interest; international conflicts can’t
be avoided.
理性自利 人民和國家都只是依照其自身
的利益行動，並且認為一國只有在對其自
身有利的情況下才會與他國合作。國際衝
突是無法避免的。
*States are interest-maximiser.
國家是單一行為者，他們理性的追求國家
利益的最大化。
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Class Discussion 4


Do you support the ideas of
LIBERALISM or REALISM? That is to say,
do you think human beings or countries
are being GOOD or they are just SELFINTEREST, and INTEREST-MAXIMISERS?
Discuss with your friends and express
your views and opinions.
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