CP504 – ppt_Set 01
Introduction to
Biological Process Engineering
- learn about the need of biological process engineering
- learn about the role of C&P engineering in it
Prof. R. Shanthini
09 Nov 2012
Reference texts used for CP504 ppt preparation:
1) Lee JM, 1992, Biochemical Engineering,
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
2) Shuler ML and Kargi F, 2005, Bioprocess Engineering - Basic
Concepts, Second Edition,
New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India
3) Aiba S, Humphrey AE and Millis NF, 1973, Biochemical Engineering,
Second Edition,
New York & London: Academic Press
Prof. R. Shanthini
09 Nov 2012
- Biological process engineering is about the application
of chemical and process engineering principles to study
about the kinetics of bioreactions, design of bioreactors
and recovery bioproducts.
- Bioreactions are reactions involving living cells (such
as bacteria, fungi and molds) or cellular components
(such as enzymes).
- Biological process engineering is used in chemical
industry (lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, etc.), foods
industry (yogurt, beer, etc.) and pharmaceutical industry.
Prof. R. Shanthini
09 Nov 2012
Genaralized view of bioprocess:
RAW MATERIALS
UPSTREAM PROCESSES
Inoculum
Preparation
Equipment
Sterilization
Media Formulation
and
Sterilization
BIOREACTOR - FERMENTER
Reaction Kinetics
and Bioactivity
Transport Phenomena
and Fluid Properties
Instrumentation
and Control
DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES
Separation
Recovery and
Purification
Waste Recovery,
Reuse and Treatment
THE BOTTOM LINE
REGULATION
Prof. R. Shanthini
09 Nov 2012
ECONOMICS
HEALTH AND SAFETY
Penicillin is an example of the need and success of
biological process engineering.
Prof. R. Shanthini
09 Nov 2012
Penicillin:
- In 1928, Alexander Fleming was trying to isolate the
bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus (which causes boils)
- He did it by growing the bacterium on the surface of a
nutrient solution
- One of the dishes was contaminated by a common
mold of the Penicillium genus (Penicillium notatum)
Penicillium notatum colony
Staphylococcus aureus colony
Prof. R. Shanthini
09 Nov 2012
Penicillin:
- It did not allow the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus,
to grow close to its colony
- Fleming realized that Penicillium notatum had
antimicrobial properties
- So that was the discovery of penicillin
Penicillium notatum colony
Staphylococcus aureus colony
Prof. R. Shanthini
09 Nov 2012
Penicillin:
- Fleming grew the mold, extracted it and managed to obtain
tiny quantities of penicillin
- Large-scale production was not possible for another decade
to come (why?)
- Fermentation process was not successful for large-scale
production
- low rate of production required large reactors
- diluted product (1 ppm) was difficult to recover
- too fragile and unstable to purify and recover
- chemical synthesis was tried for commercial production, which
was however not a commercial success
- went back to fermentation process for large-scale production
Prof. R. Shanthini
09 Nov 2012
Large-scale production of Penicillin:
- a better medium (corn steep liquor-lactose based medium) was
developed to increase productivity by 10 fold
- A new strain Penicillium chrysogenum was used
- progress involved better understanding of
mold physiology
metabolic pathways
penicillin structure
methods of mutation and selection
process control
reactor design
- a chemical engineer and a microbiologist were assigned to work
together on the engineering and biology aspects, respectively
- biological process engineering was born
Prof. R. Shanthini
09 Nov 2012
Large-scale production of Penicillin:
Penicillium
chrysogenum
Seed
fermenter
Spent
mold
Nutrient
tanks
Fermentation
tanks
Surge
tanks
Evaporator
Crystalline
potassium
penicillin
Prof. R. Shanthini
09 Nov 2012
Crystal
wash
Centrifugal
extractor
Rotary
filter
Evaporator
Centrifugal
extractor
Mix
tank
Solvent
Procaine,
HCl
solution
Purification
column
Spent
solvent
Slurry
Mix
tank
Spent
solvent
Solvent
Centrifuge
Solvent
Screen
Vacuum
freeze
dryer
Procaine
penicillin
product
Typical bioreactor flowsheet:
PREPARATION
OF BIOMASS
Innoculum Stages
FOAM CONTROL
Antifoam Addition
pH CONTROL
Acid-Alkali Addition
PRODUCT RECOVERY
BIOREACTOR
CELL SEPARATION
Intracellular
product
1). CELL DISTRUPTION
2). PRODUCT EXTRACTION
Free Cells,
Immoblized Cells
or
Enzyme Bioreactor
PRODUCT
CONCENTRATION
PROCESS
PRODUCT
SEPARATION
PURIFICATION
STERILIZATION
DRYING
RAW MATERIAS
Nutrients and Reactants
in Aqueous Solution
(may contain insoluble
Prof.and/or
R. Shanthini
organic
inorganic
09 Nov
2012
materials)
Air
FINAL PRODUCT
Extracellular
product
You could learn about biological systems for the
production of commercial goods and services (such as
foods, drugs, chemicals, fuels, equipment, diagnostics,
and waste treatment) in the literature.
Prof. R. Shanthini
09 Nov 2012