Module 10
Energy Management
Energy management basics
Energy audit
Demand-side management
Life-cycle assessment
Exergy analysis
Carbon and ecological footprints
Clean development mechanism
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Remarks by Bob Dudley, Group Chief Executive, BP at launch of
BP Energy Outlook 2030, London, 18 January, 2012:
I think most people would agree on the objectives.
- We want the world to have enough energy for growth and
development (affordability).
- We want that energy to come from sources we can rely on
(security).
- We want it to be produced and consumed in a way that is safe
and compatible with the health of the environment
(sustainability) .
But we need to be clear about what is possible and what is not.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=98&contentId=7073056
Remarks by Bob Dudley, Group Chief Executive, BP at launch of
BP Energy Outlook 2030, London, 18 January, 2012:
Five realities:
- continue to anticipate strong growth in demand for energy
- fossil fuels continue to provide around 80% of the world’s
energy in 2030
- oil will remain the dominant transport fuel (87% of transport
fuel in 2030 will still be petroleum-based)
- industry needs to go to new frontiers to find oil - and indeed
alternatives.
- significant rise in greenhouse gas emissions (in the most
likely case)
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=98&contentId=7073056
Energy Production (million tonnes oil equivalent):
Renewables
biofuels
Hydro
Nuclear
Coal
Natural Gas
London, 18 January, 2012
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
liquids
http://www.bp.com/energyoutlook2030
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/energyoutlook2030
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/energyoutlook2030
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/energyoutlook2030
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/energyoutlook2030
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/energyoutlook2030
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/energyoutlook2030
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/energyoutlook2030
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/energyoutlook2030
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/energyoutlook2030
Remarks by Bob Dudley, Group Chief Executive, BP at launch of
BP Energy Outlook 2030, London, 18 January, 2012:
First opportunity: Efficiency
Saving energy through greater efficiency addresses several
issues at once.
It helps with affordability (because less energy is needed).
It helps with security (because it reduces dependence on
imports).
It helps with sustainability (because it reduces emissions).
Efficiency can be achieved through improving processes or
reducing waste, but it is also frequently enabled by technology.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=98&contentId=7073056
Remarks by Bob Dudley, Group Chief Executive, BP at launch of
BP Energy Outlook 2030, London, 18 January, 2012:
Second opportunity: Technology
Example: Supply of gas has been accelerated as a result of
technologies that unlock shale gas and tight gas.
In the transport sector, we believe the efficiency of the internal
combustion engine is likely to double over the next 20 years.
And that will save roughly a Saudi Arabia’s worth of production.
By 2030, we expect hybrids to account for most car sales and
roughly 30% of all vehicles on the road.
Technological innovation is driven by many factors – economic,
scientific, political and personal – but the primary driver is
frequently competition.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=98&contentId=7073056
Remarks by Bob Dudley, Group Chief Executive, BP at launch of
BP Energy Outlook 2030, London, 18 January, 2012:
Third opportunity: Competition
Last year average oil prices reached an all-time high. However,
high prices stimulate competition, which leads to innovation, as
we strive to find lower cost solutions.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=98&contentId=7073056
Remarks by Bob Dudley, Group Chief Executive, BP at launch of
BP Energy Outlook 2030, London, 18 January, 2012:
Fourth opportunity: Natural gas
Natural gas typically generates fewer than half the emissions of
coal when burned for power.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=98&contentId=7073056
Remarks by Bob Dudley, Group Chief Executive, BP at launch of
BP Energy Outlook 2030, London, 18 January, 2012:
Fifth opportunity: Biofuels
We have an optimistic view on the future of biofuels - but
production needs to be scaled up.
The world needs to focus on biofuels that do not compete with
the food chain and are produced in a sustainable way.
The greatest promise is offered by next generation biofuels such
as those derived from cellulosic plants.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=98&contentId=7073056
Remarks by Bob Dudley, Group Chief Executive, BP at launch of
BP Energy Outlook 2030, London, 18 January, 2012:
So this study highlights some clear opportunities for
accelerating progress towards secure and sustainable energy.
The first three are linked:
competition helps to drive technology, which in turn helps to
drive efficiency,
and the second two are examples of this process at work – the
growth of natural gas and biofuels.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=98&contentId=7073056
Energy Management aims to lower the cost by
- eliminating unnecessary energy use
- improving the efficiency of needed energy use
- buying energy at lower net prices
- adjusting operations to allow purchasing energy
at lower prices
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
www.EnergyBooks.com
What is Energy Management?
Energy management is the process of
monitoring,
controlling and
conserving (saving) energy.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://africa-toolkit.reeep.org/modules/Module14.pdf
Why should energy be conserved (or saved)?
- To reduce our dependence on fossil fuels that are
becoming increasingly limited in supply (peak oil
phenomenon)
- To reduce the damage that we are doing to our plant
(global warming, and other energy related pollution)
- To ensure a sustainable energy future
- To be able to continue to afford energy
- To reduce the risk of energy dependence
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://www.energylens.com/articles/energy-management
The four steps of effective energy management
1) Identify ALL your opportunities (by carrying out an
energy audit using competent people)
2) Prioritize your actions rationally (by considering all
the criteria that matter, not just the economic criteria)
3) Accomplish your activities successfully.
4) Maintain your activities endlessly (failure is the
largest cost of energy conservation)
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
www.EnergyBooks.com
Step 1: Identify all your opportunities
- Carry out an “energy audit” to find all your opportunities.
- The energy auditor requires scientific and engineering
education, broad practical experience, and solid judgement.
- The energy auditor needs a thorough understanding of ALL
opportunities, not just a few.
- A good “energy audit” takes time and costs money.
- Even today, competent energy audits are rare.
- Lack of competent energy audits is the greatest deficiency of
present energy management, which results in continued high
energy costs, and waste of money on ineffective action.
- The energy audit is the foundation on which the entire energy
management program rests. A deficient energy audit WILL
cause a deficient energy management program
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
www.EnergyBooks.com
Step 2: Prioritize your activities rationally
- The sequence of activities is a major factor in the economic
benefit of energy management program.
- Consider all the criteria that matter, not just the economic
criteria. Cost, by itself, is almost never a significant selection
factor. Because, IF the measure works as expected, it
provides a higher rate of return than most other investments.
So, you can borrow the money, if necessary.
- Calculate with realistic numbers.
- Limit consideration to measures of proven reliability.
- Consider the ability of your staff to accomplish and maintain
each measure.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
www.EnergyBooks.com
Step 3: Accomplish your activities successfully
- Each cost saving activity is an independent project that
requires its own knowledge, equipment, and people.
- The key to success is doing the homework before
initiating each activity.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
www.EnergyBooks.com
Step 4: Maintain your activities endlessly
- Almost nothing continues to operate successfully by itself.
- Each energy management activity requires continuing
support.
- Integrate the maintenance of each activity seamlessly into
your overall operations.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
www.EnergyBooks.com
The largest cost of energy conservation is
FAILURE.
If an activity does not work,
it will not pay back.
Keep tuning the program.
There is always room for improvement.
Energy management
NEVER ENDS.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
www.EnergyBooks.com
Selected topics in Energy Management:
Energy audit
Demand-side management
Life-cycle assessment
Exergy analysis
Carbon and ecological footprints
Clean development mechanism
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Energy audit
- What type of energy is being used?
- How much energy is used?
- What is the consumption pattern?
- How much does it cost?
- What are the areas of priority?
Try to answer the above questions in an energy audit.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://africa-toolkit.reeep.org/modules/Module14.pdf
Energy Audit
at a Processing Plant
(example)
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Methodology of Energy Audit

Pre-audit presentation.

Collection of data / information.

Measurements and monitoring with instruments.

Computation and in-depth analysis.

Post-audit presentation to discuss the Energy
Conservation Opportunities identified by the audit team.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Scope of Energy Audit
ELECTRICAL
 Electrical Distribution
Network and
Transformers
 Motive Loads
 Illumination System
 Compressed Air System
 Cooling Tower
 Refrigeration System
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
THERMAL
 Boilers
 Steam Traps
 Steam Distribution
 Insulation
Electrical System Network & Transformers
• This would include detailed study of all the transformer
operations of various ratings / capacities, their
operational pattern, loading, no load losses, power
factor measurement on the main power distribution
boards and scope for improvement if any.
• The study would also cover possible improvements in
energy metering systems for better control and
monitoring.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Motive Load
• Study of above 10 HP motors in terms of measurement
of voltage (V), current (I), power (kW) and power factor
in a complete cycle.
• Suggestion of measures for energy saving like reduction
in size of motors or installation of energy saving device
in the existing motors.
• Study of mechanical power transmission systems
(pumps, fans, blower, etc.) to evolve suitable
recommendations wherever feasible for energy
efficiency improvements.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Illumination System
• Study of the illumination system, LUX level in
various areas, area lighting etc.
• And, suggest measures for improvements and
energy conservation opportunity wherever feasible.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Compressed Air System
• The audit would involve analysis of various parameters
like free air delivery (FAD) capacity of the air
compressors, leakages in the system, feasibility of
pressure optimisation etc. wherever feasible /appropriate.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Cooling Towers
• This would include detailed study of the operational
performance of the cooling towers through measurements
of temperature differential, air/ water flow rate, to enable
evaluate specific performance parameters like approach,
efficiency etc.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Refrigeration System
• The audit would involve analysis of various
parameters like co-efficient of performance (COP),
tonnage delivered, effectiveness of the ducting and
allied systems, measurement of specific energy
consumption, study of refrigerant compressors,
chilling units etc.
• Further, various measures would be suggested to
improve its performance.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Boiler Operations
• Study of steam generating systems, their combustion
performance, heat balance, air to fuel ratios, blow down
losses etc.
• Suggest suitable recommendations for improvements.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Steam Distribution Network (including Traps
& Insulation)
• Study of steam distribution network including layout
of the steam pipelines, estimation of losses etc. to
suggest suitable recommendations for
improvements.
• The steam traps would be checked for its proper
functioning.
• The study would also include evaluation of the
radiation losses, steam leakages and insulation
effectiveness.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Diesel Generator (DG) Sets
• Study the operations of DG Sets to evaluate their
average cost of power generation, specific energy
generation and subsequently identify areas wherein
energy savings could be achieved after analysing
the operational practices etc. of the DG Sets.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Instruments Used

Flue Gas Analyser

Power Analyser, Tachometer

Ultrasonic Flow Meter

Trap Man (For Steam Trap Survey)

Raytech Gun & Digital Thermometer (Non-contact and
Contact type both)

Anemometer, pH/TDS/Conductivity meter

LUX Meter, Digital Manometer
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Boilers
Observations:
1. Condensate recovery is not being done.
2. Feed water temperature presently is 50C.
Recommendations:
1. Recover condensate to raise feed water temperature
to upto 85C
2. Install de-aerator head on feed water tank and
recover condensate.
3. Install steam operated condensate recovery pump
Savings Estimated / year
Investment
Payback Period
Rs 2,834,000
Rs 2,500,000
11 Months
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Refrigeration System
Observations:
1. Pumps connected to silos are of higher capacity of 15 kW.
2. Cooling water pumps of 45 kW are under loaded.
3. Glycol pumps of 15 kW are under loaded.
4. Water cooled condensers have poor performance
Recommendations:
1. Replace 15 kW pumps connected to silos with 11 kW pumps.
2. Install variable frequency drive (VFD) for cooling water pumps
to save 40 kW.
3. Install VFD for glycol pumps to save 8 kW.
4. Install air cooled condensers to save 6 kW.
Savings Estimated / year
Investment
Payback Period
Rs 572,000
Rs 480,000
9 Months
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Illumination
Observations:
1. High pressure mercury vapour (HPMV) lamps are used
for street lighting.
2. 36 Watt tubelights with copper chokes are used.
Recommendations:
1. Replace HPMV lamps by High pressure sodium vapour
(HPSV) lamps
2. Replace 36 Watt tubelights with T-5 28 Watt with
electronic choke in a phased manner.
Savings Estimated / year
Investment
Payback Period
Rs 344,000
Rs 400,000
16 Months
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Steam Traps & Condensate
Observations:
1. All steam traps are working properly.
2. But, there is no condensate recovery from steam traps.
Recommendations:
1. Recover the condensate and use it as boiler feed water
and thereby increase the boiler feed water temperature.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Motive Load
Observations:
1. Diffuser & disposable pumps motors are loaded only 27%
& 36% respectively.
2. Boiler feed pump motors are overloaded to 125%.
Recommendations:
1. Running the diffuser pump and disposable pump motors
in STAR mode.
2. Checking the condition of boiler feed pumps & repairing
the same.
Savings Estimated / year
Investment
Payback Period
Rs 110,000
Nominal
Immediate
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Air Compressors
Observations:
1. The loading and unloading pressure of air compressors is
7.5 kg/cm2 and 8.5 kg/cm2 which is high.
2. The air leakages are 37%.
Recommendations:
1. Reducing the loading and unloading pressure to 6 kg/cm2
and 7 kg/cm2 as the working pressure is 6 kg/cm2
2. Plugging the air leakage.
Savings Estimated / year
Investment
Payback Period
Rs 260,000
Nominal
Immediate
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Cooling Tower
Observations:
1. CT fan is operating continuously without taking into
account the inlet and outlet temperature variation ( T)
Recommendations:
1. Installation of Automatic Temperature Controller (ATC) on
the CT fan
Savings Estimated / year
Investment
Payback Period
Rs 40,000
Rs 15,000
4 Months
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Types of audit strategy:
3-stage audit:
- Historical data collection
- Preliminary survey
- Detailed investigation and Report
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Types of audit strategy:
4-stage audit:
- Preliminary survey
- Walk-through
- Operator’s input
- Report
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Types of audit strategy:
5-stage audit:
- Study and evaluation
- Detailed real-time measurement
- Analysis
- Quantification
- Report
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Types of audit strategy:
6-stage audit:
- Meet up with Facility Personnel
- Site walk-through
- Discuss with Facility Personnel
- Analyze historical data
- Short-term measurement
- Report
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Types of audit strategy:
10-stage audit:
- Interview with key Facility Personnel
- Facility tour
- Document review
- Facility inspection
- Staff interviews
- Utility analysis
- Identify/Evaluate feasible ECMs
- Economic analysis
- Report
- Review
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Selected topics in Energy Management:
Energy audit
Demand-side management
Life-cycle assessment
Exergy analysis
Carbon and ecological footprints
Clean development mechanism
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Demand-side Management (DSM)
DSM modifies or reduces energy demand by end-users.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://africa-toolkit.reeep.org/modules/Module14.pdf
Demand-side Management (DSM)
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Demand-side Management (DSM)
DSM is mostly used to reduce peak electricity demand,
which helps in reducing the number of blackouts and in
delaying the construction of new power plants.
DSM is also used for changes that can be made to
demands for all types of energy (used transport and
industries, and so on).
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://africa-toolkit.reeep.org/modules/Module14.pdf
Demand-side Management (DSM)
Possible benefits of DSM can also include
- reducing dependency on expensive imports of fuel,
- reducing energy prices, and
- reducing harmful emissions to the environment.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://africa-toolkit.reeep.org/modules/Module14.pdf
Demand-side Management (DSM)
The main types of DSM activities may be classified in three
categories:
 Energy reduction programmes
 Load management programmes
 Load growth and conservation programmes
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://africa-toolkit.reeep.org/modules/Module14.pdf
Demand-side Management (DSM)
Energy reduction programmes—reducing demand through
more efficient processes, buildings or equipment:
- Boilers
- Steam systems
- Lighting
- Energy efficient motors (and drive systems)
- Compressed air systems
- Efficient lightings
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://africa-toolkit.reeep.org/modules/Module14.pdf
Demand-side Management (DSM)
Load management programmes—changing the load pattern
and encouraging less demand at peak times and peak rates:
- Load levelling
- Load control
- Tariff incentives and penalties
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://africa-toolkit.reeep.org/modules/Module14.pdf
Demand-side Management (DSM)
Load growth and conservation programmes.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
http://africa-toolkit.reeep.org/modules/Module14.pdf
Selected topics in Energy Management:
Energy audit
Demand-side management
Life-cycle assessment (ISO 14000 series)
Exergy analysis
Carbon and ecological footprints
Clean development mechanism
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Selected topics in Energy Management:
Energy audit
Demand-side management
Life-cycle assessment (ISO 14000 series)
Exergy analysis
Carbon and ecological footprints
Clean development mechanism
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Exergy Analysis:
First law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither
produced nor destroyed.
That is, the energy contained in all of the input streams to a
process must be accounted for somewhere in the output
streams from the same process or accumulated within the
system in which the process is occurring.
An output stream could be a loss to the atmosphere or other
heat sink.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 525–538
Exergy Analysis:
As a fundamental measure of the thermodynamic
deviation of a considered system from its environment,
exergy is equal to the maximum amount of work the
system can perform when brought into thermodynamic
equilibrium with its reference environment.
Unlike energy, exergy is not subject to a conservation law
with the exception of ideal or reversible processes.
The exergy consumption during a process is proportional
to the entropy created due to irreversibilities associated
with the process.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 525–538
Exergy Analysis:
The first law (energy) efficiency
= energy of the useful streams leaving the process
/ the energy of all input streams
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 525–538
Exergy Analysis:
The first law (energy) efficiency
= energy of the useful streams leaving the process
/ the energy of all input streams
The second law (exergy) efficiency
= exergy contained in the products of a process
/ the exergy in all input streams
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 525–538
Exergy Analysis:
The first law (energy) efficiency
= energy of the useful streams leaving the process
/ the energy of all input streams
The second law (exergy) efficiency
= exergy contained in the products of a process
/ the exergy in all input streams
Exergy is the quality of energy which is destroyed by the
irreversibilities in a real process.
Therefore, exergy efficiency < energy efficiency
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 525–538
Exergy Analysis:
Energy and exergy balances for an unsteady-flow process in a
system during a finite time interval:
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 525–538
Exergy Analysis:
Energy and exergy balances for an unsteady-flow process in a
system during a finite time interval:
Since energy is conserved,
Energy input = Energy output + Energy accumulation
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 525–538
Exergy Analysis:
Energy and exergy balances for an unsteady-flow process in a
system during a finite time interval:
Since energy is conserved,
Energy input = Energy output + Energy accumulation
Since exergy (quality of energy) is consumed due to
irreversibilities,
Exergy input = Exergy output + Exergy consumption
+ Exergy accumulation
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 525–538
Exergy Analysis:
Energy and exergy balances for an unsteady-flow process in a
system during a finite time interval:
Since energy is conserved,
Energy input = Energy output + Energy accumulation
Since exergy (quality of energy) is consumed due to
irreversibilities,
Exergy input = Exergy output + Exergy consumption
+ Exergy accumulation
For any real process, exergy is destroyed or lost.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 525–538
Exergy Analysis:
The total exergy of a system E is divided into four
components:
physical exergy
EPH
kinetic exergy
EKN
potential exergy
EPT
chemical exergy
ECH
E = EPH + EKN + EPT+ ECH
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Energy Policy 39 (2011) 2475–2481
Exergy Analysis:
Process
Energy (First Law)
efficiency (%)
Exergy (Second Law)
efficiency (%)
Residential heater (fuel)
60
9
Domestic water
heater (fuel)
40
2–3
High-pressure
steam boiler
90
50
Tobacco dryer (fuel)
40
4
Coal gasification (high heat)
55
46
Petroleum refining
90
10
Steam-heated reboiler
100
40
Blast furnace
76
46
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 525–538
Exergy Analysis:
When high-temperature energy resources, such as fossil
fuels are used for relatively low-temperature applications
(residential heating and domestic hot water), exergy loss is
large.
This will make exergy efficiencies much smaller than their
respective energy efficiencies.
Therefore, it is important to note that high-temperature
energy resources should be used for high-temperature
applications.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 525–538
Exergy Analysis:
Exergy analysis appears to be a potential tool in:
• addressing the impact of energy resource utilization on the
environment,
• furthering the goal of more efficient energy resource utilization,
• determining locations, types and true magnitudes of wastes
and losses,
• revealing whether or not and how much it is possible to design
more efficient energy systems by reducing the inefficiencies,
• providing a sustainable developments as a result of
sustainable supply of energy resources, and
• distinguishing the high-quality and low-quality energy
resources.
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 525–538
Exergy Efficiencies (%) of Railways in Turkey:
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Hard coal
Lignite
Oil
Electricity
0.2
0.1
0
1985
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
1990
1995
2000
2005
Energy Policy 35 (2007) 1238–1244
Exergy Efficiencies (%) of Transport Sector in Turkey:
25
20
Railways
15
Seaways (oil)
Airways (oil)
10
Highways (oil)
5
0
1985
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
1990
1995
2000
2005
Energy Policy 35 (2007) 1238–1244
Overall Exergy Efficiency (%) of the Transport Sector in
Turkey:
25
20
15
10
5
0
1985
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
1990
1995
2000
2005
Energy Policy 35 (2007) 1238–1244
Overall Exergy Efficiency (%) of the Transport Sector:
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Country
Year
Efficiency
Norway
1985
16
Sweden
1980
10
1994
13
Italy
1990
10
Japan
1985
10
Turkey
1995
15
Brazil
1987
10
Canada
1986
23
Finland
1985
10
USA
1970
20
Energy Policy 35 (2007) 1238–1244
Overall Exergy Efficiency (%) of the Transport Sector:
Exergy
Efficiency is
15% for
OECD in 1990
Exergy
Efficiency is
16% for the
World in 1990
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Country
Year
Efficiency
Norway
1985
16
Sweden
1980
10
1994
13
Italy
1990
10
Japan
1985
10
Turkey
1995
15
Brazil
1987
10
Canada
1986
23
Finland
1985
10
USA
1970
20
Energy Policy 35 (2007) 1238–1244
Exergy efficiency of solar collectors :
Solar collector system
Exergy efficiency
- glazed PV/T water collector
13.30%
- coverless PV/T water collector
11–12.87%
- unglazed PV/T air collector
10.75%
- (glass-to-glass) PV/T air collector
10.45%
- glazed PV/T water collector
8–13%
- PV array
3–9%
- unglazed PV/T air collector
integrated greenhouse with
earth air heat exchanger
5.50%
- unglazed PV/T air collector
integrated greenhouse
4%
- double glazed flat-plate
water collector
3.90%
- double glazed air heater
2%
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Energy and Buildings 2010;42:2184–99
Overall exergy efficiency of different sectors in Greece
in 2000 :
Transport
22%
Residential
34%
Industrial
51.6%
Prof. R. Shanthini
10 March 2012
Energy Policy 39 (2011) 2475–2481