Helping the plants to overcome
environmental stresses
• For production of open field vegetables and fruits
• Improves the crop performance under conditions
of heat, cold, salinity and drought
• Increases the amount of phytomass, seed and
fruit yield
• Widely tested on different crops under
commercial cultivations
• Natural and environmentally safe product
GREENSTIM
Mode of action
• Based on glycinebetaine which occurs naturally in many
organisms
• Accumulates naturally in certain plants (e.g. sugarbeet,
spinach) in response to cold, drought and salinity
• Penetrates through the plant surface and translocates
throughout the plant within 24-hours
• Protects the plant cells against negative effects of
environmental stresses
GREENSTIM
Structure of the betaine molecule
Osmolyte
H
H C H
3 methyl
groups
H
H C
+
N
H
O
H
C
H
-
C
O
H C H
H
Molecular weight 117,15
GREENSTIM
Greenstim production
Process steps:
Sugar beet
• Water extraction
• Juice purification
Beet sugar
factory
• Concentration
• Crystallization
Sugar
Pulp
Molasses
betaine 3-6 %
Process steps:
• Filtration
Separation
• Chromatographic
separation
• Concentration
Sugar
Sep. molasses
Greenstim
• Crystallization
GREENSTIM
Greenstim as an osmoprotectant
• Greenstim acts as an osmoprotectant in the plant cell
• Facilitates water uptake and retention
• Stabilizes enzymes and protects membranes
• Enhances photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and
translocation during environmental stresses
GREENSTIM
Effect of Greenstim in the plant cell I
• Less inhibitory to enzyme activity than equivalent
concentrations of inorganic ions
• Protects root membranes against heat destabilization
• Protects thylakoids against freezing stress
• Protects against NaCl/KCl inhibition and heat
denaturation of several plant enzymes
GREENSTIM
Effect of Greenstim in the plant cell II
• Protects enzymes against inactivation in dilute solution
• Protects proteins against the unfavorable consequences
of dehydration
• Protects the oxygen-evolving PSII against the inhibitory
effects of NaCl by preventing salt-induced dissocation of
proteins
• Increases the threshold temperature for inhibition of
PSII-mediated electron transport of chloroplasts
GREENSTIM
Hyperosmotic stress and
no compensatory mechanisms
Water
flows
out of
the cell
Increased
electrolyte
concentration
in the cell
Lower
electrolyte
concentration
Depressed
metabolism
Water
flows
out of
the cell
Cell
shrinks
Water no
longer
flows
out of
the cell
Electrolyte
GREENSTIM
Hyperosmotic stress and
compensation with K+-uptake
K+
water
Increased
electrolyte
concentration
in the cell
Water
balance
maintained
Cell
volume
maintained
High
energy
cost
K+
K+
Depressed
metabolism
GREENSTIM
Hyperosmotic stress and
compensation with glycinebetaine
Glycinebetaine
H
HCH
H
HC
H
Water
balance
maintained
N
+
H
C
H
HCH
H
K+
O
C
-
O
Stable
electrolyte
concentration
in the cell
K+
Cell
volume
maintained
Lower
energy
cost
Stable
metabolism
Glycinebetaine
GREENSTIM
Greenstim as an osmoprotectant
Osmotic stress
Water
no Greenstim
Greenstim
Water
Increased salt
levels
Salts
Turgor pressure negative
Turgor pressure positive
Metabolic rate reduced
Metabolic rate normal
GREENSTIM
Betaine - methyl donor
Cysteine
Important functions:
• DNA/RNA synthesis
• secondary metabolites
Me-transferases
Methyl group
Betaine
Homocysteine
CH3
*SAM
methionine
ATP
*S-adenosyl methionine
Protein synthesis
GREENSTIM
Abiotic environmental stresses
• Abiotic environmental stresses are important factors
limiting crop productivity
1. Lack of water and salinity
• Affect around 40 % of the most productive areas
• Mediterranean basin, California, Southern Asia, Australia
• Plants are sensitive to Na, Cl, So2
2. Low temperatures
3. High temperatures
GREENSTIM
Water deficit stress
• Water deficit stress disturbs many plant growth
processes:
– Cell enlargement and
cell wall synthesis
reduces growth of leaves, stem
– Protein synthesis
reduces enzyme activity
– Stomatal opening
reduces photosynthesis
– Photosynthesis
reduces growth
and reproductive structures
GREENSTIM
Relationship between photosynthesis in leaf
water potential (trendsetting)
35
30
60
Translocation
25
Photosynthesis
50
20
40
15
30
Translocation rate (% C removed from
treated area h -1
Photosynthesis rate (mg CO2 fixed dm -2
h-1
70
10
-15
-17
-19
-21
-23
-25
-27
Leaf water potential (bars)
Photosynthesis
Translocation
GREENSTIM
Greenstim improves the fruit retention under
environmental stresses
DROUGHT, SALINITY, HEAT, FROST
GREENSTIM
STRONG
NO GREENSTIM
SUGAR SUPPLY
WEAK
GREENSTIM
Storage and package size
• Storage in room temperature and protected from
humidity
• In an unopened package the self life of the product is 2
years
• Package sizes 2 kg, 25 kg and big bag (600-800 kg)
GREENSTIM