ADSORPTION
ION EXCHANGE RESINS
BIOCHEMISTRY
Dr. Nasim
A P Biochem
Lecture format
• Introduction to Topic (5mins)
• Details of the Topic (30 mins)
• Class Test (15 mins)
▫ (Marks will added to Internal assessment)
ADSORPTION
• Adsorption, the binding of molecules or particles
to a surface.
• Absorption, the filling of pores in a solid.
Examples:
• Activated carbon, silica gel, and alumina
• Activated carbon is produced by roasting organic
material to decompose it to granules of carbon
• Commonly used materials: coconut shell, wood,
and bone.
• Adsorption is a term which is completely
different from Absorption .
• While absorption means uniform distribution of
the substance throughout the bulk, adsorption
essentially happens at the surface of the
substance.
Sorption
• When both Adsorption and Absorption
processes take place simultaneously, the process
is called sorption.
• Physical adsorption is caused mainly by van der
Waals forces and electrostatic forces between
adsorbate molecules and the atoms of adsorbent
surface.
• Adsorbents are characterized by surface
properties such as surface area and polarity
1. Surface area:
A large specific surface area is preferable for
providing large adsorption capacity
• The size of the micropores
2. Surface polarity
adsorbents having affinity for polar substances
such as water or alcohols are called as
“hydrophillic”.
Examples:
aluminosilicates such as zeolites, porous alumina,
silica gel or silica-alumina.
• adsorbents having affinity for polar substances
called as "hydrophobic" adsorbents.
Carbon, polymer adsorbents and silicalite are
typical nonpolar adsorbents.
• Depending on the nature of attractive forces
existing between the adsorbate and adsorbent,
adsorption can be classified as:
i) Physical adsorption
ii) Chemical adsorption
• Physical adsorption
the forces of attraction between the molecules of
the adsorbate and the adsorbent are of the weak
van der Waals' type.
Since the forces of attraction are weak, the process
of physisorption can be easily reversed by
heating or decreasing the pressure of the
adsorbate (as in the case of gases).
• Chemical adsorption (Chemisorption)
In chemisorption, the forces of attraction
between the adsorbate and the adsorbent are
very strong;
the molecules of adsorbate form chemical bonds
with the molecules of the adsorbent present in
the surface.
• Factors Influencing Adsorption
1. Surface Area
2. Nature of the Adsorbate
Adsorption of a solute is inversely proportional
to its solubility in the solvent.
The greater the solubility, the stronger the solutesolvent bond and the small the extent of
adsorption.
• In general, the solubility of any organic
compound in water decreases with increasing
chain length.
3. Molecular sizes.
4. Charge (Ionic species):
minimum for the charged species
maximum for the neutral species.
• Decreasing adsorption with increasing
ionization has been observed for many organic
acids.
• Adsorption of propionic acid on carbon
decreases markedly with increasing pH to a
minimum in the range pH 3.5 to 5.5
• Studies on amphoteric compound indicate an
adsorption maximum at the isoelectric point, or
that pH at which both the acidic end and the
basic end of the compound are ionized and the
compound bears a net charge of zero.
5. pH
• Because hydrogen and hydroxide ions are
adsorbed quite strongly, the adsorption of other
ions is influence by the pH of the solution.
• In general, adsorption of typical organic
pollutant from water is increased with
decreasing pH.
6. Temperature
increases with decreasing temperature.
7. Adsorption of Mixed Solutes
The degree of mutual inhibition of competing
adsorbates should be related to the
relative sizes of the molecules being adsorbed,
relative adsorptive affinities,
relative concentrations of solutes.
8. Nature of the Adsorbent
APPLICATIONS
Purification of water
• Charcoal is used as a decoloriser
• Treatment of Diahroea
• Silica and alumina gels are used as adsorbents
for removing moisture and for controlling
humidity of rooms.
Activated charcoal is used in gas masks as it
adsorbs all the toxic gases and vapours and
purifies the air for breathing.
Quiz
• Definition of Adsorption
• Difference between Absorption and Adsorption
• What are different types of adsorption
• Enlist factors affecting adsorption
• Applications of Adsorption